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Iran’s IRGC Turns Strait of Hormuz Into a $2 Million Toll Road for Global Tanker Traffic

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Brian Armstrong's Bold Prediction: AI Agents Will Soon Dominate Global Financial

TLDR:

  • Iran’s IRGC charges up to $2M per tanker transit, accepting cash, crypto, or barter as payment.
  • Between March 1–15, roughly 89–90 vessels cleared the strait under some form of IRGC approval.
  • Total transit costs now exceed what moving an entire fleet through Hormuz cost six months ago.
  • Sanctioning paying operators risks halting the only active oil supply channel through the strait.

The Strait of Hormuz has become a commercial toll point following reports of Iran’s IRGC charging tanker operators up to $2 million per passage.

The Financial Times confirmed the arrangement, with the IRGC verifying clearances over VHF radio. Between March 1 and March 15, roughly 89 to 90 vessels transited under some form of IRGC clearance, according to Lloyd’s List Intelligence.

Payments are made in cash, cryptocurrency, or through barter, and the commercial precedent is now firmly established.

How the IRGC Toll Mechanism Operates at the Strait of Hormuz

The process begins when a tanker operator contacts intermediaries linked to the IRGC. Negotiations follow, and a fee of up to $2 million per voyage is agreed. Payment is accepted in cash, cryptocurrency, or through barter. The vessel then receives clearance to proceed.

The IRGC hails the tanker on VHF radio to verify its AIS transponder data. After confirmation, the ship is granted passage through the strait.

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Not all 89 to 90 vessels paid the toll between March 1 and March 15. Iranian and allied ships, along with some Indian tankers, received passage through separate government-to-government arrangements.

Analyst Shanaka Anslem Perera shared key details on X about the toll arrangement. He described how intermediaries negotiate with the IRGC and confirmed that payments are made in cash or crypto.

At least one operator paid the toll explicitly, his post confirmed. That single transaction set a benchmark the broader market now faces.

The $2 million toll adds to soaring war-risk insurance costs. A VLCC worth $120 million pays between $3.6 million and $6 million in war-risk premiums per voyage.

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Charter rates have also quadrupled, reaching up to $800,000 per day. Moving one crude cargo now costs more than an entire fleet transit did six months ago.

Cost Flows to Consumers as the Strait of Hormuz Becomes Self-Financing

Every dollar added at the strait eventually reaches end consumers. The toll raises prices for crude, LNG, urea, and pharmaceuticals.

The $2 million is not a cost confined to the shipping industry. Billions of people downstream absorb it through higher commodity prices.

The IRGC appears to have created a self-sustaining revenue loop through the closure. The blockade generated scarcity, and that scarcity pushed operators to pay for passage.

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Those payments reportedly fund the same provincial commands that enforced the initial closure. The mechanism sustains itself without any external financing.

The United States is likely to frame these toll payments as state-sponsored terrorism financing. Expected responses include sanctions on paying operators and expanded designations on intermediaries.

A naval escort pledge involving six allied nations is also set to accelerate. However, enforcement carries a direct contradiction in practice.

Sanctioning every paying operator removes the only vessels currently moving oil through the strait. The toll, though extortion, remains the only active supply channel in the region.

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Iran has reopened the Strait of Hormuz selectively, on its own terms and at its own price. The boundary between a military operation and a protection racket has effectively collapsed.

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Crypto World

Bitcoin (BTC) price holds steady, with one analyst seeing the upside emerging: Crypto Daybook Americas

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CD20

By Francisco Rodrigues (All times ET unless indicated otherwise)

Bitcoin has stabilized above $70,000. Its relative strength is noteworthy given the selloff over the week, which saw it drop from over $75,000.

Most assets saw sharp downturns over the period as the conflict in Iran escalated, damaging vital energy infrastructure. A hotter-than-expected February U.S. PPI print compounded the effect.

Traditional havens, including gold and silver, also tumbled while Brent crude surged above $110 a barrel owing to supply disruptions caused by the closure of the Strait of Hormuz.

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The Fed didn’t help. While the U.S. central bank held interest rates steady on Wednesday, as expected, its tone turned hawkish. The conflict’s effects have damped rate-cut expectations, and, in fact, the perceived odds of rate increases surge from 8% to top 24% on prediction markets.

André Dragosch, head of research for Europe at Bitwise, told CoinDesk the bitcoin sits at the intersection of two powerful and opposing forces, and that the balance may already be tipping in the token’s favour.

On one side, rising inflation expectations are supportive, Dragosch said. Bitcoin bull runs have historically aligned with expansions in the ISM Manufacturing Index, which rose sharply this year, and rising inflation expectations.

“This combination of rising economic activity and inflation expectations is probably one of the key reasons why bitcoin recently managed to outperform other traditional assets like gold and US equities,” he said. “Bitcoin is also generally less interest rate-sensitive than gold, which is why it wasn’t so much affected by the rise in bond yields. “

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On the other hand, tighter financial conditions are a headwind. Bitcoin, however, may have been acting as the canary in what Dragosch called the “macro coal mine.”

“Bitcoin appears to have already priced in much of this tightening, exhibiting a record “macro discount” and front-running the recent deterioration in forward-looking indicators,” Dragosch said.

Looking ahead, a key catalyst will remain improving financial conditions. That means the conflict in the Middle East ending and the Strait of Hormuz reopening, even as developments in the crypto space show growing adoption. Stay alert!

Read more: For analysis of today’s activity in altcoins and derivatives, see Crypto Markets Today

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What to Watch

For a more comprehensive list of events this week, see CoinDesk’s “Crypto Week Ahead“.

  • Crypto
  • Macro
    • March 20, 8:30 a.m.: Canada PPI YoY (Prev. 5.4%); MoM (Prev. 2.7%)
  • Earnings (Estimates based on FactSet data)
    • March 20: BitFuFu (FUFU), pre-market, $0.01

Token Events

For a more comprehensive list of events this week, see CoinDesk’s “Crypto Week Ahead“.

  • Governance votes & calls
    • Lightchain AI DAO is voting on a temporary 90-day team authority proposal, which grants the core team short-term operational authority to make day-to-day and strategic decisions. Voting ends March 22.
  • Unlocks
    • March 20: LayerZero (ZRO) to unlock 5.64% of its circulating supply worth $52.45 million.
  • Token Launches

Conferences

For a more comprehensive list of events this week, see CoinDesk’s “Crypto Week Ahead“.

Market Movements

  • BTC is up 0.29% from 4 p.m. ET Thursday at $70,608.19 (24hrs: +0.69%)
  • ETH is down 0.55% at $2,148.07 (24hrs: -1.14%)
  • CoinDesk 20 is up 0.34% at 2,044.85 (24hrs: unchanged)
  • Ether CESR Composite Staking Rate is up 2 bps at 2.76%
  • BTC funding rate is at -0.0020% (-2.1703% annualized) on Binance
CD20
  • DXY is down 0.38% at 99.70
  • Gold futures are up 1.58% at $4,673.60
  • Silver futures are up 1.75% at $72.14
  • Nikkei 225 closed down 3.38% at 53,372.53
  • Hang Seng closed down 0.88% at 25,277.32
  • FTSE 100 is down 2.16% at 10,082.61
  • Euro Stoxx 50 is down 1.71% at 5,638.54
  • DJIA closed on Thursday down 0.44% at 46,021.43
  • S&P 500 closed down 0.27% at 6,606.49
  • Nasdaq Composite closed down 0.28% at 22,090.69
  • S&P/TSX Composite closed down 1.42% at 31,854.98
  • S&P 40 Latin America closed up 0.22% at 3,466.80
  • U.S. 10-Year Treasury rate is up 2 bps at 4.28%
  • E-mini S&P 500 futures are down 0.52% at 6,625.50
  • E-mini Nasdaq-100 futures are down 0.68% at 24,412.50
  • E-mini Dow Jones Industrial Average Index are down 0.43% at 46,140.00

Bitcoin Stats

  • BTC Dominance: 58.90% (0.18%)
  • Ether-bitcoin ratio: 0.03043 (-0.49%)
  • Hashrate (seven-day moving average): 925 EH/s
  • Hashprice (spot): $30.68
  • Total fees: 2.95 BTC / $206,875
  • CME Futures Open Interest: 117,190 BTC
  • BTC priced in gold: 15.2 oz.
  • BTC vs gold market cap: 4.72%

Technical Analysis

TA for March 20
  • BTC/SPX may be showing signs of bottoming out – with RSI bouncing off from oversold levels and the line maintaining its trend.
  • The ratio is currently below the 50-week exponential moving average, which implies more range-bound performance until we see a breakout above the average.

Crypto Equities

  • Coinbase Global (COIN): closed on Thursday at $202.91 (+0.31%), -0.45% at $201.99 in pre-market
  • Circle Internet Group (CRCL): closed at $128.33 (-3.40%), -2.20% at $125.51
  • Galaxy Digital (GLXY): closed at $21.05 (-2.46%), -0.71% at $20.90
  • MARA Holdings (MARA): closed at $9.22 (+3.36%), -0.33% at $9.19
  • Riot Platforms (RIOT): closed at $14.14 (+0.28%), +0.28% at $14.18
  • Core Scientific (CORZ): closed at $16.48 (+0.80%)
  • CleanSpark (CLSK): closed at $9.83 (-0.51%), -0.31% at $9.80
  • Exodus Movement (EXOD): closed at $7.73 (-4.57%)
  • CoinShares Bitcoin Mining ETF (WGMI): closed at $39.10 (+0.00%)
  • Bullish (BLSH): closed at $39.60 (+3.45%), -0.98% at $39.21

Crypto Treasury Companies

  • Strategy (MSTR): closed at $138.24 (-1.65%), +0.54% at $138.99
  • Strive Asset Management (ASST): closed at $10.26 (+2.24%), +0.49% at $10.31
  • SharpLink (SBET): closed at $7.68 (-2.41%), +1.04% at $7.76
  • Upexi (UPXI): closed at $1.07 (+0.00%), +1.87% at $1.09
  • Lite Strategy (LITS): closed at $1.17 (-0.85%)

ETF Flows

Spot BTC ETFs

  • Daily net flows: -$90.2 million
  • Cumulative net flows: $56.26 billion
  • Total BTC holdings ~1.29 million

Spot ETH ETFs

  • Daily net flows: -$136.4 million
  • Cumulative net flows: $11.8 billion
  • Total ETH holdings ~5.76 million

Source: Farside Investors

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South Korea Tax Office Eyes Private Custody After Seized Crypto Loss

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South Korea Tax Office Eyes Private Custody After Seized Crypto Loss

South Korea’s National Tax Service (NTS) is moving to select a private custody provider for seized crypto assets after a February press release exposed a wallet recovery phrase and triggered the unauthorized transfer of confiscated tokens.

On Feb. 26, the NTS accidentally exposed a crypto wallet seed phrase in an official press release, resulting in the unauthorized transfer of crypto tokens valued at about $4.8 million. The release included an image of a Ledger cold wallet and a sheet of paper showing the mnemonic phrase without being blurred. 

Citing people familiar with the matter, ZDNet Korea reported that the agency is reviewing a plan to outsource custody of confiscated crypto and is drafting selection criteria for providers. The NTS is reportedly aiming to select a provider within the first half of 2026. 

The agency plans to evaluate candidates based on several factors, including security requirements, company size, and whether the firm holds insurance under South Korea’s Virtual Asset User Protection Act, ZDNet Korea reported. 

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The move shows South Korean authorities are trying to formalize custody of seized crypto after a series of handling failures exposed weaknesses in how confiscated digital assets are stored and managed.

New task force to oversee custody provider selection process

The custody selection will reportedly be led by a newly-formed task force focused on advancing digital asset management systems. 

The task force is reportedly working on several initiatives, including improving operational manuals covering the full life cycle of seized assets, from seizure to storage and liquidation. It would also conduct assessments and personnel training. 

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Related: South Korea opposition party pushes to scrap planned 22% crypto tax

The group is also preparing to establish a dedicated division to oversee crypto-related work.

An NTS official said that since crypto is relatively new, responsibilities are split across departments. However, preparations are underway to create a centralized unit, ZDNet Korea reported. 

NTS wallet seed leak prompts inter-agency probe

The NTS’s wallet leak and a separate custody failure in which Seoul’s Gangnam police allegedly lost 22 BTC seized prompted authorities to conduct an inter-agency review of seized crypto assets. 

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On March 1, South Korea’s Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Finance, Koo Yun-cheol, announced a cross-agency probe on how the government handles seized digital assets. 

Magazine: Metaplanet’s Japan Bitcoin bet, Bithumb ordered suspension: Asia Express