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Does Chinese investment benefit or damage Ireland?

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Does Chinese investment benefit or damage Ireland?
Huawei Calvin Lan, the chief executive of Huawei Ireland, and Dara Calleary, Irish Minister of State for Trade PromotionHuawei

Back in May, Irish Minister Dara Calleary helped Huawei celebrate 20 years of doing business in the country

The Irish economy has been increasingly attracting Chinese investment, but does it come with a reputational cost?

In 2020, 25 Chinese companies had operations in the Republic of Ireland. By this year the number had jumped to 40.

For some this new flood of yuan into the country offers Ireland an opportunity to reduce its reliance on being the European base for US tech giants such as Apple and Alphabet. And it creates additional jobs.

But for an increasing number of critics, Ireland being home to Chinese firms links the country to the human rights abuse allegations levelled against some such companies. These include Chinese clothing firm Shein, which since May 2023 has had its European headquarters in Dublin.

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Shein has long been attacked for how the workers who makes its clothes are treated. And earlier this year it had to admit that it found child labour in its supply chain.

The Irish government is also in the diplomatically awkward position of luring many of the very Chinese companies that the US has sanctioned.

Two cases in point – telecoms firm Huawei and drugs company WuXi Biologics.

In May, Ireland’s Minister of State for Trade Promotion, Dara Calleary, welcomed a report celebrating how Huawei was contributing €800m ($889m; £668m) per year to the Irish economy. The firm has three research and development centres in Ireland.

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This is the same Huawei whose telecoms network equipment the US has banned since 2022 due to concerns over national security. The UK has moved in the same direction, ordering phone networks to remove Huawei components. And mobile phone networks in many Western nations, including Ireland, no longer offer Huawei handsets.

Meanwhile, WuXi has, since 2018, invested more than €1bn in a facility in Dundalk, near the border with Northern Ireland.

Earlier this month the US House of Representatives passed a bill to restrict US firms’ ability to work with WuXi, again citing national security concerns. The bill now has to go to the US Senate.

WuXi  WuXi's main Irish baseWuXi

WuXi has a big facility in Dundalk, near the border with Northern Ireland

Ireland’s Industrial Development Authority is the government agency whose mandate is to attract foreign investment into the country. It has three offices in China, and says it seeks “to promote Ireland as a gateway to Europe for Chinese investors”.

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Another Chinese firm that has its European headquarters in Ireland is social media video app TikTok, which is owned by Beijing-based parent firm ByteDance. And the parent of Chinese online retailer Temu moved its global headquarters from China to Ireland last year.

Prominent critics of Ireland rolling out a “green carpet” to Chinse firms include Barry Andrews, one of Ireland’s members of the European Parliament. “Human rights and environmental abuses should not be allowed in Irish shopping baskets,” says the Fianna Fáil MEP.

He points to a US Congress report from last year, which said there was “an extremely high risk that Temu’s supply chains are contaminated with forced labour”.

Temu had told the investigation that it had a “zero-tolerance policy” towards the practice.

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“One person’s bargain is another’s back-breaking work for poverty wages,” adds Mr Andrews, whose party is part of the current Irish government coalition.

Critics also argue that there are substantial differences between US tech firms operating in Ireland and Chinese ones – for example, about openness.

For instance, Huawei and WuXi declined an opportunity to be interviewed for this article. Shein provided a spokesperson who was only prepared to speak off the record, then did not reply to follow-up questions.

Some leading economists question whether Ireland even needs the few thousand jobs that the Chinese firms provide.

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“Ireland’s economy has been running at near full employment for the best part of a decade,” says Dan O’Brien, chief economist at Ireland’s Institute of International and European Affairs.

Irish unemployment was 4.3% in August 2024, only slightly above its all-time low of 3.90% in October 2020. Economists generally consider an unemployment rate of around 4 to 5% to represent full employment.

Getty Images Huawei phonesGetty Images

Huawei has a big presence in Ireland but the main Irish phone networks no longer offer its handsets

Mr O’Brien also points to the fact that a fifth of Ireland’s private-sector employment is directly, or indirectly, attributable to foreign direct investment (FDI), according to official figures. He says this is too high.

It is so elevated because Ireland has one of the lowest standard corporation tax rates in Europe, at 12.5%. This is the tax that all but the very biggest firms have to pay on their profits. By comparison, the UK rate is 25%.

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Mr O’Brien says that Ireland’s level of FDI was already too high without the Chinese investment on top. “Given we are already overly dependent on FDI in a world that is at risk of deglobalisation, we don’t need another major source of FDI on top of that from the United States.”

He adds EU rules should be “actively used to discourage Chinese FDI” in Ireland.

The Irish government tells the BBC that it “supports the common EU approach to China on de-risking… [but] the government has been clear that de-risking is not decoupling”.

Irish Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment, Peter Burke adds: “In an era of continuous global uncertainty, Ireland offers a stable and pro-business environment. Multinational companies, including Chinese companies, recognise these opportunities.”

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Given how much Ireland’s economy does depend on FDI, some economists say Chinese investment in Ireland can be seen as a welcome insurance policy in case some US firms pull out.

“There is a huge pressure on US tech companies to re-domicile and re-invest in the US,” says Constantin Gurdgiev, an economist at Trinity College Dublin and the University of Northern Colorado.

Meanwhile, other European countries, such as Poland, Estonia, Slovakia, and Malta, have made inroads in courting US investments, presenting Ireland with new competition from countries with cheaper housing and less rain.

Dr Gurdgiev also points to “the forever-looming threat of global corporate tax reforms”, further eroding Ireland’s low corporation tax. The country has already signed up to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development rules, and as a result, this year introduced a 15% corporation tax rate for firms with an annual turnover of more than €750m ($835m; £625m).

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And earlier this month, the European Court of Justice ruled that Apple had to pay Ireland €13bn in unpaid taxes. It followed after the European Commission accused Ireland of giving Apple illegal tax advantages.

Dublin consistently argued against the need for the tax to be paid, but said it would respect the ruling.

Dr Gurdgiev adds that Ireland is acting “with some strategic foresight” in courting Beijing. And that even if Dublin is welcoming the likes of Huawei, he says that the strength and influence of the Irish diaspora in the US means that Washington will turn something of a blind eye.

He argues that this is why the US authorities have been “largely laissez-faire in their approach to chasing tax optimization schemes that Dublin has been developing over decades”.

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Plus, he says Ireland provides the US, EU and China with a useful “neutral ground” where both US and Chinese tech firms can operate.

Dr Gurdgiev adds that by putting itself in such a position, Ireland is playing a “dangerous geopolitical game” for a small economy.

However, he says its diplomatic closeness to the US should make its position “relatively safe”.

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I was refused access to my own bank account and turned away from my local branch – I was treated like a criminal

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I was refused access to my own bank account and turned away from my local branch - I was treated like a criminal

A BRIT OAP was refused access to his own bank account and was “treated like a criminal” before being turned away from a Halifax branch.

David Drew, 90, was left outraged after he was told he couldn’t see the local branch manager.

David Drew was ‘treated like a criminal’ after he was refused access to his savings because he didn’t have an in-date passport or driver’s licence

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David Drew was ‘treated like a criminal’ after he was refused access to his savings because he didn’t have an in-date passport or driver’s licenceCredit: Solent
Halifax has apologised to a pensioner

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Halifax has apologised to a pensionerCredit: Getty

The retired shipping and cruise line worker feared he would not be able to pay his £5,600 monthly fees for his care home in Southampton, Hants.

Mr Drew has two savings accounts with the bank which have remained untouched for 30 years and left him with a substantial sum of money.

Having emptied his other accounts at other banks including Barclays, to pay for his place at Oak Lodge Care Home, he eventually had to dip into these savings.

Without having had any issues anywhere else, Mr Drew was shocked to learn he could not access his Halifax funds due to his passport and driving licence being out of date.

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Speaking after the ordeal, he said: “It’s security gone mad.
“I’ve worked for 48 years of my life and I feel like I’ve done my bit.

“But now I feel like I’m being treated like a criminal when I haven’t done anything wrong.

“I don’t get out too much as I’ve not been very well and I don’t see the need in having to update my passport when I’m never going to use it again.

“The whole thing has been very stressful.”

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Attending with a carer, he asked to see a manager but was told there were none available.

Despite being assured they would call him back, they did not pick up the phone for days – leaving him stressed.

Our water, electricity & gas is being shut off to force us out our homes for ‘repair works’ – we’ll be gone for MONTHS with nowhere to go

He continued: “It was nearly two weeks, and I didn’t hear anything, I think it’s really poor and I’ve been disappointed by their whole attitude.

“I’d have liked them to be a bit more understanding and to help me.

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“I offered them the opportunity to phone the care home to get my identification verified but they just didn’t seem interested.

“I think I can just about make my payment for next month but then I don’t know where the money is going to come from.”

Halifax has now admitted they “didn’t get this right” and since moved his savings into his current account and agreed to pay him compensation for his troubles.

The bank even apologised to the pensioner

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A spokesperson said: “We’re sorry we didn’t get this right when he first contacted us and will be making a payment in recognition of this.”

Banks don’t have to explain why they’re closing your account

UNDER current rules, banks don’t always have to explain their reasons.

Guidelines for banks say: “You don’t have to explain to a customer why you’ve closed their account, but it can be helpful to do so.”

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The Government wants to bring in new rules forcing banks to give account holders three months’ notice before shutting their accounts and provide an explanation.

But even then this wouldn’t apply where the bank suspects fraud.

Even now, it’s still worth asking your one to explain its decision as it has a duty to treat you fairly.

You can write to them saying you wish to make a “subject access request” to find out more information about why you’ve been ditched.

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Why might my account be closed?

Your bank could decide to dump you simply because you don’t meet its terms and conditions.

For example, when you signed up you might have agreed to pay in a certain amount each month or to set up several direct debits.

In this type of situation, the bank would need to give you at least 30 days’ notice so you can move your money elsewhere.

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Which? Money editor Jenny Ross says: “Under some circumstances, banks are allowed to close accounts without notice and without providing a reason.

“This includes suspected fraudulent use of the account.”

Your bank could put an immediate freeze on your account if it sees spending or large transfers in or out that seem suspicious.

It might block money from leaving your account to help protect you if it’s worried that you’ve fallen victim to fraudsters.

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Similarly, if a large amount of money is received, it might suspect you’ve been caught up in a money-laundering operation.

Fraudsters can manipulate customers into becoming so-called money mules.

This means that they might be helping crooks to move around cash earned from crime without even knowing it.

Sometimes victims believe they are helping out a friend or that they are being paid for a job that seems legitimate.

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After putting a temporary freeze on your account, the bank will then investigate more thoroughly.

If it’s still unsatisfied after this, it can permanently close your account.

What should you do if your account is closed?

It’s important to try to find out if there are any problems that might have triggered the closure.

For example, it might be that crooks have stolen your identity and applied for loans in your name.

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Start by running a free credit check through a service like moneysavingexpert.com’s Credit Club, Credit Karma or Clearscore.

It’s best to try all three if you’re concerned in order to cover the three main credit agencies that keep records of your financial dealings.

The reports should help you spot if there are any accounts that you don’t recognise.

If you’re worried that your account might have been flagged as suspicious, you can also apply to two fraud-fighting organisations — Cifas and National Hunter – to find out what information they hold on you.

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When you write, say that you would like to make a “subject access request”.

If you’re not happy with the way your bank has treated you, make a complaint.

After eight weeks, if the bank doesn’t respond or if you’re not satisfied, you can take your complaint to the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) for free.

If the FOS agrees that you’ve been treated unfairly and you can prove that you have lost out financially as a result, you might be able to get compensation.

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A ‘very ugly’ day expected for Japan stocks after Ishiba’s election

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This article is an on-site version of our FirstFT newsletter. Subscribers can sign up to our Asia, Europe/Africa or Americas edition to receive the newsletter every weekday. Explore all of our newsletters here

Good morning. Today we’re covering:

  • Thailand’s cash handout programme

  • How Israeli spies penetrated Hizbollah

  • The chaos and glory of Hong Kong’s Chungking Mansions

But we start in Japan, where Shigeru Ishiba’s election as leader of the ruling Liberal Democratic party is expected to put pressure on the country’s stocks this morning.

Ishiba, a former defence and agriculture minister who is set to take over as prime minister on October 1, is a China hawk who has vowed to prevent the nation from falling back into deflation.

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The new LDP leader has said he supports the Bank of Japan’s plan to normalise monetary policy. But investors are concerned about his support for heavier taxes on companies and investment income.

Before the winner of the leadership race was announced on Friday, Japan’s Nikkei 225 index had rallied 2.3 per cent and the yen had fallen, suggesting the market was positioned for a win by economic security minister Sanae Takaichi. Takaichi supported stock market-friendly “Abenomics” policies of ultra-low interest rates and fiscal stimulus.

Nikkei 225 futures traded in Chicago fell sharply after the LDP election result announcement.

“The futures market tells us it’s going to be very ugly on Monday,” said a trader at one of Japan’s largest investment banks. Read the full story.

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  • FT View: To succeed as the leader of a divided party, Ishiba will need to show a strong streak of pragmatism, rather than pursue his own, long-held political projects, writes our editorial board.

  • More Japan: Six decades after the first bullet train left Tokyo Station, Leo Lewis celebrates the shinkansen — an icon of speed, style and national identity.

Here’s what else I’m keeping tabs on today:

  • Economic data: S&P Global reports September manufacturing and services PMI data for China. Japan publishes August preliminary industrial production and retail sales figures.

  • United Nations: The UN General Assembly debate concludes in New York.

Five more top stories

1. Thailand has begun rolling out a $14bn stimulus programme this week to distribute cash to millions of citizens, pitching it as the centrepiece of an economic plan to boost growth. But the much-anticipated scheme may not be enough to turn around south-east Asia’s second-largest economy. Here’s why.

2. Israel has launched a wave of air strikes against Houthi rebels in Yemen, dramatically widening its offensive against Iranian-backed militants. The strikes came just two days after Israel assassinated Hizbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in Lebanon. Here’s the latest.

3. Rescuers are still searching for survivors after heavy rain and wind from tropical storm Helene devastated south-eastern US, leaving more than 60 people dead, destroying homes and causing power outages for millions. The storm could result in up to $34bn in losses from property damage and reduced economic output, according to Moody’s.

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4. Austria’s far-right Freedom party was on course to win a historic electoral victory yesterday, in a result that will consolidate pro-Russian, anti-establishment forces in central Europe. The FPÖ, which has never come first in a national election before, was projected to win just under 29 per cent of ballots cast. The result bolsters the claim of its firebrand leader Herbert Kickl to become Austria’s next chancellor but he still needs coalition partners to form a government.

5. A recent string of indicators pointing to the Eurozone’s slowing growth will probably lead to a 0.25 per cent interest rate cut by the European Central Bank next month, economists predict. The long-standing consensus among economists had been that the ECB would wait at least until December before deciding on a further rate cut. Here’s what changed that view.

News in-depth

© FT montage/AP Photo/Hassan Ammar

In the past few weeks, the Israeli military and security establishment has delivered a steady drumbeat of devastating blows to Hizbollah, culminating in the assassination of its leader Hassan Nasrallah on Friday night. But the successful attacks on one of its biggest regional rivals belie an uncomfortable truth: in nearly four decades of battling Hizbollah, only recently has Israel truly turned the tide. What changed, said current and former officials, is the depth and quality of the intelligence that Israel was able to lean on.

We’re also reading . . .

  • Bacha Coffee: The Singapore-based coffee brand is embarking on an aggressive expansion as it launches a store on the Champs-Elysées in Paris and other locations across Europe.

  • The UniCredit-Commerzbank tussle: Banks getting bigger may be attractive, but there are significant drawbacks, writes Simon Samuels, especially for the taxpayer.

  • Green business rethink: An overdue push to reshape markets, not just individual companies, is under way at last, writes Pilita Clark.

Chart of the day

Paint manufacturers are pushing for a rethink of EU anti-dumping measures against Chinese exports of titanium dioxide, a key raw material, saying they will lead to factory closures and further erosion of the region’s industrial base.

Take a break from the news

Since opening in 1961, Hong Kong’s Chungking Mansions have been synonymous with chaos, its name a byword for transience, petty crime and low-end trade. But in the wake of Beijing’s political crackdown on the city, perceptions of the dense and decrepit warren of flophouses and eateries have shifted, the FT’s Orla Ryan writes in a must-read for FT Magazine.

Chungking Mansions
Chungking Mansions houses a number of restaurants, shops, apartments and guesthouses © Bob Henry/UCG/Universal Images Group/Getty Images

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Looking for a cheap autumn adventure? I’ve bagged a free family day out with National Trust – here’s how you can too

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My family bagged a free family pass to a National Trust site

AUTUMN is here and with it comes an amazing offer to take the family to visit one of the UK’s incredible UK heritage sites for free.

I’ve just bagged a family day pass at a National Trust site, thanks to a little-known offer that often pops up at this time of year.

My family bagged a free family pass to a National Trust site

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My family bagged a free family pass to a National Trust siteCredit: Credit above
Calke Abbey in Derbyshire is the perfect place to get in the Halloween spirit

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Calke Abbey in Derbyshire is the perfect place to get in the Halloween spiritCredit: Credit above

And it gets even better because my nearest National Trust estate, Calke Abbey in Derbyshire, is the perfect place to get in the Halloween spirit.

This is because it always decorates its darkest tunnels for the spooky season and also has an impressive pumpkin display in its garden.

If you’re looking for frightful fun for free, you can claim your family pass online, just by popping it in your basket on the National Trust website.

I’ve used the free passes before and it’s always a brilliant way to get a day out for next to nothing.

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But you’ll need to be quick to claim as the free passes, which cover two adults and three children, won’t take long to be snapped up by other bargain hunters.

There are a few things you need to look out for if you want to use this offer. 

First of all, there are some sites that are exempt, so you need to check the list of where you can’t use your pass before you set off with the car all loaded up with kids!

There are 200 houses, gardens and even castles included, so you should be able to find something not a million miles away to visit.

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The National Trust only operates in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, so if you’re in Scotland, you’ll have to head over the border to use your pass.

Some places also need you to book in advance and you can do this on the National Trust website by selecting the free member ticket option and use the code AUTUMN24.

Just make sure to have your day pass ready to scan when you arrive.

If you happen to miss out on the free online offer, there’s a cheeky little way you can sometimes get around it.

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A lot of local newspapers often print a pass inside their pages around the same sort of time, so you can just buy a participating paper for a couple of quid instead.

Or you could ask your local library to save its copy of the local paper once it’s no longer being read and it’s gone on the recycling pile, so you get the pass that way.

The single-use pass covers a family of five, but obviously you can use it as a single adult or a couple as well.

It runs out on October 18, so it won’t be valid over the half-term holidays.

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That being said, it’s worth checking out what your selected site is doing in the run-up to Halloween.

Because there may be events running over the weekends beforehand, so you might get some extra activities thrown in free if you time it right.

Last year, my favourite National Trust place to visit was Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire, which was the perfect backdrop for bats, spiders, pumpkins and lots of spooky props.

It was definitely a top haunt for Halloween and one we’d return to next time we’re in that neck of the woods. 

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So if you fancy seeing what the National Trust has to offer near you, why not pick up a pass and head down to get your fix of fresh air, history and family fun?

To download your free autumn pass and for more info on any of the National Trust sites, see nationaltrust.org.uk.

What’s it like to visit a National Trust site?

EARLIER this year, travel writer Hope Brotherton visited Birmingham’s Back to Backs after they were named the country’s number one hidden gem attraction. Here’s what she thought…

“Located on the corner of Hurst Street and Inge Street, the Back to Backs are hidden behind a wooden shop front that houses a tiny reception area where visitors check into their guided tour.

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“My family and I were then led through to a brick courtyard where we were introduced to John, our informative and friendly tour guide.

“For the 90 minutes, John expertly guided our small group through two interconnected houses, which showcased what life would’ve looked like for working-class families in the 1860s and 1930s.

“Each of the eight rooms we explored were tiny, showing visitors just some of the cramped conditions families lived in 150 years ago.

“All of the rooms were decorated with everyday objects, including tins, scales and other artefacts from the past, with John pointing out the most interesting or relevant items, including an old tin of Bird’s Custard, which was produced in the city’s Custard Factory.  

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“According to our tour guide John, some of the former residents even worked in the Back to Backs with their tools on display, including the likes of a locksmith and a jeweller from the Jewellery Quarter.

“Birmingham Back to Backs also houses the only collection of work by a Caribbean tailor in the UK.

“George Saunders operated a successful tailor’s shop from the Back to Backs for many years, even leaving some of his items to the National Trust to preserve this last living link to the houses.

“At the end of the tour, we were led back to the brick courtyard where we were shown how the laundry rooms operated and given the chance to take photos.”

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Meanwhile, these are the best UK attractions with free annual pass upgrades.

And these are the best free days out in the country.

Look out for any National Trust properties running spooky events this autumn

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Look out for any National Trust properties running spooky events this autumnCredit: Credit above
Calke Abbey is one of my favourite National Trust sites

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Calke Abbey is one of my favourite National Trust sitesCredit: Alamy

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California governor vetoes bill to regulate artificial intelligence

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Stay informed with free updates

California governor Gavin Newsom has vetoed a controversial attempt to regulate artificial intelligence, citing concerns that the bill could stifle innovation after intense pressure from tech firms.

Newsom, a Democrat, waited until the eleventh hour to announce his decision after the bill passed through the state legislature at the end of August.

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The bill would have forced those developing the most powerful AI models to adhere to strict rules, including implementing a kill switch, to prevent catastrophic harm.

Leading AI companies, including Google, OpenAI and Meta, all opposed the bill and lobbied heavily against it, complaining that premature legislation could stifle the development of AI and threaten California’s leading role in the development of the technology. Amazon-backed Anthropic and Elon Musk, who owns start-up xAI, supported the legislation.

In a letter to the state senate, Newsom defended his veto of the Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Systems Act, known as SB 1047, on Sunday.

He said the framework could “curtail the very innovation that fuels advancement in favour of the public good”, noting that California was home to 32 of the world’s leading AI companies.

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In particular, he said targeting models by size — the bill would require safety testing and other guardrails for models that cost more than $100mn to develop — was the wrong metric. It could give “the public a false sense of security about controlling this fast-moving technology” when “smaller, specialised models may emerge as equally or even more dangerous”.

Senator Scott Wiener, who put forward the bill, said it “requires only the largest AI developers to do what each and every one of them has repeatedly committed to do: perform basic safety testing on massively powerful AI models”.

But Newsom insisted that: “While well-intentioned, SB 1047 does not take into account whether an AI system is deployed in high-risk environments, involves critical decision-making or the use of sensitive data.”

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“Instead, the bill applies stringent standards to even the most basic functions — so long as a large system deploys it. I do not believe this is the best approach to protecting the public from real threats posed by the technology.”

In the past 30 days, Newsom has signed bills covering the deployment and regulation of generative AI technology — the type that creates text or imagery — including on deepfakes, AI watermarking and misinformation.

Experts on the technology have also partnered with the state to help to develop “workable guardrails” for deploying generative AI backed up by empirical and scientific evidence, he said.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy Institute, a think-tank, called the governor’s veto “misguided, reckless and out of step with the people he’s tasked with governing.”

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“Newsom had the opportunity to serve as a leader on regulation of democratic governance of AI development — a path he has taken on other industries — but has chosen to take our hands off the wheel, potentially allowing AI development to veer uncontrollably off the road,” said executive director Daniel Colson.

“Newsom and lawmakers must return to Sacramento next session to come to an agreement on a set of measures that will install sensible guardrails on AI development.”

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I sold iconic Marilyn Monroe dress for £25 to pay bills – I’m sickened to learn how much it’s worth now

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I sold iconic Marilyn Monroe dress for £25 to pay bills - I'm sickened to learn how much it's worth now

A GREAT-gran who sold an original Marilyn Monroe dress for £25 to pay bills was shocked to learn it’s now worth £200,000.

Pam Harrison won the show-stopping sequinned corset when she was 15 after her mum entered her into a newspaper competition.

Pam Harrison sold an original Marilyn Monroe dress for £25 to pay bills

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Pam Harrison sold an original Marilyn Monroe dress for £25 to pay billsCredit: Paul Tonge
Pam won the show-stopping corset when she was 15 after her mum entered her into a newspaper competition

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Pam won the show-stopping corset when she was 15 after her mum entered her into a newspaper competitionCredit: Paul Tonge
Marilyn wore the green-and-black sequined garment in 1956 rom-com Bus Stop

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Marilyn wore the green-and-black sequined garment in 1956 rom-com Bus Stop

The green-and-black garment had been worn by the US star in 1956 romcom Bus Stop.

Marilyn even wrote to Pam to congratulate her.

But she sold the outfit for £25 in 1962, months before Marilyn died of an overdose at 36.

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Pam, now 83, of Birmingham, recently discovered it was valued at £200,000 by an auction house in LA.

She said: “I could have made a fortune, but it wasn’t to be. I’ve had a happier life than Marilyn ever had. I’ve no regrets.”

Marilyn played saloon singer Chérie in Bus Stop and promo posters featured her in the dress.

Pam looked so good in it that she was approached to be a model — but her parents turned down the offer.

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Four years later she and late husband Norman needed cash to keep their children fed and warm.

Pam added: “I said, ‘Let’s see if the dress can help’.

“The buyers had a shop and asked if could I lend them a telegram from Marilyn for the window.

“All I would’ve liked was for them to have returned the telegram.”

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Netflix releases trailer for Marilyn Monroe biopic Blonde with Ana de Armas

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