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Brock Pierce’s dark and disturbing friendship with Jeffrey Epstein

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Brock Pierce’s dark and disturbing friendship with Jeffrey Epstein

It’s 2010 and Jeffrey Epstein is having a crash out.

His reputation, already in tatters after his 2008 conviction for procuring minors for prostitution, is spiralling further out of control as outlets and reporters, including The Huffington Post, Julie K. Brown, and Wired, uncover more and more juicy details about his salacious lifestyle.

In an effort to halt the decline, Epstein seeks out help from Alfred Seckel, aka Al Seckel, a serial scammer and illusionist who’s been dating Ghislaine Maxwell’s sister, Isabel, for years.

Epstein tasks Seckel with what he presumes to be a relatively cheap and easy job: wipe the internet of his sins.

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This proves to be a pipe dream. Whether due to Seckel’s own incompetence and greed or due to Epstein’s unrepairable reputation, a $25,000 job becomes a $45,000 job, with an added luxury conference — called The Mindshift Conference — hosted on Little Saint John’s and to be paid for by the Epstein Foundation.

And so begins the blossoming of a fruitful eight-year long friendship for Brock Pierce and Jeffrey Epstein.

Warning: this article contains descriptions of violence and sexual assault. We have also provided a zipped folder containing the majority of the files we found useful for this article out of the 1,816 results that appear for “Brock Pierce” in the newly released Epstein Files.

The Mindshift Conference

The Mindshift Conference, which featured Murray Gell-Mann, Frances Arnold, Reichart Von Wolfshield, Brock Pierce, and many others, came with a hefty $55,000 hotel expense bill, as well as costs for flying out speakers, and preparing Little Saint John’s.

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It proved to be a spectacular failure for Epstein.

Indeed, an event Epstein initially hoped would rival TEDTalks was, according to Epstein himself, “the worst meeting (the Epstein Foundation) has ever had.”

Epstein, who was growing increasingly wary of Seckel’s motives, hated the conference so much that he sent an email from “Susan” to Seckel to complain — the email was filled with all of Epstein’s usual spelling and grammatical errors.

An email from January 2011, in which Epstein pretends to be a woman named “Susan.”

However, there was one important detail that would have far-reaching consequences buried in the details of this fake complaint. Epstein (as Susan) wrote, “reichart was interesting as was brock.”

After this, Epstein found himself interested in Bitcoin and cryptocurrency-at-large, concepts he previously suggested were only for criminals.

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This heel-turn is namely due to a presentation by, and the oozing charisma of, Brock Pierce.

Seckel and Epstein soon had a total falling out, with Epstein telling Ghislaine Maxwell by late 2012 that Seckel is “a bad guy.”

It didn’t help that Seckel was involved with deceit involving an Isaac Newton portrait or that he attempted to sell Epstein a collection of falsified antiquarian books.

But the failed conference got Pierce’s foot in the door with a potential investor, and he didn’t let the opportunity pass. Pierce and Epstein met several times over the course of 2011 and by April, only three months after the conference, Pierce was asking Epstein for financial advice:

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An email from Pierce to Epstein in 2011 asking for feedback about a new online gaming fund he’s creating with Clearstone.

The pair continued to get closer and closer and by 2012, their relationship had evolved into something entirely different.

A chart illustrating the links between the saga’s major players.

Read more: New Epstein files reveal contact with Bitcoin dev Andresen before CIA briefing

Girls (Russian and Ukrainian, to be exact)

A year after Pierce and Epstein met and four years since Epstein’s procurement of a minor for prostitution guilty plea, a distinct change occurs in the discussions between the two financiers: women came up a lot, often in disparaging or objectifying terms.

The first time Epstein sent women to Pierce, it included someone who Epstein referred to in later emails as “my little susie” or “sue” and takes place in March 2012, in Los Angeles.

Sue would play a major role in the relationship between Epstein and Pierce later.

The first record that Epstein sends women to Pierce.

In the first record that showed Epstein sending women to Pierce, he told Pierce to “leave your girlfriend home.” Pierce replied, “Will do. Broke up with GF last night so that won’t be a problem.”

A month later, in April 2012, Epstein told Pierce that “my new russian, is in la working she knows no one, if you could help her see some of I.a. .. I would appreicate it.”

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In an email from 2012 Epstein describes his “new Russian” who is “working in LA.”

Pierce failed. The Russian doesn’t meet with him, but after a strange back and forth, he had a concession: “I know a girl in NY you may like. How should I introduce you?”

Epstein responded, “details. ? she can come to meet when others are there.”

An email exchange where Pierce shares the name of a “girl in NY” with Epstein. Epstein replies “Cute”.

Only one month after sharing the information of the girl in New York, Pierce was given a new mission from Epstein when he told the financier and pedophile that he was visiting Moscow, Kiev, and Odessa: “Take photos and find me a present.”

Pierce responded with “Will do. :-).”

An email where Epstein asks Pierce to “take photos and find me a present.”

Only three days later, Pierce shared with Epstein dozens of images of a woman named Anastasia. He added at the bottom of the email, “Ukraine is now my favorite country.”

An email from Brock Pierce to Epstein with the subject line “Anastasia.”

Read more: Former DCG advisor Larry Summers on list of Jeffrey Epstein’s ‘Harvard friends’

Business begins

Beginning in 2013, Pierce and Epstein often sought one another out for advice and also started to do business together.

In May of 2013, less than a year before its inevitable collapse, Pierce shared with Epstein that he was planning on purchasing the largest Bitcoin exchange in the world, MtGox.

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Epstein sends Pierce an article about the indictment of Liberty Reserve’s owners.

Epstein, who was unfamiliar with the exchange, asked if it had been seized by the US government (it hadn’t). The purchase never occured, and in April of 2014, it was revealed that MtGox had lost the majority of its users’ money.

Pierce didn’t give up on acquiring MtGox, trying again after its collapse with an initiative he named Gox Rising.

Also in May of 2013, Epstein spoke to Bill Gross — the co-founder of the Pacific Investment Management Company (PIMCO), the world’s current largest ETF manager with $2 trillion AUM — about a Brock Pierce-related cryptocurrency concept.

Most likely, this was an early reference to Tether, which was only a year from its launch.

An email exchange between Bill Gross of PIMCO and Epstein.

By 2014, Epstein was partnering with Pierce on investments and assisting him with his business affairs.

For example, Epstein looked over a Noble Bank/Markets Nasdaq agreement — the Puerto Rico-based international financial entity started by Pierce and John Betts that briefly served as the main “bank” for the stablecoin tether.

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Pierce forwarding the Noble Markets-Nasdaq agreement to Epstein.

The most important partnership between the two came shortly thereafter: a $3 million investment in Coinbase through a fund started by Bradford and Bart Stephens.

An email from Bart and Brad Stephens that includes a Limited Partnership Agreement for Crypto Currency Partners II, LP.

Perhaps most embarrassing about the Epstein Coinbase investment is that they knew who had put in the money to purchase shares.

As Pierce rushed to get the deal closed, he shared one awkward, hurried email: “I need permission to let the founder know who you are.”

An email from 2014 where Pierce tells Epstein “We have been actively discussing participating in Coinbases next round with the founders.

The email seemed to be an assurance that no one outside of Pierce, Epstein, and the founders of Coinbase would ever be aware that Epstein had personally been involved, his identity hidden behind a faceless fund.

Likely with this in mind, Coinbase accepted the $3 million investment from Epstein.

It was clear by 2014 that Pierce and Epstein had become far more than simple business partners and acquaintances.

They shared women and investments, and spent time together in Los Angeles, New York, and Little Saint James.

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Their back-and-forths were filled with nonchalant references to questionable and seemingly nefarious behavior.

In June of 2014, Epstein innocuously asked Pierce “do you know the Winklevoss’s?”

Pierce responded he does, to which, out of nowhere, Epstein responded that he was going to “send Svetlana to them to get a download of the space, I prefer not to go through the Silicon Valley gossip mafia.”

An email exchange between Pierce and Epstein in which Epstein asks about the Winklevoss twins.

For what it’s worth, the Svetlana that Epstein is sending to the Winklevoss twins was most likely Svetlana Pozhidaeva, a Russian national who refused to speak about her relationship with Jeffrey Epstein.

According to the New Zealand Herald, Pozhidaeva is the daughter of a prestigious Russian family that lived in an apartment block associated with the KGB.

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Meanwhile, strange continuations of unrecorded conversations were splattered throughout their emails. In 2015, Pierce asked Epstein if he was familiar with Jeff Herman — a lawyer who represented several victims of Epstein.

Epstein said, “Very bad guy, was suspended from practice.”

“Do a Google search on me,” Pierce insisted. “He’s suing four of my friends… Any dirt you have could prove helpful.”

A few months later, in a cryptic, short email from Epstein to Pierce, he simply said, “What was the name of your favorite investigator? I forgot.”

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Pierce didn’t reply through email.

Lastly, and years later, Pierce let Epstein know that he failed to pay his taxes for five years and requested legal help.

Epstein fell over himself to assist Pierce, advising him to reach out to Alan Dlugash and insisted that Pierce not speak to any accountants and let his lawyers take care of the problems for him.

The tax problems appear to quickly disappear.

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Alan Dlugash asking Epstein who Brock Pierce is.

Read more: Tether founder Brock Pierce defaults, loses hotel, sues partner

My Little Susie and polygamy

One of the strangest episodes dotting the Pierce-related Epstein Files was the multi-year love story between Pierce and a woman who worked for Epstein named Sue.

As pointed out earlier, the first recorded example of Pierce and Sue spending time together is in Los Angeles in 2012. But Sue continued to come up, all the way through 2018.

In 2015, Epstein described Pierce to Joi Ito as “little Sue’s boyfriend.”

An email exchange in which Joi Ito asks who Pierce is. Epstein describes Pierce as “little sue’s boyfriend.”

In fact, it appears that, for some reason, Epstein has a distinct interest in Pierce’s relationship with Sue. He repeatedly asks Pierce if he’s faithful to or cheating on Sue and sends him reminders about important dates related to her.

An email exchange in which Epstein tells Pierce it’s Sue’s birthday and Pierce thanks him for reminding him.

While they stopped mentioning her for several years, she popped up one final time, in what was arguably the most obvious example of law breaking, deception, and odious intentions: Pierce wanted to marry Sue while already being married, he wanted to be a polygamist.

An email from Pierce in which he says “I’m ready to marry Sue though I’ll have two wives.”

Introducing Epstein to Steve Bannon

What perhaps had the clearest real world consequences in regard to the Pierce-Epstein friendship was that Pierce introduced Epstein to political strategist and chaos agent Steve Bannon in 2016/2017.

Epstein asks if Pierce met with Steve Bannon, Pierce responds, “Yes. Very productive.”

While both Pierce and Epstein almost always referred to Bannon as “Steve,” the timeline that Pierce stated lined up thoroughly with his relationship to Bannon.

When Bannon worked at Goldman Sachs they took a majority share in Pierce’s company called IGE and installed Bannon as the new head of the company (the business model they incorporated was basically paying Chinese gamers less-than-living wages to find loot in World of Warcraft and upsell it to Westerners).

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Within the short amount of time that Bannon and Epstein were friends, they spent a lot of time together and plotted all kinds of fantastical ploys and plots, from new cryptocurrencies to disrupting the dollar hegemony.

It’s unclear who influenced who more.

Steve Bannon and Jeffrey Epstein taking a selfie together.

Coinbase cashout

Just over a year before Epstein’s final arrest, in 2018, Bradford Stephens reached out to Epstein’s lawyer, Darren Indyke, in an attempt to purchase back the Coinbase shares that Epstein still controlled.

The transaction didn’t go as smoothly as Stephens hoped, as he started his offer at only $15 million — a $12 million profit on Epstein’s initial investment.

An email from Bradford Stephens to Darren Indyke offering $15 million for Epstein’s Coinbase position.

Epstein refused. He asked for $11 million for half his position. And then more. And more. Eventually, Stephens handed over $15 million for half of Epstein’s position, the other half Epstein held on to, planning to let it ride until an eventual IPO.

If the Epstein estate did hold its Coinbase position through until the IPO, it’s possible that his initial $3 million investment, thanks to Brock Pierce, netted his estate over $100 million.

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An email from Pierce to Epstein that says, “Brad Stephens says they wired $15m for half your Coinbase position yesterday.”

A known pedophile’s great friend

Pierce, unlike many other financiers, cultural elites, and venture capitalists, met Epstein after his first conviction and remained a close confidant up to the second arrest.

Pierce both profited off his friendship with Epstein and, essentially, made Epstein tens of millions of dollars.

They sent emails often, cared about one another, worried about each other, and shared legal, accounting, and financial advice regularly.

There are several emails in which Pierce wishes Epstein a happy birthday, a happy new year, and even one where he tells him “love you” (while inviting him to a “boat in Antigua… full of Ukraine’s finest”).

A series of emails circa 2018 from Pierce inviting Epstein to Puerto Rico.

Pierce has done his best to distance himself from his past, from working at Digital Entertainment Network in the early aughts, to moving to Spain with infamous pedophile Marc Collins-Rector, to cozying up to chaos agent Steve Bannon.

But it’s impossible for him to distance himself from Jeffrey Epstein. Brock Pierce and Jeffrey Epstein’s legacies will be tied together forever.

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We reached out to Brock Pierce for comment and will update this piece should we hear back.

Got a tip? Send us an email securely via Protos Leaks. For more informed news, follow us on XBluesky, and Google News, or subscribe to our YouTube channel.

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Bitcoin Dips As Strategy Total Holdings Reach 709k

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Bitcoin price

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The Bitcoin price has dropped 4% in the last 24 hours to $89,427 as Michael Saylor’s company, Strategy, continues its aggressive accumulation of the cryptocurrency.

Last week, the company purchased 22,305 BTC for $2.13 billion, at an average price of $95,284 per coin, according to a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filing. This latest purchase brought Strategy’s total Bitcoin holdings to 709,715 BTC, bought for roughly $53.92 billion at an average cost of $75,979 per coin.

The company now holds about 3.37% of the total 21 million BTC supply and 3.55% of the 19.98 million currently in circulation, according to Blockchain.com. Strategy’s recent buying spree marks its largest Bitcoin acquisition since February 2025, when it purchased over 20,000 BTC for around $2 billion. Earlier this month, the company also bought 13,627 BTC ($1.3 billion), signaling a sharp acceleration in buying compared with most of last year.

Strategy Maintains Bitcoin Accumulation

The surge in purchases came amid Bitcoin briefly surpassing $97,000 and Strategy’s shares (MSTR) rising past $185, boosted further by Morgan Stanley Capital International’s (MSCI) decision not to exclude digital asset treasury companies from its market index.

Despite the recent price pullback, Strategy remains committed to its Bitcoin accumulation strategy. Analysts suggest that the market is now focusing on which digital asset treasury companies can survive through disciplined management and realistic expectations.

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James Butterfill of CoinShares emphasized that long-term success depends on credible business models, disciplined treasury practices, and prudent handling of digital assets on corporate balance sheets. Strategy’s continued buying underscores Michael Saylor’s conviction that Bitcoin should remain a core part of corporate treasury strategy, even as volatility in cryptocurrency markets persists.

Bitcoin Tests Major Support Zone Near $85K

Bitcoin has pulled back to $89,596, marking a 3.26% drop in the past 24 hours, but technical indicators indicate a potential rebound may be forming. The daily chart shows Bitcoin currently hovering near a major support zone around $85,000–$87,000, which has historically acted as a strong floor for price declines.

Analysts are watching this level closely, as a bounce from here could trigger a parabolic reversal, pushing prices back toward $100,000. Earlier price action shows Bitcoin forming a bullish channel in April–May 2025, followed by a double top pattern in June, which led to a significant correction in the months that followed.

The market then entered a prolonged downtrend, facing repeated resistance levels near $115,000 and $110,000, which it failed to break multiple times. The repeated rejection at these highs reinforced selling pressure, while the support zone now serves as a key area for potential accumulation by investors.

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Bitcoin priceBitcoin price

BTCUSD Chart Analysis Source: Tradingview

The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is currently at 42.65, indicating that Bitcoin is neither oversold nor overbought but is approaching a level that often precedes upward momentum. Traders are likely monitoring RSI in combination with price action at the support zone to identify entry points for a potential bullish move.

If Bitcoin manages to hold above the support area and gains upward momentum, the chart suggests a parabolic recovery path toward previous resistance levels. However, failure to defend this zone could lead to further downside, potentially testing lower levels near $80,000. Overall, market sentiment remains cautious, with investors balancing optimism over a potential rebound with concerns over near-term volatility.

This technical setup highlights the ongoing tug-of-war between buyers and sellers, emphasizing that Bitcoin’s next major move will depend on how it reacts to the current support zone and whether it can reclaim momentum toward $100,000 and beyond.

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XRP ETFs Beat BTC, ETH, and SOL Funds

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Spot XRP ETF Inflows. Source: SoSoValue


Despite the positive inflows, XRP’s price fell below $1.55 once again before more volatility ensued.

In times of heightened uncertainty, rapidly evolving geopolitical situations, and volatility in the US government, investors have shown markedly different behavior toward the spot crypto ETFs.

While those with exposure to the world’s largest cryptocurrency have been consistently pulling funds out of them, the XRP alternatives actually outperformed their counterparts with a strong daily net inflow yesterday.

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XRP Outmatches Competition

Data from SoSoValue shows that the spot Bitcoin ETFs have been predominantly in the red for the past several weeks. February 2 was a proper exception, with more than $560 million entering the funds. However, the previous business week saw more than $1.4 billion in net outflows. February 3 was another painful trading day, with $272 million being pulled out.

Given the cryptocurrency’s recent price decline, ETF investors’ holdings have dipped below their average cost basis for accumulated BTC for the first time in 18 months.

The other crypto ETFs tracking larger-cap altcoins, though, were in the green. The spot Ethereum ETFs attracted $14.06 million; the SOL funds saw a minor net inflow of $1.24 million; and the XRP products outperformed the rest with a net gain of $19.46 million. In total, the Ripple ETFs saw more daily inflows than all other crypto funds combined yesterday.

In fact, this was the XRP ETFs’ best day since January 5, when net inflows reached $46.10 million. The cumulative net inflows into the Ripple funds is up to $1.20 billion, which is still slightly below the $1.26 peak recorded before the January 29 crash.

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Spot XRP ETF Inflows. Source: SoSoValue
Spot XRP ETF Inflows. Source: SoSoValue

XRP’s Volatility

Yesterday was another highly eventful and volatile trading day in the cryptocurrency markets. Perhaps due to the growing tension in the Middle East and the partial reopening of the US government, or to ETF inflows and outflows, BTC fell to a yearly low of $73,000 before rebounding to over $76,000 as of press time.

The altcoins went through similar fluctuations. Interestingly, XRP dropped to $1.53, then rose to $1.63 before settling at $1.60 as of now. This means that the token is down by almost 17% weekly and 25% monthly. It was brutally rejected at the $2.40 high reached on January 6, and has failed to stage any sort of sustainable recovery since then.

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Base Fixes Transaction Delays After Config Error, Preserves L2 Lead

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Crypto Breaking News

Base, Coinbase’s Ethereum layer-2 network, faced a weekend slowdown caused by a configuration error in a recent transaction-propagation change. While users reported elevated drops and longer waits for on-chain inclusion, blocks continued to be produced and the network did not experience a full outage. In a Wednesday post on X, Base explained that the modification to how transactions were propagated caused the block builder to repeatedly fetch transactions that could not be executed as base fees rose rapidly. The team rolled back the change and said stability has been restored, while outlining plans for longer-term fixes to harden the system against similar hiccups.

Key takeaways

  • The incident stemmed from a propagation-change that triggered repeated fetches of non-executable transactions as base fees climbed, prompting a rollback to restore stability.
  • Despite the hiccup, the network remained operational and continued producing blocks, indicating resilience even as throughput slowed.
  • Longer-term fixes are targeted at the transaction pipeline, overhead reduction, mempool handling, and enhanced rollout monitoring, with an estimated one-month timeline.
  • Base is the leading Ethereum layer-2 by TVL, holding about $4.2 billion and roughly 47.6% of the Ethereum L2 market, according to DefiLlama data on a recent Wednesday.
  • Arbitrum (CRYPTO: ARB) sits in second place with about 27% of the L2 market, while other networks remain in single-digit shares.
  • The episode underscores Base’s central role in Coinbase’s broader “super-app” strategy, integrating stablecoins and on-chain utilities into an expanding suite of products beyond traditional trading.

Tickers mentioned: $ETH, $ARB

Sentiment: Neutral

Market context: The episode highlights ongoing scaling tensions in the Ethereum ecosystem as users migrate activity to layer-2 solutions. Base’s ascent to a majority share of Ethereum L2 TVL underscores the significance of reliability as decentralized finance, payments, and other on-chain use cases increasingly rely on L2 infrastructure. The incident comes amid a landscape where TVL concentration among leading L2s remains pronounced, making resilience and governance in rollout processes particularly important for market participants.

Why it matters

The event is a reminder that even the most sophisticated scaling stacks face operational risk as they push higher throughput and lower fees for users. For Base, the stakes are heightened by Coinbase’s strategy to turn the network into the backbone of an “everything exchange”—a platform that blends crypto trading with stocks, prediction markets and other financial services. By positioning Base as the on-chain distribution layer for Coinbase’s broader product suite, the company aims to accelerate adoption and embed on-chain rails across multiple product lines.

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From a technical perspective, the rollback demonstrates a fast-response mechanism in practice: a rollback to a safe configuration, followed by a commitment to strengthen the pipeline and monitoring. The plan to streamline the transaction pipeline, trim unnecessary overhead, optimize the mempool’s handling of pending transactions, and bolster monitoring during infrastructure rollouts indicates a shift from quick patch fixes toward more foundational resilience. The time horizon—a little over a month—reflects the emphasis on both rapid stabilization and longer-term reliability enhancements.

Market researchers and on-chain developers will be watching how these improvements translate into real-world throughput and user experience. Base’s leadership in TVL among Ethereum L2s—reported at about $4.2 billion and a 47.6% share on one recent update—highlights the impact of operational reliability on capital allocation across competing networks. Arbitrum trails at roughly 27% of the L2 market, illustrating a competitive dynamic where even small improvements in efficiency or uptime can influence flow and engagement on L2 ecosystems. The broader implication is that reliability, governance, and measurable performance gains become critical differentiators as users evaluate where to deploy capital and where to build new applications.

Crucially, the incident sits within Coinbase’s broader strategic framework. By strengthening Base and expanding its use cases—from stablecoins to real-world financial utilities—the company signals a long-term commitment to on-chain infrastructure as a foundation for diverse products. This approach is consistent with the trend of crypto platforms seeking to commoditize on-chain rails, enabling a wider array of services that extend beyond custody and trading. As the ecosystem evolves, the emphasis on robust, observable performance will be a key factor shaping developer and user confidence in Layer-2 networks as scalable, secure conduits for everyday financial activity.

What to watch next

  • Progress of the one-month improvement window: updates on the rollout, new monitoring dashboards, and any interim performance metrics.
  • Any subsequent status notices from Base on X or through official channels detailing stability metrics or new incidents.
  • Changes to the transaction pipeline and mempool handling, including benchmarks on throughput and latency during peak periods.
  • Definitive commentary from Coinbase and Base leadership about how the improvements may influence adoption of the “everything exchange” concept.

Sources & verification

  • Official Base status update on X describing the rollback and restored stability: https://x.com/buildonbase/status/2018845942884237816
  • DefiLlama data on Ethereum layer-2 TVL shares and Base’s market position: https://defillama.com/chains/ethereum
  • Arbitrum market share reference: https://cointelegraph.com/arbitrum-price-index

Base’s scaling hiccup and the road ahead

Base sits atop Ethereum (CRYPTO: ETH), and its rapid ascent as the leading Ethereum layer-2 has reframed how developers and users think about scaling, gas efficiency, and on-chain usability. In the latest episode, a propagation-change misstep briefly disrupted everyday activity, renewing focus on the fragility that can accompany swift deployments. The network’s ability to continue producing blocks, even as a backlog of transactions faced difficulty entering the mempool, underscored resilience—yet also exposed the delicate balance between speed and reliability that underpins Layer-2 ecosystems.

In a Wednesday update on X, Base explained that the root cause lay in how transaction propagation was implemented during a previous change. As base fees climbed, the block builder repeatedly fetched transactions that could not be executed, creating artificial pressure and delays. The corrective move—rolling back the change—appeared to restore stable operation, and engineers signaled that the episode had highlighted gaps to address in the near term. The planned fixes emphasize a broader redesign: a more streamlined transaction pipeline, reduced overhead, refined mempool logic, and heightened vigilance during infrastructure rollouts. The goal is not only to restore performance but to prevent recurrence as activity continues to migrate toward Layer-2 solutions.

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Techniques for measuring and maintaining throughput will be central as Base competes for dominance with other major Layer-2 networks. Arbitrum, for example, remains a formidable contender with a substantial share of the market, illustrating that users and developers weigh reliability, cost, and developer experience as they allocate liquidity across L2s. The competitive dynamic among networks—Base’s dominant position versus Arbitrum’s strong footing—suggests that even incremental improvements to uptime or transaction latency can yield meaningful shifts in on-chain activity and liquidity flows.

Beyond the technical fixes, Base’s role within Coinbase’s strategic framework is increasingly clear. The company has signaled a push toward an “everything exchange” model, a platform that blends crypto trading with traditional financial products and services. Stablecoins and on-chain payments are part of this vision, but the network’s future hinges on how seamlessly it can scale, support diverse product features, and maintain a high level of reliability for users and developers alike. As Base expands, it becomes a pillar in Coinbase’s broader ambition to normalize on-chain interactions across everyday financial use cases, reinforcing the importance of robust Layer-2 infrastructure in a rapidly evolving crypto landscape.

Risk & affiliate notice: Crypto assets are volatile and capital is at risk. This article may contain affiliate links. Read full disclosure

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Here’s How US Funding Certainty Calmed Markets and Lifted Bitcoin

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Here’s How US Funding Certainty Calmed Markets and Lifted Bitcoin


Bitcoin dipped to $72.8K during U.S. shutdown fears, then rebounded sharply after lawmakers passed a funding bill.

Bitcoin (BTC) slid to around $72,800 yesterday as U.S. lawmakers debated a stopgap funding package before rebounding once the House passed the bill on February 4, 2026, easing fears of a government shutdown.

The quick turnaround showed how closely crypto prices still track U.S. political risk, even when no blockchain-specific news is involved.

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Shutdown Fears Ripple Through Crypto

According to a February 4 post by on-chain analytics firm Santiment, the sell-off unfolded during U.S. trading hours while headlines pointed to a tight vote in the House. As uncertainty built, BTC quickly fell, triggering about $30 million in DeFi liquidations and mirroring a synchronized drop in the S&P 500 and even gold, an asset typically viewed as a safe haven.

This correlation indicates traders were reducing exposure to volatile assets broadly due to the political standoff, not crypto-specific news.

The concern centered on whether Congress would approve a roughly $1.2 trillion funding package to keep most federal agencies running through September 30. Failure would have led to a partial shutdown, delaying economic data and adding stress to an already cautious market.

The tense vote saw Republican divisions, with one representative voting against the bill due to foreign aid provisions.

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However, the bill ultimately passed, averting a shutdown and causing markets to respond with immediate relief. Bitcoin bounced from its lows, climbing over 5% within hours, and the S&P 500 also recovered. According to Santiment, the speedy recovery showed that fears of political dysfunction, rather than a fundamental reevaluation of Bitcoin’s value, were behind the earlier sell-off.

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Broader Pressures on Bitcoin’s Price

While the funding bill news provided a clear short-term catalyst, Bitcoin is still facing broader headwinds. Per data from CoinGecko, the asset is down nearly 14% in the last seven days and 17% for the month.

A recently published analysis from Galaxy Digital pointed to deteriorating on-chain metrics, with research head Alex Thorn noting that 46% of Bitcoin’s circulating supply is now “underwater,” meaning it was last moved at higher prices, which can increase selling pressure. He also pointed out that there was a lack of significant accumulation by large holders.

Furthermore, on February 3, reports that Iran was seeking to shift the format of nuclear talks with the U.S. contributed to another leg down in Bitcoin’s price, pushing it below $75,000 and burning at least $20 million worth of derivative positions.

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Additionally, some analysts like Doctor Profit have revised their downside targets, saying the cycle bottom could hit a range between $44,000 and $54,000. However, the key question is whether the resolution of the immediate U.S. political risk will be enough to reverse these negative technical and on-chain trends, or if BTC is still vulnerable to a deeper test of support.

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GAS Tanks 90% After AI Dev ‘Steps Back’

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GAS Tanks 90% After AI Dev ‘Steps Back’


The Gas Town token has plunged to a $1.1 million valuation just four days after peaking above $60 million.

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Most Crypto Holders Want to Pay with Bitcoin but Rarely Do, Survey Show

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Most Crypto Holders Want to Pay with Bitcoin but Rarely Do, Survey Show


But most say limited merchant acceptance and high fees stop them from spending crypto.

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Classic Chart Pattern Signals ETH Could Slip Below $2K

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Classic Chart Pattern Signals ETH Could Slip Below $2K

The price of Ethereum’s native token, Ether (ETH), risks sliding below $2,000 in February as a classic bearish setup plays out.

Key takeaways:

  • ETH breakdown keeps $1,665 downside target in focus.

  • MVRV bands also point to price sliding toward $1,725 or lower before a potential bottom.

ETH/USD daily chart. Source: TradingView

ETH risks declining 25% in February

As of Wednesday, ETH had entered the breakdown stage of its prevailing inverse-cup-and-handle (IC&H) pattern. This could extend a downtrend that has already erased about 60% from its August 2025 peak.

An IC&H pattern forms when price forms a rounded top and then drifts higher in a small recovery channel. It typically resolves when the price breaks below the neckline support, often falling by as much as the cup’s maximum height.

Ether broke below the inverse cup-and-handle neckline near $2,960 in January. It later rebounded to retest that level as resistance, a common post-breakdown move, only to resume its decline.

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Ether inverse cup-and-handle. Source: TradingView

ETH’s rebound also stalled below the 20-day (green) and 50-day (red) EMAs, which acted as overhead resistance.

These confluence indicators raised ETH’s odds of declining toward the IC&H breakdown target at around $1,665, down 25%, in February or by early March.

Historically, the inverse cup-and-handle hits its projected downside target with an 82% success rate, according to a study by Chartswatcher.

From a macro perspective, Ethereum’s downside risk is increasing as traders cut back on crypto bets, worried the market could slip into a broader 2026 downturn similar to past “four-year cycle” pullbacks.

Fears of an “AI bubble” popping are also forcing traders to avoid riskier bets such as crypto.

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Ethereum’s MVRV bands hint at $1,725 target

Ethereum’s technical downside target sat just below the lowest boundary of its MVRV extreme deviation pricing bands, currently at $1,725.

These bands are onchain price zones that show when ETH is trading below or above the average price at which traders last moved their coins.

Ethereum MVRV extreme deviation pricing bands. Source: Glassnode

Historically, ETH price plunged near or even below the lowest MVRV band before bottoming out.

That includes the April 2025 bounce, when the ETH price rose 90% a month after testing the lowest MVRV deviation band around $1,390. A similar rebound occurred in June 2018.

Related: ETH funding rate turns negative, but US macro conditions mute buy signal

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Therefore, Ether may decline toward $1,725 or below in February, which lines up with the IC&H downside target.