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Orders, Lawsuits, Rulings: Districts Struggle with DEI Amid a Flurry of Legal Actions

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The frantic speed of the Trump Administration’s education policy changes is leaving K-12 school officials confused about what orders are legal, whether they need to alter district policies to stay in compliance, and what, if any, federal funding might be at risk.

The April 3 letter that sought to disqualify any K-12 schools with diversity, equity and inclusion programs from receiving federal funding is a good example. The Department of Education missive, titled in part Reminder of Legal Obligations Undertaken in Exchange for Receiving Federal Financial Assistance, requested certification from school officials that they were meeting various federal laws in order to receive Title VI funding.

Within days, at least two school districts, City Schools of Decatur in Georgia and Haldane Central School District in Cold Spring, New York, altered policies to try to comply with current government discrimination definitions. Decatur rescinded two policies about equity and school board governance, while Haldane’s Board of Education voted unanimously to suspend its wide-ranging DEI policy, which sought “to advance inclusive and culturally responsive teaching and learning.” But when a trio of rulings from federal court judges found that the Trump administration could not withhold federal funds for these reasons, both districts rushed to reinstate their policies.

“It’s a really complicated landscape right now,” said Ray Li, policy counsel for education equity at the Legal Defense Fund. He reiterated that DEI policies, affinity groups, and racially inclusive curricula are not illegal and never have been for school districts.

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Not an Either/Or

One of the confusing issues in this dispute is who’s defining DEI. Carlos Hoyt, who has worked as a diversity and equity trainer at several private schools in Massachusetts, maintains that making DEI a binary question between having a policy or not having a policy is a false choice. He said even policies that hold that some people are more deserving of resources and protections than others is a form of DEI, albeit a restrictive method. An expansive method of DEI would be more inclusive, he added.

“No one can be against DEI. It’s just a matter of one’s approach to it,” he added.

In Decatur, Board Vice Chairman Hans Utz admitted in a public meeting on April 23 that the board’s original decision to cut equity policies was “wrong.” The board had rescinded two policies and amended three others on April 4, just a day after the Department of Education request. The actions were not made public until an April 15 meeting. When one parent shouted her displeasure about eliminating the DEI policies during this meeting, three city police officers carried her out of the room.

“We were counseled to be quiet,” Utz said, according to a story in Decaturish.com. “The risk that we faced of dissolution was great enough that we needed to not draw attention to it,” he said. “We followed that [advice] and we were wrong.”

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Decatur officials said the 10-school, 5,500-student district gets about $3.2 million in federal funding, mostly for special education. The school board unanimously agreed to reinstate all its DEI policies on April 29, four days after the three court rulings issued preliminary injunctions against Department of Education requests.

Both Utz and board chairman Carmen Sulton declined to comment further on the board’s actions when reached recently via email.

Nia Batra, the student representative on Decatur’s board, called the board’s original decision “hasty” but added that it was “a reflection of the panic this current administration has instilled, where many governing bodies feel compelled to comply without proper information or legal counsel,” she said. “Boards should be more willing to stand up to this administration’s bullying.”

Removal, then Reversal

While DEI’s roots extend back to the Civil Rights era, in 2020, after George Floyd’s murder, there was a “major shift” in government, companies, and schools adopting DEI policies, according to the Center for Urban and Racial Equity. In 2021, then-President Joe Biden signed an executive order calling for federal departments to advance racial equity. Just two years later, however, the Supreme Court ruled against the affirmative action programs from Harvard and the University of North Carolina. Haldane adopted its policy in 2022 while Decatur passed its equity policy in 2023.

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In New York, Haldane’s school district suspended its DEI policy on April 22 and reinstated it on May 6. The 800-student, three-school district feared losing about $450,000 in federal funds.

While Haldane officials did not respond to questions about the issue, in a letter released to the public on April 26, the Board of Education said it suspended its DEI policy to investigate “minor language revisions that would not alter the spirit of the policy.” The letter added, “Given the speed with which the federal government is canceling funding for projects and activities, we were genuinely concerned that they would withhold this funding from Haldane.”

Five days later, in another letter, the board announced that it would reinstate the policy in full after the Education Department was blocked from withholding funds over this issue. Board members met with the public and high school students in separate sessions to discuss the issue and respond to comments.

New York was one of 19 states to sue the Trump Administration, claiming that DEI policies did not violate the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination based on race, color, and national origin in programs and activities receiving federal funding.

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Li with the Legal Defense Fund said departmental orders, such as the Department of Education Reminder of Legal Obligations, “don’t create law and can’t change the application of Title VI itself.”

The ‘Dear Colleague’ Letter

While the April reminder is one example of the administration causing confusion by issuing supposed new rules that have then been stopped by legal challenges, there have been other attempts. In February, the Department of Education issued a Dear Colleague letter to both higher education institutions and K-12 schools to “clarify and reaffirm the nondiscrimination obligations of schools… Discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin is illegal and morally reprehensible.”

The four-page letter from Craig Trainor, the acting assistant secretary for civil rights at the Department of Education, specifically mentioned discrimination against white and Asian students, while calling for all institutions to comply with federal civil rights law within 14 days. In April, a federal judge enjoined the DOE from “enforcing and/or implementing” this letter, as well as two other DEI-based DOE rulings.

Not everyone was confused by the flurry of action. In Massachusetts, Gov. Maura Healey and state Attorney General Andrea Joy Campbell rushed to issue joint guidance to the state’s higher education institutions and K-12 schools after the February Dear Colleague letter: “Massachusetts educational institutions should continue their work to foster diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility among their student bodies.”

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“We believe that bringing people of different backgrounds and perspectives to the table – including women, people of color, and the LGBTQ+ community – is a strength, especially in education,” the governor said.

On July 30, the Department of Justice joined the Education Department’s campaign by issuing guidance that recipients of federal funding can’t “engage in unlawful discrimination.” The nine-page memo specifically called out DEI programs.

But, Li added, this guidance remains an “open legal question” while courts decipher the exact meaning. “It’s messy for that reason.” Even though courts haven’t acted on the Department of Justice guidance, Li said, because it rests on the same arguments as the previously mentioned DOE actions, it is likely to be rejected by a future court decision.

Tracking Cases

Because of the fast-moving actions by the federal government and various court lawsuits and decisions, there are two ways school officials can track ongoing cases. Lawfare, a journal covering legal and policy issues, has a litigation tracker that monitors 227 active cases challenging Trump administration actions, 19 lawsuits by the administration against state or local laws, as well as other cases where the Supreme Court has ruled or judges have ruled for or against the federal government. Also, the Brookings Institution has its own litigation tracker covering all the challenges to Trump’s executive actions that impact K-12.

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In the meantime, federal targeting of DEI and gender issues has had a financial impact on schools.In September, the Trump administration said it would cancel more than $65 million in funding for magnet schools in New York City, Chicago, and Fairfax, Virginia.

The administration called for both New York and Fairfax to change gender policies that allow students to participate in physical education and athletic team sports based on their gender identity. In Chicago, the administration called for the district to eliminate its Black Student Success Plan.

“The Education Department is taking a one-by-one approach,” Li said. He wasn’t surprised that officials from Haldane and Decatur refused to comment further about their cases. “I don’t think anyone wants to attract attention right now,” Li said.

Hoyt said the national debate about DEI hasn’t stopped schools he works with from continuing its training programs.

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“People know they need to do the work,” he said, adding that he is scheduled to conduct DEI training at the four campuses of the Brooke Charter School in Boston and Chelsea, Massachusetts.

The former associate dean of students at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, Hoyt has also taught at four different colleges in the Bay State, including Boston University. He works with Boston College’s Lynch Leadership Academy, a program that annually trains about 30 school officials seeking to become principals. His equity and justice training in the academy’s year-long cohort will continue, he said.

But Hoyt doesn’t expect resolution in this fight anytime soon. Citing the partisanship over the language, policies and funding of DEI today, he said, “I think we’re stuck with this [uncertainty] for a while.”

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Google Lines Up 100-Year Sterling Bond Sale

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Alphabet has lined up banks to sell a rare 100-year bond, stepping up a borrowing spree by Big Tech companies racing to fund their vast investments in AI this year. From a report: The so-called century bond will form part of a debut sterling issuance this week by Google’s parent company, according to people familiar with the matter. Alphabet was also selling $15bn of dollar bonds on Monday and lining up a Swiss franc bond sale, the people said.

Century bonds — long-term borrowing at its most extreme — are highly unusual, although a flurry were sold during the period of very low interest rates that followed the financial crisis, including by governments such as Austria and Argentina. The University of Oxford, EDF and the Wellcome Trust — the most recent in 2018 — are the only issuers to have previously tapped the sterling century market.

Such sales are even rarer in the tech sector, with most of the industry’s biggest groups issuing up to 40 years, although IBM sold a 100-year bond back in 1996. Big Tech companies and their suppliers are expected to invest almost $700bn in AI infrastructure this year and are increasingly turning to the debt markets to finance the giant data centre build-out. Michael Burry, writing on Substack: Alphabet looking to issue a 100-year bond. Last time this happened in tech was Motorola in 1997, which was the last year Motorola was considered a big deal.

At the start of 1997, Motorola was a top 25 market cap and top 25 revenue corporation in America. Never again. The Motorola corporate brand in 1997 was ranked #1 in the US, ahead of Microsoft. In 1998, Nokia overtook Motorola in cell phones, and after the iPhone it fell out of the consumer eye. Today Motorola is the 232nd largest market cap with only $11 billion in sales.

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Madden NFL 26 Rushes to Xbox Game Pass in February

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Super Bowl 2026 is over, and Xbox Game Pass subscribers can get started on a new season of football action with Madden NFL 26, which is now available on the service. Subscribers can see if the Seattle Seahawks will repeat as champions or if their favorite NFL team will make it to the Big Game in 2027. 

Xbox Game Pass offers hundreds of games you can play on your Xbox Series XXbox Series S, Xbox One, Amazon Fire TV, smart TV, PC or mobile device, with prices starting at $10 a month. While all Game Pass tiers offer you a library of games, Game Pass Ultimate ($30 a month) gives you access to the most games, as well as Day 1 games.

Here are all the latest games subscribers can play on Game Pass. You can also check out other games the company added to the service in February, including Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine 2

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Madden NFL 26

Available now for Game Pass Ultimate and PC Game Pass subscribers.

Madden NFL 26 is at its best when it captures the feel of a real NFL Sunday, from the grind in the trenches to the split-second decisions that can swing a game. With the next season now seven months away from starting, it’s an easy way to scratch the football itch. 


Paw Patrol Rescue Wheels: Championship

Available now for Game Pass Ultimate, Game Pass Premium and PC Game Pass subscribers.

Little racers and PAW Patrol fans will love jumping behind the wheel in this colorful, family-friendly monster-truck racer across Adventure Bay and beyond. Choose your favorite pup, then pull off stunts, turbo boosts and power-ups, then drift and race your way toward the championship in solo or multiplayer mode. With signature characters and playful chaos on every track, it’s a joyful ride that brings the Rescue Wheels crew to life

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Relooted

Available on Feb. 10 for Game Pass Ultimate and PC Game Pass subscribers.

Relooted is a clever Africanfuturist heist game where you assemble a ragtag crew to sneak into museums and reclaim real African artifacts through planning, parkour and fast-paced escapes. You’ll scout layouts, solve puzzles and race against alarms in a stylish blend of action and strategy. With its unique premise and cultural heart, it’s a fresh twist on the heist genre gamers should keep an eye on.


BlazBlue Entropy Effect X

Available on Feb. 12 for Game Pass Ultimate and PC Game Pass subscribers.

BlazBlue is a franchise that made its bones on fast-paced fighting games, but BlazBlue Entropy Effect X is something entirely different. This new game is a stylish, fast-paced roguelite action adventure with striking 2D visuals and responsive combat that takes place in the BlazBlue universe. Players dive into the mysterious Sea of Possibility, battling waves of foes and unlocking new builds with combos and upgrades along the way.

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Roadside Research

Available on Feb. 12 for Game Pass Ultimate and PC Game Pass subscribers.

There are games with unique premises, and then there’s Roadside Research. In this game, players control aliens who have landed on Earth and are running a gas station. Their goal is to research humans and to avoid being detected by their human customers. 


Starsand Island

Available on Feb. 12 for Game Pass Ultimate and PC Game Pass subscribers.

Starsand Island is a cozy life-simulation game that blends farming, exploration and friendship building on a tranquil, anime-inspired island paradise. Players can grow crops, make lasting bonds with colorful villagers and uncover hidden secrets across lush landscapes at their own pace. It’s a relaxing escape into pastoral bliss that invites you to shape your ideal island life.

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High on Life 2

Available on Feb. 13 for Game Pass Ultimate and PC Game Pass subscribers.

High on Life 2 is the sequel to the 2022 FPS game made by Squanch Games, which was founded by the co-creator of the Rick and Morty series. The sequel has players once again traveling across the galaxy with an arsenal of talking guns as companions. 


Avatar: Frontiers of Pandora

Available on Feb. 17 for Game Pass Ultimate and PC Game Pass subscribers.

Avatar: Frontiers of Pandora drops you into the lush, alien world of Pandora where you explore a vast open frontier as a Na’vi warrior, mastering traditional weapons, human tech and aerial combat on your own banshee. The game blends first-person action, exploration and story-driven encounters as you unite clans to push back the RDA and protect your homeland. With immersive settings and dynamic gameplay, it’s a must-try for fans of cinematic adventures in rich, living worlds. 

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Games leaving Game Pass in February

For February, Microsoft is being a little more charitable by only removing one game this month. It’s also a game not many people will miss since it’s an older sports title, but for those still playing it, now is a good time to finish up what you can before it’s gone for good on Feb. 28. 

For more on Xbox, discover other games available on Game Pass now, and check out our hands-on review of the gaming service. You can also learn about recent changes to the Game Pass service.

Watch this: How to Put Steam, the Epic Games Store and Battle.net on Your Xbox Ally

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Bulk RRAM: Scaling the AI Memory Wall

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The hunt is on for anything that can surmount AI’s perennial memory wall–even quick models are bogged down by the time and energy needed to carry data between processor and memory. Resistive RAM (RRAM)could circumvent the wall by allowing computation to happen in the memory itself. Unfortunately, most types of this nonvolatile memory are too unstable and unwieldy for that purpose.

Fortunately, a potential solution may be at hand. At December’s IEEE International Electron Device Meeting (IEDM), researchers from the University of California, San Diego showed they could run a learning algorithm on an entirely new type of RRAM.

“We actually redesigned RRAM, completely rethinking the way it switches,” says Duygu Kuzum, an electrical engineer at the University of California, San Diego, who led the work.

RRAM stores data as a level of resistance to the flow of current. The key digital operation in a neural network—multiplying arrays of numbers and then summing the results—can be done in analog simply by running current through an array of RRAM cells, connecting their outputs, and measuring the resulting current.

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Traditionally, RRAM stores data by creating low-resistance filaments in the higher-resistance surrounds of a dielectric material. Forming these filaments often needs voltages too high for standard CMOS, hindering its integration inside processors. Worse, forming the filaments is a noisy and random process, not ideal for storing data. (Imagine a neural network’s weights randomly drifting. Answers to the same question would change from one day to the next.)

Moreover, most filament-based RRAM cells’ noisy nature means they must be isolated from their surrounding circuits, usually with a selector transistor, which makes 3D stacking difficult.

Limitations like these mean that traditional RRAM isn’t great for computing. In particular, Kuzum says, it’s difficult to use filamentary RRAM for the sort of parallel matrix operations that are crucial for today’s neural networks.

So, the San Diego researchers decided to dispense with the filaments entirely. Instead they developed devices that switch an entire layer from high to low resistance and back again. This format, called “bulk RRAM”, can do away with both the annoying high-voltage filament-forming step and the geometry-limiting selector transistor.

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The San Diego group wasn’t the first to build bulk RRAM devices, but it made breakthroughs both in shrinking them and forming 3D circuits with them. Kuzum and her colleagues shrank RRAM into the nanoscale; their device was just 40 nm across. They also managed to stack bulk RRAM into as many as eight layers.

With a single pulse of identical voltage, an eight-layer stack of cells each of which can take any of 64 resistance values, a number that’s very difficult to achieve with traditional filamentous RRAM. And whereas the resistance of most filament-based cells are limited to kiloohms, the San Diego stack is in the megaohm range, which Kuzum says is better for parallel operations. e

“We can actually tune it to anywhere we want, but we think that from an integration and system-level simulations perspective, megaohm is the desirable range,” Kuzum says.

These two benefits–a greater number of resistance levels and a higher resistance–could allow this bulk RRAM stack to perform more complex operations than traditional RRAM’s can manage.

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Kuzum and colleagues assembled multiple eight-layer stacks into a 1-kilobyte array that required no selectors. Then, they tested the array with a continual learning algorithm: making the chip classify data from wearable sensors—for example, reading data from a waist-mounted smartphone to determine if its wearer was sitting, walking, climbing stairs, or taking another action—while constantly adding new data. Tests showed an accuracy of 90 percent, which the researchers say is comparable to the performance of a digitally-implemented neural network.

This test exemplifies what Kuzum thinks can especially benefit from bulk RRAM: neural network models on edge devices, which may need to learn from their environment without accessing the cloud.

“We are doing a lot of characterization and material optimization to design a device specifically engineered for AI applications,” Kuzum says.

The ability to integrate RRAM into an array like this is a significant advance, says Albert Talin, materials scientist at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, California, and a bulk RRAM researcher who wasn’t involved in the San Diego group’s work. “I think that any step in terms of integration is very useful,” he says.

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But Talin highlights a potential obstacle: the ability to retain data for an extended period of time. While the San Diego group showed their RRAM could retain data at room temperature for several years (on par with flash memory), Talin says that its retention at the higher temperatures where computers actually operate is less certain. “That’s one of the major challenges of this technology,” he says, especially when it comes to edge applications.

If engineers can prove the technology, then all types of models may benefit. This memory wall has only grown higher this decade, as traditional memory hasn’t been able to keep up with the ballooning demands of large models. Anything that allows models to operate on the memory itself could be a welcome shortcut.

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Snapchat now lets you inform others when you have arrived at your destination

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After launching a “Home Safe” feature that lets users notify friends and family when they’ve arrived home safely, Snapchat is now introducing additional alerts to inform others when users have arrived at other destinations.

The social media giant announced on Monday that with its new “Arrival Notifications,” users can now set one-time or recurring alerts for locations beyond their home, providing an automatic way to share when they’ve arrived at specific places.

“Arrival Notifications now work for everyday moments — like letting someone know you’re back for the night while traveling, or automatically sharing when you arrive at a weekly class, practice, or meeting — without needing to remember to send a message,” the company wrote in a blog post.

Image Credits:Snapchat

As with the platform’s Home Safe alerts, Arrival Notifications can only be sent to friends you choose to share your location with. It’s worth noting that location sharing on Snap Map is off by default. No one can see your location or receive an alert unless you choose to share it, Snapchat explained. One-time alerts expire after they’re sent or after 24 hours.

To use Arrival Notifications, you need to share your location with a trusted friend that you want to keep in the loop. Then, you need to tap on your friendship profile and scroll down to “Arrival Notifications.” You can pick a location on the map and give it a personal name. For example, you could set the location for your “run club” or the location for “piano lessons.” You can then choose a one-time or recurring alert, after which Snapchat will notify your friend when you arrive.

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The new feature comes as Snapchat announced last summer that Snap Map now has more than 400 million monthly active users.

Snap Map, which launched in 2017, was originally a way for users to see their friends’ locations and browse public snaps from around the world. The feature now also offers ways for users to discover local hotspots and find things to do.

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With its Home Safe and Arrival Notifications features, Snapchat is looking to further compete with services like the family location-sharing app Life360 and Apple’s “Find My.”

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Living In The (LLM) Past

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In the early days of AI, a common example program was the hexapawn game. This extremely simplified version of a chess program learned to play with your help. When the computer made a bad move, you’d punish it. However, people quickly realized they could punish good moves to ensure they always won against the computer. Large language models (LLMs) seem to know “everything,” but everything is whatever happens to be on the Internet, seahorse emojis and all. That got [Hayk Grigorian] thinking, so he built TimeCapsule LLM to have AI with only historical data.

Sure, you could tell a modern chatbot to pretend it was in, say, 1875 London and answer accordingly. However, you have to remember that chatbots are statistical in nature, so they could easily slip in modern knowledge. Since TimeCapsule only knows data from 1875 and earlier, it will be happy to tell you that travel to the moon is impossible, for example. If you ask a traditional LLM to roleplay, it will often hint at things you know to be true, but would not have been known by anyone of that particular time period.

Chatting with ChatGPT and telling it that it was a person living in Glasgow in 1200 limited its knowledge somewhat. Yet it was also able to hint about North America and the existence of the atom. Granted, the Norse apparently found North America around the year 1000, and Democritus wrote about indivisible matter in the fifth century. But that knowledge would not have been widespread among common people in the year 1200. Training on period texts would surely give a better representation of a historical person.

The model uses texts from 1800 to 1875 published in London. In total, there is about 90 GB of text files in the training corpus. Is this practical? There is academic interest in recreating period-accurate models to study history. Some also see it as a way to track both biases of the period and contrast them with biases found in data today. Of course, unlike the Internet, surviving documents from the 1800s are less likely to have trivialities in them, so it isn’t clear just how accurate a model like this would be for that sort of purpose.

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Instead of reading the news, LLMs can write it. Just remember that the statistical nature of LLMs makes them easy to manipulate during training, too.


Featured Art: Royal Courts of Justice in London about 1870, Public Domain

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Worried AI means you won’t get a job when you graduate?

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Lukasz Swiatek of the University of New South Wales Sydney discusses what advancement in technologies might mean for future graduates.

The head of the International Monetary Fund, Kristalina Georgieva, has warned young people will suffer the most as an AI “tsunami” wipes out many entry-level roles in coming years.

Tasks that are eliminated are usually what entry-level jobs do at present, so young people searching for jobs find it harder to get to a good placement.

Georgieva is not alone. Other economic and business experts have warned about AI taking entry-level jobs.

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As young people prepare to start or continue their university studies, they may be feeling anxious about what AI means for their job prospects. What does the current research say? And how can you prepare for a post-AI workforce while studying?

The situation around the world

At the moment, the impact of AI is uneven and depends on the industry.

A 2025 report from US think tank the Brookings Institution suggests, in general, AI adoption has led to employment and firm growth. Most importantly, AI has not led to widespread job loss.

At the same time, consulting firm McKinsey notes many businesses are experimenting with AI and redesigning how they work. So, some organisations are seeking more technically skilled employees.

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Crucially, AI is affecting each industry differently. So, we might see fewer entry-level jobs in some industries, but more in others, or growth in specialist roles.

For example, international researchers have noted agriculture has been a slow adopter of AI. By contrast, colleagues and I have found AI is being rapidly implemented in media and communications, already affecting jobs from advertising to the entertainment industries. Here we are seeing storyboard illustrators, copywriters and virtual effects artists (among others) increasingly being replaced by AI.

So, students need to look carefully at the specific data about their chosen industry (or industries) to understand the current situation and predicted trends.

To do this, you can look at academic research about AI’s impacts on industries around the world, as well as industry news portals and free industry newsletters.

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Get ready while studying

Students can also obviously build their knowledge and skills about AI while they are studying.

Specifically, students should look to move from “AI literacy” to “AI fluency”. This means understanding not just how AI works in an industry, but also how it can be used innovatively in different contexts.

If these elements are not already offered by your course, you can look at online guides and specific courses offered by universities, TAFE or other providers.

Students who are already familiar with AI can keep expanding their knowledge and skills. These students can discover the latest research from the world’s key publishers and keep up to date with other AI research news.

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For students who aren’t really interested in AI, it’s still important to start getting to grips with the technology. In my research, I’ve suggested getting curious initially about three key things: opportunities, concerns and questions. These three elements can be especially helpful for getting across industry developments: how AI is being used, what issues it’s raising, and which impacts still need to be explored.

Free (online) courses, such as AI For Everyone and the Elements of AI, can help familiarise virtually anyone with the technology.

Strengthening other skills

All students, no matter how familiar they are with AI, can also concentrate on developing general competencies that can apply across any industry. US researchers have pinpointed six key “durable skills” for the AI age:

  • effective communication, to engage with others successfully
  • good adaptability, to respond to workplace, industry and broader social changes
  • strong emotional intelligence, to help everyone thrive in a workplace
  • high-quality creativity, to work with AI in innovative ways
  • sound leadership, to help navigate the challenges that AI creates
  • robust critical thinking, to deal with AI-related problems.

So, look for opportunities to foster these skills in and out of class. This could include engaging in teamwork, joining a club or society, doing voluntary work, or getting paid work experience.

Don’t forget ethics

Finally, students need to consider the ethical issues this new technology creates. Research suggests AI is bringing about changes in ethics across industries and students need to know how to approach AI dilemmas.

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For example, they need to feel confident tackling questions about when to use and not use AI, and whether the technology’s environmental impacts outweigh its benefits in different situations.

Students can do this through focused discussions with classmates, facilitated by teachers to tease out the issues. They can also do dedicated courses on AI ethics.

The Conversation

By Lukasz Swiatek

Lukasz Swiatek lectures in the School of the Arts and Media at UNSW Sydney. His main research areas are media and communication, higher education, and cultural studies. Over the years, he has taught a range of postgraduate and undergraduate courses, in media studies, communication, international and global studies.

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Ask Hackaday: How Do You Detect Hidden Cameras?

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The BBC recently published an exposé revealing that some Chinese subscription sites charge for access to their network of hundreds of hidden cameras in hotel rooms. Of course, this is presumably without the consent of the hotel management and probably isn’t specifically a problem in China. After all, cameras can now be very tiny, so it is extremely easy to rent a hotel room or a vacation rental and bug it. This is illegal, China has laws against spy cameras, and hotels are required to check for them, the BBC notes. However, there is a problem: At least one camera found didn’t show up on conventional camera detectors. So we wanted to ask you, Hackaday: How do you detect hidden cameras?

How it Works

Commercial detectors typically use one of two techniques. It is easy to scan for RF signals, and if the camera is emitting WiFi or another frequency you expect cameras to use, that works. But it also misses plenty. A camera might be hardwired, for example. Or store data on an SD card for later. If you have a camera that transmits on a strange frequency, you won’t find it. Or you could hide the camera near something else that transmits. So if your scanner shows a lot of RF around a WiFi router, you won’t be able to figure out that it is actually the router and a small camera.

Fire alarm? Camera? It is both!

The other common method uses a beam of light or a laser to try to see reflections of lenses, which will be retroreflective. The user views the room through a viewfinder, and any light that comes directly back will show up in the view. Despite some false positives, this method will find cameras even if they are not powered or transmitting. Even shining a flashlight, maybe from the same cell phone, around a dark room might uncover some camera devices.

There are a few other techniques. If you assume a spy camera probably uses IR lighting to see you at night, you can scan for that. A good tip is that your cell phone camera can probably see IR. (Test it on an IR remote control.) So looking around with your phone camera is a good, free way to find some cameras. A thermal imager might show hidden equipment, too, although it might be hard to determine if it is actually a camera or not.

You might be thinking: just look for the camera. But that’s not always simple. In the BBC article, the camera was the size of a pencil eraser. Not to mention, a quick search of your favorite retailer will reveal cameras made to look like smoke detectors, stuffed toys, USB chargers, and more. You can even get small cameras that can mount a fake button or screw head on the lens.

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Testing

[Project Farm] has a video that tests a few detectors. The problem, of course, is that there are different kinds of cameras. Detecting the test camera doesn’t mean it will detect all cameras. Still, you can get some idea of how effective some detectors are compared to others.

Your Turn?

Given that none of the current ways to detect cameras work perfectly, what would you build to find them? Maybe an NLJD? Or maybe some tech to blind them? Tell us what you think in the comments.

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Can the Teacher Shortage Be Solved by a Shift in Mindset?

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In Mr. Seevers’ English class, the air feels different today. A quiet student draws an unexpected connection between “The Odyssey” and modern migrant stories. The room wakes up. One idea sparks another, and conversation bounces around the room. Mr. Seevers grins, scribbling connections on the whiteboard, forgetting the clock. Students lean in. Their voices matter. Teacher and students move together — focused, curious, absorbed. When the bell finally rings, Mr. Seevers realizes … this is why he never quit.

Moments like this still happen in classrooms, but maybe not often enough to sustain the enthusiasm most educators had when they started out. As a result, leaders are grappling with two familiar challenges: finding and keeping great teachers. Seats go unfilled, turnover disrupts continuity and costs balloon.

But more troubling is the quiet toll that teacher burnout takes on students. In an era of artificial intelligence, shifting expectations and high-stakes accountability, students need teachers who are present, enthusiastic, resilient and growth-minded.

The key to recruiting and retaining great teachers is helping them find and sustain a sense of “flow” — a state where their energy, purpose and performance align — and bring that vitality into classrooms. While burnout depletes a teacher’s psychic energy, flow replenishes it. The payoff for districts is profound: stronger retention, smoother recruitment and better student outcomes.

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What Is Flow, and Why It Matters in the Classroom

Flow is the state of full absorption and intrinsic motivation. It’s the sweet spot between boredom (too easy) and anxiety (too hard). It’s that “in the zone” moment where “everything just clicks.”

In K-12 education, flow tends to center around student learning: creating lessons that challenge just enough, focusing attention without overwhelming it. But teachers benefit from that psychological sweet spot, too: planning in flow, teaching in flow and iterating in flow.

When teachers find flow, something subtle but powerful happens. Their focus and curiosity become contagious. Research on emotional contagion shows that a teacher’s mood shapes the climate of the classroom. Stress and frustrations spread quickly, but so do calm, curiosity and joy. Most teachers don’t realize how strongly their inner state influences student engagement, but it does.

Flow feeds on itself. The more teachers experience it, the more students do, creating cycles of focus, persistence and connection that drive better outcomes.

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How the Pygmalion Effect Fuels Flow

The Pygmalion effect, also known as the Rosenthal effect, describes how higher expectations from teachers can lead to improved student performance. Educators communicate those expectations through tone, feedback, time and warmth, cues that shape how students view themselves as learners.

Those same beliefs drive teacher flow. While low expectations lead to overly easy lessons and unrealistically high expectations produce anxiety, teachers who believe their students can grow naturally design learning that stretches skills without overwhelming them, the ideal balance for flow.

That energy is contagious, too. Studies indicate that teacher flow can cross over to students, creating a “flow contagion,” an upward spiral of shared engagement and persistence. The Pygmalion effect sets the stage; flow helps bring it to life.

The Recruitment and Retention Problem, and Why Mindset Matters

Districts today are busy chasing recruitment metrics (number of applicants, credentialing pipelines), but retention is where the real crisis lies. K-12 teachers now report the highest burnout rates in the country, across all jobs and industries. Systemic pressures like inadequate funding, excessive workloads, challenging student behaviors, parent scrutiny and lack of administrative support have them constantly on their back foot instead of in their zone of flow.

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Consider a school district rolling out new AI tools to streamline lesson planning, grading or student feedback. On paper, it’s a practical move to save time and modernize instruction. But without coaching or dialogue, many teachers feel blindsided. They’re being asked to integrate complex tools while juggling a full teaching load, testing demands and students’ social-emotional needs.

The result? Instead of embracing the technology and feeling empowered, teachers feel alienated. Some worry that creativity, intuition and human connection matter less than AI adoption. Those already close to burnout may see AI as one more way their professional judgment is being replaced or devalued.

That stress doesn’t stay contained. It seeps into the classroom. Students pick up on frustration and unease just as easily as they absorb enthusiasm and curiosity.

When AI integration is paired instead with coaching and the spirit of exploration, teachers have space to process fears, experiment with tools and reflect on what works. They move from compliance to curiosity. This relational support can transform AI from a threat into a trusted collaborator, helping educators reclaim time, creativity and joy in their work.

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The Benefits of Coaching and Teacher Flow

Districts that invest in coaching can strengthen multiple points in their teacher lifecycle:

  • Onboarding: New teachers get guidance on finding flow in their planning and instruction.
  • Burnout prevention: Coaches help identify stressors early, redesign workflows and create guardrails for energy.
  • Sustained engagement: Teachers experience coaching as developmental support from their district.
  • Improve recruiting: Prospective hires see a workplace that values professional well-being.

When retention improves, districts recover not only in lowered costs but in preserved institutional memory, relationships, curricular coherence and, most critically, consistently high instructional quality.

How Teacher Flow Translates to Student Outcomes

  • Sustained energy → better pacing: Teachers who maintain flow teach more responsively, observe more closely and adjust in the moment.
  • Mindset-aligned expectations → higher student growth: Teachers who believe in student potential push appropriately, scaffold growth and persist.
  • Emotional contagion → classrooms that hum: A teacher in flow models calm, curiosity and agency, and students respond in kind.
  • Upward spirals of engagement: As students engage, teachers get feedback, adapt and reenter flow.
  • Reduced classroom disruption: Lower turnover means fewer substitutes, fewer gaps and more continuity.

Prioritize Human-Centered Support Systems

Administrators don’t control every budget or class-size metric, but they can decide how people are supported, how leaders lead and how change takes shape. The difference between a district that churns teachers and one that nurtures them often comes down to access to coaching, a growth mindset, relational support and an environment that values energy, flow and reflective practice.


Districts that cultivate a coaching culture can move from perpetual retention crisis to a thriving educational community where teachers and students grow together. Learn more about how BetterUp supports educator well‑being.

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Discord Will Require a Face Scan or ID for Full Access Next Month

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Discord said today it’s rolling out age verification on its platform globally starting next month, when it will automatically set all users’ accounts to a “teen-appropriate” experience unless they demonstrate that they’re adults. From a report: Users who aren’t verified as adults will not be able to access age-restricted servers and channels, won’t be able to speak in Discord’s livestream-like “stage” channels, and will see content filters for any content Discord detects as graphic or sensitive. They will also get warning prompts for friend requests from potentially unfamiliar users, and DMs from unfamiliar users will be automatically filtered into a separate inbox.

[…] A government ID might still be required for age verification in its global rollout. According to Discord, to remove the new “teen-by-default” changes and limitations, “users can choose to use facial age estimation or submit a form of identification to [Discord’s] vendor partners, with more options coming in the future.” The first option uses AI to analyze a user’s video selfie, which Discord says never leaves the user’s device. If the age group estimate (teen or adult) from the selfie is incorrect, users can appeal it or verify with a photo of an identity document instead. That document will be verified by a third party vendor, but Discord says the images of those documents “are deleted quickly — in most cases, immediately after age confirmation.”

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Hiroshima scientists crack the code for 3D printing tungsten carbide

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The university’s team reports that their approach centers on controlled “softening” of the material rather than complete melting. The process, known as hot-wire laser irradiation, reshapes tungsten carbide while maintaining its exceptional hardness and minimizing defects – an achievement that could transform how cutting, drilling, and construction tools are manufactured.
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