Run by volunteers, it has served the north London community of Golders Green, which has a large Jewish population, since 1979. There are dozens of synagogues throughout the area and according to the London Data Store, 49% of residents in the Golders Green ward identify as Jewish.

Paul Fish, 47, from Cardiff, kicked his £3k-a-month cocaine habit and lost 6.5 stone by walking 12,000 steps daily and fasting

A man who battled a £3,000-a-month cocaine addiction and would binge eat up to 10 times a day has conquered his drug dependency and lost 6.5 stone through fasting and walking 12,000 steps each day. Paul Fish, 47, struggled with binge eating and substance abuse after accumulating £100,000 in debt during the financial crash.

At his lowest, the sports massage therapist, from Cardiff weighed 22.5 stone and wore size XXXL clothing, binging 10 times a day while spending £700 on cocaine per week. Never miss a Cardiff story by signing up to our daily newsletter here

After he was rejected from a wisdom tooth procedure due to his high BMI, Paul started walking for fitness, but whilst still eating poorly and using drugs, he managed to lose just three stone over four years.

He then discovered fasting on YouTube. Paul now waits until 2pm to eat, trains six days a week, and has swapped crisps and chocolate for salmon and avocados, resulting in him slimming down to 15.8 stone.

After experiencing a “spiritual awakening” on October 31, 2025, Paul finally ended his 25-year drug habit, and has started a walking group in Cardiff to help motivate others.

Paul, who initially shared his story with Talk To The Press, said: “There was a point where a dealer would throw two grams of cocaine in a fag packet over the fence at 9am every day, and I’d just be in the house sniffing all day.

“I’d go out to the pub getting pissed every night as well, and I’d get my partner at the time to go to the Co-op to buy me flakes, and salt and vinegar Squares and full fat coke.

“In 2021, I was denied wisdom tooth surgery because I was 22.5 stone, and doctors said my BMI was too high.

“I put on my trainers the next day and started walking. I did a 150km charity walk for Great Ormond Street, but I was still sniffing cocaine and eating crap, so I wasn’t getting anywhere.

“I started fasting and now I don’t eat until 2pm, sometimes 4pm. I eat things like avocado, salmon, chicken, it’s changed my life.

“Then on October 31st 2025, I had a spiritual awakening, and I haven’t touched cocaine since.

“Fixing my food was the final piece of the jigsaw, my mental health has improved so much, because I’m giving my body what it wants.

“I feel like I’ve been released from prison, I’ve got so much more energy. I’m now on a mission to help other people.”

Advertisement

Paul initially began battling addiction during the 2007 financial crisis, when he found himself drowning in debt which he couldn’t manage on his modest salary as a car salesman.

“I was struggling with drink due to the pressure of the payments,” he said.

As his financial troubles continued to grow, Paul separated from his partner, which resulted in him comfort eating whilst also drinking excessively and using cocaine.

He moved to South Africa with a new partner, but when that relationship ended in 2016, he found himself back at his mum’s small bungalow.

“I felt like a spare part. I would just end up going to the pub and sniffing coke.”

At his lowest point, Paul would arrange for a dealer to throw two grams of cocaine over his garden fence each morning, setting him back approximately £100 a day.

He would then spend the entire day indoors “sniffing”, and binge eating on crisps and chocolate.

He eventually lost his job in car sales due to his drug habit, prompting him to retrain as a sports massage therapist.

When he was refused wisdom tooth surgery, Paul was launched into action, and the next day he put his trainers on and began walking 12,000 steps a day.

He set up an Instagram account for fellow male walkers in his area, and walked 150km in 14 days to raise funds for Great Ormond Street Hospital.

However, despite his new passion for exercise, Paul was still using cocaine and eating poorly, meaning he was “getting nowhere”.

Between 2021 and 2025, Paul lost just over three stone, bringing him from 22.5 stone down to 18 stone 10. He then started watching videos on nutrition on YouTube, and decided to experiment with fasting.

Having previously indulged in Gregg’s chicken and mayo sandwiches and crisps for lunch, eating up to 10 times a day, he now eats less than 40g of carbohydrates from Monday to Saturday, and does a “carb refeed” on Sunday, where he eats 450g.

Paul eats nothing until 2pm or sometimes as late as 4pm each day, and maintains an exceptionally healthy diet of salmon, avocado, Greek yoghurt, chicken and steak. He also lifts weights six times a week, and takes a range of supplements, including collagen, magnesium and ashwagandha.

Advertisement

He explained: “I’d been to Cocaine Anonymous for years, I’d been through counselling, and lost relationships and nothing worked, but after my spiritual awakening, I haven’t thought about using cocaine once.”

Since Paul’s “spiritual awakening”, he has lost a further three stone, bringing him down to 15 stone eight.

Eager to help others, Paul has now set up a walking group in Cardiff called the Monday Reset Project, as well as sharing his journey on his TikTok channel @paulfish.ckd.

Welsh boxer Joe Cordina attended his first walking event earlier in March and he is now expecting over 100 attendees at his next event, on March 29.

Get daily breaking news updates on your phone by joining our WhatsApp community here.

We occasionally treat members to special offers, promotions and ads from us and our partners. See our Privacy Notice

The conflict between the US – and its partner Israel – and Iran was nearly half a century in the making. Many explanations have been offered: strategic miscalculation, nuclear brinkmanship, regional rivalry and the failure of deterrence of Iran’s nuclear programme. But there is also the nature of the language through which each side has come to perceive the other.

Over 47 years, the language on each side has progressively hardened from assessments of behaviour into verdicts about the moral nature of each side’s adversary. It not only describes the enemy, but actively participates in creating it.

The language of American enmity towards Iran did not begin as a full moral verdict. In the 1980s and 1990s, Iran’s clerical leadership appeared in western media and policy discourse as the “mad mullahs”. It was a label that personalised the conflict and cast Iranian leaders as irrational rather than simply hostile. By the 1990s, the “rogue state” frame took hold, still defining Iran by its behaviour rather than its nature: a rogue, in principle, could change course.

A significant shift occurred in January 2002 when George W. Bush designated Iran as part of the “axis of evil”. His speechwriter David Frum later recalled drafting “axis of hatred”, but Bush insisted on using “evil” instead. This choice was unsurprising, as Bush’s was widely seen a “faith-based” presidency, influenced by deeply internalised evangelical Christianity.

By February 2026, the vocabulary had reached its most extreme register. Donald Trump described Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, as “one of the most evil people in history”, killed along with “his gang of bloodthirsty THUGS”. In a video posted on his Truth Social, Trump explained the collapse of negotiations by stating that Iran’s leaders “just wanted to practise evil”. The Israeli prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, invoked the Book of Esther, equating the Iranian leadership with Haman — the inherently evil villain of Jewish scripture. He framed the operation as the fulfilment of a 2,500-year moral obligation.

Iran had its own vocabulary, with roots that were theological before becoming political. The designation of America by the Islamic Republic’s first supreme leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as the “Great Satan” drew on the Quranic figure of shaitan ar-rajim (accursed one/outcast devil). It eventually became a category through which American actions – the 1953 coup and decades of support for the deposed shah — were interpreted. The term also served a domestic purpose: the Great Satan depicted any Iranian advocate of rapprochement as a collaborator with Satan. This made moderation seem less like a policy dispute and more like a form of moral treason.

When Bush named Iran in his axis of evil, a parallel mechanism emerged on the other side. Political analysts found Iranian elites overwhelmingly viewed the designation as a boon for conservative factions in Iran – the metaphor appearing to reinforce the intransigence it claimed to criticise. Over the following two decades, Tehran increasingly framed its regional alignment as an axis of resistance: a loosely connected network of allied movements presented not as acts of aggression but as heroic solidarity against a cosmic aggressor.

What stands out across this arc is a pattern of accumulation. Each new label — Great Satan, mad mullahs, rogue state, axis of evil, axis of resistance — added another layer to the adversary’s story, making it progressively more resistant to revision. Both sides converged on the same device, each attributing a corrupted moral nature to the other, an entity whose soul was the central issue.

A soul to condemn

National anthropomorphism — the metaphorical attribution of human traits to a nation-state — is a common feature of political language. “Mother Russia”, “Uncle Sam”, and “Homeland-Mother China” each give the country a face, a will and a singular identity that can be addressed, celebrated or defended. Such figures allow citizens to experience attachment, obligation and hurt as if directed toward a single person.

However, labels such as “Great Satan”, “the Global Arrogance”, “mad mullahs”, and “gang of bloodthirsty thugs” serve a fundamentally different purpose. They moralise and condemn a nation’s soul itself. The moment a nation is characterised as evil rather than as an adversary, it drifts out of the realm of diplomacy altogether.

The framings were not just hostile but asymmetrical, with clear geopolitical implications. Iran’s language depicted the US as untrustworthy yet highly capable – powerful, calculating, world‑devouring. This portrays an adversary whose strengths you resent and feel compelled to match. It carries an emotional logic of envy in the technical sense – a rivalrous resentment towards an opponent you tacitly admit is formidable. Seen through such a lens, Iran’s nuclear ambitions appear less as pure aggression and more as an effort to close a capability gap with an opponent whose strength its own rhetoric acknowledges.

The US framing attributes untrustworthiness and malevolent incompetence to Iran. They are a country of mad mullahs, a rogue state, a gang of bloodthirsty thugs whose leaders “just wanted to practise evil”. This does not sketch a formidable rival – it conjures something menacing in intent yet incapable of reason, operating below the threshold of rational calculation. Groups framed in this manner tend to elicit contempt. An enemy framed as contemptuous is less likely to register as an adversary that can be deterred and more likely to appear as a problem to be removed.

Its members cease to exist as reasoning agents. Their stated aims are no longer believed, their experiences no longer imagined and their inner life no longer granted as grounds for negotiation.

When that perception becomes embedded within political leadership, the arguments for engagement with the adversary start to disintegrate.

What the words have led to

The US-Israeli strikes happened in the middle of active diplomacy, not after its failure. Iran had proposed a pause on enrichment and zero stockpiling. But within a framework that had spent 47 years defining Iran’s nature rather than its behaviour as the key issue, no such proposal could be seen as genuine by Washington. When a nation’s nature is repeatedly portrayed as irredeemably evil, what it does at the negotiating table becomes insignificant. The nature precedes the behaviour, and no behaviour can change it.

À lire aussi :
Iran has been attacked by US and Israel when peace was within reach

To each side, the identity judgements of nearly half a century have become almost a self-fulfilling prophecy. Each side will interpret what follows as confirmation of what it has always believed. That is what 47 years of presupposed moral condemnation can become: a frame so absolute and impenetrable that the violence it accompanies becomes a vindication.

Lancashire Constabulary believe that the collision happened at about 10 pm on Saturday, March 22, after an Audi A3 driving northbound lost control close to junction nine and collided with trees down a steep embankment before coming to rest out of view of the carriageway.

The driver and sole occupant, a man in his 30s from Nelson, suffered serious injuries and died at the scene.

Emergency services were contacted this morning after the vehicle was discovered in the early hours.

The motorway was closed for a number of hours before reopening this afternoon.

READ MORE: M61 partially shut after crash in early hours – live updates

READ MORE: Emergency services on scene of serious crash after vehicle careers off motorway lane

Sgt Bex Price, of the Road Policing Unit, said: “This collision has very sadly resulted in a man losing his life and I would appeal to anyone who has any information or footage which may have captured this vehicle prior to the collision to get in touch.”

If you can help, call 101 quoting log 0074 of March 23rd.

You can also email the Serious Collision Investigation Unit at SCIU@lancashire.police.uk

It went further. In 2022, Sollip, a Korean fine dining restaurant in Southwark, won a Michelin star, while Santiago Lastra’s Mexican restaurant Kol teamed up with New York venue Atomix, a near-unbookable two-star joint that became even harder to visit when, in 2025, it was placed at number 12 on the World’s 50 Best Restaurants list.

The former footballer and Match of the Day host stopped by at The Scrap Box in Dunnington on Saturday (March 21) after learning that it had been named the best takeaway in Britain.

Recommended reading:

Arriving shortly after 12pm that day, Gary enjoyed a traditional cod and chips, along with Scrap Box’s famous tartar sauce.

Gary Lineker praised Scrap Box’s cod and chips after stopping by to try it on Saturday (Image: Supplied)

Co-owner Aman Dhesi said: “He came in at early lunchtime, was polite and spoke with lots of customers – many of whom were football fans.

“We were really busy at the time, so I couldn’t talk to him for too long, but being a huge cricket enthusiast, he was interested to learn about Dunnington’s history with the sport.

“I asked him about his podcast – The Rest Is Sport, and he complimented his fish and chips.

“He was a lovely guy and even re-posted us on his Instagram page after.”

Owners of The Scrap Box Aman and Gavin (Image: / SWNS)

A family member of Gary’s is reported to have told the star about Aman’s business in Hull Road, which he runs with his brother Gavin.

It comes after the pair were celebrated during the National Fish & Chip Awards on Wednesday (February 25) at Park Plaza Westminster Bridge in London – months after The Scrap Box was crowned one of the happiest places to work in 2025.

The business, which first opened a decade ago, offers several critically acclaimed main dishes featuring fish, pie and buttermilk battered chicken.

Its scrap box sides also include spam and pea fritters – and, for those daring few, a battered Mars Bar.

The Scrap Box in Dunnington was crowned the country’s best takeaway in February (Image: / SWNS)

Speaking about Scrap Box’s surge in popularity, Aman said: “Trade has gone crazy, but ultimately, it’s about keeping our regular customers happy.

“They are the ones who made the awards happen – and we are forever grateful.”

After decades of silence, the Football Association has finally said sorry to the women who refused to let the game exclude them, paying tribute to the Manchester Corinthians and their fight to keep women’s football alive against the odds.

The apology follows a Manchester Evening News campaign calling for recognition of the pioneering team, whose story is now being told by surviving members in the documentary The Corinthians: We Were the Champions.

For Myra Lypnyckyj, aged 90 and the oldest surviving player, the apology is a long-overdue victory.

She said: “This is a brilliant victory for The Corinthians. To get an apology for the ban from The FA after all these years is the best win we have ever had. It’s 70 years since I started playing football and I never thought they would apologise in my lifetime. They never would have done it at all if it hadn’t been for our film. Now it would be great to walk out at Wembley and for the team to get the recognition on the pitch at last.”

Monica Curran, who toured with the team to Italy in 1961, added: “This apology is totally ground-breaking. For an institution like the FA, the dominant force for football to finally say sorry is amazing. They call us the Footballing Suffragettes, and for me, this feels like it must have for them when women finally got the vote. We were a real team getting that story out there with the filmmakers. This is a victory for the whole crew. We made history.”

The FA today said it is sorry for a decades-long ban on women’s football, honouring the Manchester Corinthians for their ‘unwavering spirit and determination’. The team faced years of ignorance and were told they could not be a proper club because the game was ‘unsuitable’ for women.

Hailed as football’s ‘pioneers’ and forming in 1949, the original Lionesses defied the ban and were an inspiration to women and girls who wanted to become involved in the male-dominated game.

The FA apology comes after a Manchester Evening News campaign demanding recognition for the Corinthians, which was backed by its surviving members, Greater Manchester Mayor Andy Burnham, and director of the documentary Helen Tither.

England’s Lionesses have twice lifted major silverware in recent years while women’s football continues to go from strength to strength. But the FA banned women’s football for five decades between 1921 and 1971. In the 55 years since the ban was lifted, the FA had not issued an apology for the injustice. That was until today, March 23, a week after the M.E.N. launched its campaign ahead of the screening of The Corinthians: We Were the Champions at HOME next month, which highlights the scale of injustice faced by its players and is told entirely in the words of the team’s ten surviving members.

The FA had banned women’s football from the grounds of Association-affiliated clubs in 1921. Yet Manchester Corinthians Ladies Football Club were the first women’s team to tour South America in 1960, beat Germany to an unofficial European Cup in 1957, and triumphed over Juventus to win a cup in Europe in 1970. Now, they have secured a significant new victory.

In a statement issued on March 23, the Football Association said: “Manchester Corinthians Ladies FC were pioneers of women’s football. Through their unwavering spirit, talent and determination, they blazed a trail for women’s football around the world.

“We are sorry that a ban on women’s football was introduced in 1921 and not revoked until 1971. We recognise the courage of the teams and individuals who continued to play the game during this period. In more recent times, our ongoing commitment and investment into women’s and girls’ football in England has achieved unprecedented success and growth across all levels of the game and we will ensure it continues to thrive in the future.”

Other members of the Corinthians reflected on the significance of the apology. Anne Grimes, who joined the team in 1956 and toured Germany and South America, said: “I can’t believe it, that is incredible. I never thought they would ever apologise because they never saw the need to do it before. I think it’s down to finally this film shining a light on what happened. Now they can’t ignore the truth. It’s always been a David versus Goliath battle, The Corinthians against The FA. Now, over 70 years since we started we have finally won the battle to be recognised and for an apology. This apology is for all the women who played. I could just cry for them not all being here to hear it. They would have been in absolute awe.”

Marlene Cook, who toured South America with the team in 1960, added: “The Corinthians proved that women don’t need permission or fancy statements to succeed. We did it despite the system, not because of it. We welcome The FA’s apology and now we want to look forward. This moment isn’t only about saying sorry. A real apology looks like equal investment in girls’ and women’s academies. It looks like girls having the same training facilities, the same sponsorship deals, the same media coverage as boys. It looks like clubs committing to women’s development the way they do men’s. That’s the apology that matters. That’s the change that counts.”

The Corinthians: We Were the Champions is directed by former M.E.N. women’s editor Helen Tither for Manchester-based production company Films Not Words. The film is told entirely in the words of the team’s ten surviving players: Myra Lypnyckyj, Anne Grimes, Marlene Cook, Pauline Hulme, Freda Ashton, Monica Curran, Jean Wilson, Margaret Whitworth, Margaret Shepherd, and Jan Lyons.

Advertisement

‘National injustice’ as FA takes 105 years to apologise

The documentary tells the real-life story of the rebels of women’s football, defying the 50-year ban on women playing and their journey to becoming global champions. The apology from the FA comes 105 years after the ban was first implemented, which Tither described as a ‘national injustice’.

“It has taken 105 years for The FA to apologise for the horrendous ban on women playing football, and the fact that our film has been the catalyst for them to finally say the words ‘we are sorry’ is a historic achievement,” she told the M.E.N.

“We have campaigned for four years with this film to get The Corinthians’ story told, and we are so pleased these original rebel girls of football are vindicated at last. Today feels like a real victory for all the players and the Films Not Words crew who made this happen against the odds. I couldn’t be prouder of the 10 Corinthians who took part in our film. Sadly, it comes too late for the many women who have died without hearing The FA say sorry. We really believe the way these women were treated during the ban is a national injustice and we hope the whole country watches this film and learns how these women fought to play.”

Helen Tither also thanked the Manchester Evening News for supporting the campaign.

“It’s a true victory for Mancunian filmmaking and journalism,” she said.

Susan Aitken, leader of Glasgow City Council, said: “It was very clear, even as the catastrophic fire at Union Street was still burning, that this incident was going to have a huge impact on a really wide variety of businesses – including a great number of small and independent businesses – in our city centre.

Rufus Davies sustained fatal head injuries in the collision

Advertisement

A two‑year‑old boy died after being struck by a family friend who was reversing onto her driveway, an inquest has heard.

Rufus Davies suffered fatal head injuries in the collision, which occurred in May last year while he was visiting friends with his parents. Wiltshire and Swindon Coroner’s Court was told the toddler had been moments from greeting the family friend when the incident unfolded.

The family had parked on the driveway of a property in Tidcombe, near Marlborough, and were waiting for their friend, Tamsin Hayward, to arrive. As Mrs Hayward approached, Rufus’s mother, Olivia Davies, allowed him to get out of the car.

“I told Rufus that Tamsin had arrived, and he was so excited to see her, he wriggled to get out of the car,” Mrs Davies described in a written statement. “I opened the driver’s door and helped him down. He ran round the back of the car.

“I figured Tamsin would park the nose of her car straight in next to mine and that in the time between his feet touching the ground and running behind my car she would have parked. It turns out she wanted to reverse her car in.

“I reached for my phone, water bottle and jumper from the passenger side, and as I got out of the driver’s door, I heard my daughter say to me, ‘Mummy, Rufus has been hit by Tamsin’s car’. I then ran to the back of my car and saw Rufus laying on the floor.”

Realising she had hit the toddler with her vehicle, Mrs Hayward got out of the car and began to perform CPR until paramedics arrived. However, the two-year-old was pronounced dead at the scene shortly afterwards.

In a written statement, Mrs Hayward said she backed her Porsche Macan onto her driveway, which was her standard routine.

Advertisement

Want to see more of the stories you love from Belfast Live? Making us your preferred source on Google means you’ll get more of our exclusives… To add Belfast Live as a preferred source, simply click here.

“I always drive very slowly in through the gate and into the drive,” she said. “Olivia and her daughter were standing on the grass outside their car on the driver’s side. I was really happy to see them and waved at them and said ‘hello’ as I drove in and had my driver’s window down.

“I knew that Rufus was also coming that day, but he wasn’t standing with Olivia and her daughter on the driver’s side or anywhere to be seen on the driveway when I drove in. I drove forward into the driveway, moving anti-clockwise around the grass circular island on my driveway.

“Apart from Olivia and her daughter, the driveway was clear and there was no one else to be seen. I drove approximately 180 degrees around the island, drew to a stop to then reverse back into my usual parking space.”

She also claims to have checked her wing mirrors and rear-view mirror before backing up, performing a careful manoeuvre. “In the second, I was looking between my right wing mirror and rear view mirror, about halfway into the parking spot, I felt the car had gone over something on the driveway,” she recalled.

“The bump I felt was on the passenger’s rear side of the car. I exited the car and saw a child lying on the gravel. To my horror, I realised the gravity of the situation and that Rufus must have been running behind me whilst I was reversing. I then saw Olivia running towards the back of the car with a look of horror on her face. I called 999 immediately.”

The car had no faults, and Mrs Hayward had tested negative for drugs and alcohol, according to PC Alexander Way, a collision investigator.

“The case has failed the Crown Prosecution Service threshold for any prosecution under the Road Traffic Act as the location is not deemed a public place or road, and the driving is not deemed under current case law as careless,” the investigator said. “It’s an extremely tragic incident with the most devastating of outcomes.”

Rufus had died from a diffuse traumatic head injury following an impact with a motor vehicle, a post-mortem examination found. Ian Singleton, the area coroner for Wiltshire and Swindon, recorded a conclusion of misadventure.

“Rufus was so excited to see Tamsin that he wanted to get out of the car, so he was helped down and ran around the back of his mother’s car, unwittingly into the path of Tamsin’s car,” he said.

“The police investigation noted that at 1.03 metres tall, Rufus would not have been visible through the rear window unless he was 4.3 metres away and the parking sensors would not extend that far, creating an area in which a child of Rufus’s height would be invisible.”

Mr Singleton added: “That remains me to pass to the family of my very, very sincere condolences on your loss. I cannot imagine.”

​Haven Leisure’s plan for 17 static caravan bases at its Reighton Sands Holiday Village near Filey has been refused after almost 80 objections were made by members of the public.

​North Yorkshire Council officers raised concerns about the character of the coastal area, while current caravan owners objected as they had “paid a premium for sea view pitches and were told nothing would ever be built in front of them”.

​The scheme at the holiday park, which is around five kilometres south of Filey, had proposed siting the caravan bases on land containing a derelict former residential building and garage and would have included decking, as well as associated access, landscaping and infrastructure works.

​Objections were made by 77 members of the public who had “concerns about loss of tranquillity, use of a valued green space and views enjoyed for decades”.

​They also raised concerns that the “development is greed over conservation and contrary to national climate priorities”.

​A new internal access road would have been created for the proposed static caravans.

​Reighton and Speeton Parish Council also objected, citing concerns about increased traffic through the village, particularly along the narrow St Helen’s Lane.

​The parish council also highlighted a “continued expansion of holiday parks along this stretch of coastline leading to cumulative visual impact, and additional pressure on local infrastructure and emergency services during peak seasons”.

​Council planners described the proposal as “an intrusive, skyline-breaking and urbanising form of development which would be readily visible from the beach and immediate coastal hinterland”.

​The authority’s principal landscape officer raised “significant concerns and considers the site highly sensitive due to its location within the coastal hinterland adjacent to open access land, the England Coast Path setting, and the strongly valued wild, open cliff top character”.

​According to a planning report, the site is close to the coastal fringe where the landscape is notably open, elevated and visually exposed, offering extensive long range intervisibility across the wider coastal corridor.

​Despite modifications made by the applicant, including a reduction in the scale of the proposal, officers decided that it “would erode the character and appearance of the undeveloped coastal buffer and would neither be visually unobtrusive nor capable of successful integration within the surrounding landscape given the exposed landform and absence of effective nature containment”.

​The council concluded: “The harm identified could not be acceptably mitigated by planting or minor layout changes given the site’s topography and exposure”

​The application was refused by North Yorkshire Council.