Regularly choosing the stairs over elevators or escalators is linked to a substantially lower risk of dying from heart disease and from any cause, according to a large analysis of more than 480,000 adults published this week.

People who frequently climbed stairs were 39% less likely to die from cardiovascular causes and 24% less likely to die from any cause compared with those who climbed stairs less often, researchers reported. The habit was also associated with reduced risks of developing major cardiovascular conditions, including heart attack, stroke and heart failure.

The findings come from a systematic review and meta-analysis led by researchers at the University of East Anglia and the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital in the United Kingdom. The team examined data from nine high-quality studies involving 480,479 participants who were followed for a median of 14 years. Participants ranged in age from 35 to 84, and 53% were women. The group included both healthy individuals and people with a prior history of heart problems.

“Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide — with cases nearly doubling between 1990 and 2019,” said Prof. Vassilios Vassiliou of UEA’s Norwich Medical School. “But it is largely preventable through a healthy lifestyle — including regular physical activity, a heart-healthy diet, not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes.

“Taking the stairs is a practical and often overlooked way to build physical activity into daily life. We wanted to better understand how this everyday activity could have life-saving potential.”

The researchers reviewed nearly 1,900 studies before focusing on the nine that met their quality criteria. Five of those studies, covering 455,619 people, provided the mortality data that produced the 39% and 24% reductions. Stair climbing was measured in various ways across the studies, including self-reported frequency, ability to climb stairs, or specific numbers of flights.

Dr. Sophie Paddock, a cardiology specialist registrar at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital and researcher at UEA’s Norwich Medical School, said the results were consistent across the pooled data. “After pooling results from over 450,000 participants, we found a consistent association between stair climbing and lower risk of both cardiovascular death and overall mortality.

“Unlike going to the gym or doing a workout, climbing the stairs is something you can easily fit into your day at home, at work or when you’re out. It’s a good option for people who don’t have much time or easy access to exercise.

“So if you have the choice of taking the stairs or the lift, go for the stairs as it will help your heart. Even brief bursts of physical activity have beneficial health impacts, and short bouts of stair climbing should be an achievable target to integrate into daily routines.”

Earlier research cited in the analysis indicated that even a few minutes of stair climbing several times a week can improve cardiorespiratory fitness and lower cholesterol levels. One large cohort study included in the review suggested that climbing about six flights of stairs a day — roughly 60 steps — might offer the greatest benefit. Researchers cautioned, however, that more work is needed to establish an ideal “dose.”

“Some of the studies we looked at showed that the more stairs climbed, the greater the health benefits,” Paddock said. “But even small changes had a measurable impact.”

The results add to a growing body of evidence that short, frequent bouts of activity can produce meaningful health gains. More than a quarter of adults worldwide fail to meet recommended physical activity levels, according to the researchers. Stair climbing requires no special equipment, gym membership or dedicated time slot, making it a realistic option for many people.

Vassiliou noted the potential for broader public-health impact. “With more than a quarter of adults worldwide failing to meet recommended activity levels, choosing to take the stairs offers a realistic, scalable intervention. Encouraging people to take the stairs in workplaces, public buildings and homes could form part of a wider strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease at population level.”

The study, titled “Evaluating the Impact of Stair Climbing on Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” was published in the American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs. It is observational, meaning it shows an association rather than proving that stair climbing itself caused the lower death rates. People who take the stairs more often may also tend to be more active overall or follow other healthy habits. Still, the large sample size and consistent findings across studies strengthen the case for incorporating the activity into daily life.

Researchers emphasized that stair climbing is not suitable for everyone. People with mobility limitations, joint problems or certain medical conditions should consult a doctor before increasing stair use. Future studies using wearable devices could track activity more precisely and help refine recommendations on how much stair climbing is most effective.

The analysis arrives amid ongoing public-health efforts to combat cardiovascular disease, which remains the world’s leading cause of death. Simple lifestyle changes — physical activity among them — continue to rank among the most accessible tools for reducing risk. For those who can safely do so, the choice between stairs and elevator may carry greater weight than previously assumed.

The researchers said their work supports promoting everyday movement in homes, offices and public spaces as part of strategies to improve heart health and longevity on a population scale. While more research will clarify optimal amounts and long-term effects, the current evidence points to a clear message: when the option exists, taking the stairs appears to be a low-barrier step toward better cardiovascular outcomes.

The UK’s electric vehicle (EV) sales target could be cut after the government launched a review following pressure from car makers.

Currently 80% of all new cars sold must be EVs by 2030 – but motor industry figures had urged ministers to reduce that goal, warning it would cost too much and put jobs at risk.

The government has now said it is considering cutting that figure to as far as 50% of all sales by the end of the decade, which it will consult on until late October.

Environmental groups have argued that watering down the target undermines the UK’s long-term climate goals.

Under the current policy, known as the ZEV mandate, the percentage of new car sales that need to be EVs increases each year, from 33% for 2026 until it reaches 80% by 2030.

An outright ban on selling purely petrol or diesel cars past 2030 will stay in place, something that Labour promised in its election manifesto.

However the changes now being consulted on could allow car makers to sell more hybrid vehicles as a proportion of the UK’s overall sales.

That means if the government drops pure electric sales targets to 50%, the other 50% would need to be hybrid.

Another option would be keeping the target at 80% but with flexibility for car makers extending as far as 2034.

A longer term deadline for phasing out new hybrid sales would also remain in place for 2035.

The policy on EV sales has already changed a lot over the years.

A ban on selling new petrol and diesel vehicles by 2030 was first announced by Boris Johnson when he was prime minister, then pushed back to 2035 by his successor Rishi Sunak.

Sunak also introduced more gradual targets for EV sales under the ZEV mandate.

Labour has previously accused previous Conservative governments of “moving goalposts on phase out dates”.

Transport Secretary, Heidi Alexander said on Friday: “It’s right we keep targets under review to ensure they’re practical and back British industry.

“The end goal hasn’t changed – but we need to take business with us on the journey, and that’s exactly what we’re doing today, by making sure industry has the chance to shape how we get there.”

Mike Hawes, boss of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, the primary car industry lobby group, said the ZEV mandate was “conceived under vastly different conditions”.

He called the review “a timely opportunity to adjust the transition so it works for all”.

But electric car advocates and climate groups criticised the move.

Tanya Sinclair, the boss of industry group Electric Vehicles UK, criticised the government for “asking whether we should extend the availability of polluting vehicles amid our hottest summer on record.”

Gurjeet Grewal, chief of Octopus Electric Vehicles, added that weakening the mandate “would send exactly the wrong signal, just as EVs are becoming some of the best-value cars on the road”.

The Green Alliance said watering down targets would “lock in avoidable emissions while undermining the certainty manufacturers need to invest”.

The chief executives of Aviva and Aberdeen have urged the chancellor, John Healey, to prevent leaks about possible tax changes ahead of his first budget on 28 October, warning that speculation before the last two budgets prompted savers to pull money out of their pensions.

Dame Amanda Blanc, chief executive of Aviva, the FTSE 100 insurance and savings group, said she had asked Healey directly not to “fly kites”, the practice of leaking potential policies to gauge the reaction of the public and markets, and to crack down on rumours about the measures he might announce.

Blanc said she raised the issue at a breakfast meeting last month between the chancellor and the bosses of some of the UK’s leading companies.

“I made the point to say please don’t do that, and he made the commitment that they weren’t going to do that, so I hope that that is the case,” she said. “What we don’t want is for customers to make decisions that in the long run they regret when policies are not changed.”

Jason Windsor, chief executive of Aberdeen Group, the FTSE 250 investments and savings company, said: “This new government needs to engage the industry properly to avoid unnecessary and damaging speculation to people’s pensions that has dogged the last two budgets.”

Both budgets under Rachel Reeves, Healey’s predecessor, were preceded by intense speculation, in particular rumours that the government would cut tax-free pension lump sum withdrawals. Under the current rules, savers can from the age of 55 draw down 25 per cent of their pensions tax free, up to a limit of £268,275.

On both occasions the Treasury left the allowance unchanged. Wealth management companies have said the atmosphere was nonetheless damaging because it led some clients to rush to take advantage of the lump sum rules before any change could take effect.

Blanc, who was speaking as Aviva posted bigger than expected first-half profits, said “it was a significant amount of money that was taken out” of retirement pots by customers concerned that Reeves would lower the cap on withdrawals. Aviva oversees £261 billion of assets in its wealth division.

Aberdeen manages about £579.4 billion across its fund management and wealth businesses.

Steven Levin, chief executive of Quilter, the wealth manager that oversees £154.5 billion, said: “Persistent speculation about changes to pension tax rules can create uncertainty and drive behaviour that is not always in savers’ best interests.”

Michael Summersgill, chief executive of AJ Bell, which runs a DIY wealth management platform, wrote to Healey last month asking him to make “an early, public commitment” to leave pension tax-free cash entitlements untouched. He said the chancellor should “act quickly” to avoid a repeat of the “damaging instability” that preceded the last two budgets. AJ Bell has previously reported that customers withdrew about £600 million from their pensions during speculation ahead of the most recent budget.

Blanc has also criticised pension tax measures floated before earlier budgets, including a proposed cap on salary sacrifice schemes.

A Treasury spokesman said: “As has always been the case, the chancellor will set out decisions at fiscal events, rather than routinely commenting on rumour, speculation or proposals.”

Jamie Young

Jamie Young is Senior Reporter at Business Matters, covering SME finance, employment law and Westminster policy since 2016. He has reported on every Budget and Autumn Statement since 2018, helped make sense of the ‘covid era’ and the bounce-back loan scheme from launch through the fraud investigations, and broke the magazine’s coverage of the 2024 late-payment reforms. He joined Business Matters straight from completing his BA in Administration from Exeter University and is NCTJ-qualified. Reach him at jyoung@cbmeg.co.uk

A new royal biography detailing the influence Kate Middleton‘s parents have had on how Prince William and the Princess of Wales raise their three children has reignited online speculation about whether Carole Middleton is seeking public credit for what has become known as “the Middleton Model” of parenting.

The claims stem from “William and Catherine: The Monarchy’s New Era: The Inside Story,” a book by royal editor Russell Myers published earlier this year. In it, Myers writes that Carole and Michael Middleton’s “constant presence” in William and Kate’s lives has played a significant role in shaping how the couple has raised Prince George, 12, Princess Charlotte, 10, and Prince Louis, 7. “William appreciated their involvement beyond measure, enjoying their company and the normalcy of the environment, whatever the circumstance,” Myers writes.

Myers describes the Middletons as having provided crucial hands-on support during the early years of the couple’s children, particularly while the family was based in Norfolk. “Michael and Carole enjoyed visiting the couple in Norfolk and would often stay for weekends, providing much-needed extra support for the young family,” Myers adds. According to the book, William once told an aide that having his in-laws nearby gave the family “more room to breathe,” underscoring how central the Middletons’ involvement has reportedly been to the couple’s approach to raising their children away from the more formal, staff-heavy upbringing William himself experienced.

The concept of a distinct “Middleton Model” of parenting is not new to royal commentary. Royal expert Duncan Larcombe first raised the idea in a 2023 interview with OK! magazine, describing the approach as centered on a relatively modest, close-knit family structure. “William has based his children’s upbringing on the Middleton model — three children, affluent, but hardworking parents and lots of love in the house,” Larcombe said at the time, according to Woman & Home. He added that Kate had counted her own parents among her closest friends by her early twenties, a dynamic he suggested William and Kate hope to eventually replicate with George, Charlotte and Louis.

With Myers’ newer book bringing renewed attention to the Middletons’ role in the family’s parenting approach, some royal watchers online have speculated that Carole Middleton may be actively encouraging this narrative’s circulation in the press. On the online forum Reddit, in a discussion thread devoted to royal coverage, one commenter expressed skepticism about the framing, writing that they found it difficult to reconcile media coverage of “the Middleton Model” as an aspirational parenting standard with broader criticism often directed at the family. Another commenter speculated more directly about Carole’s possible role in shaping the coverage, writing that they had “been wondering honestly if something is going on behind the scenes,” and suggesting the frequency of similar stories had increased in recent weeks.

It is important to note that these characterizations remain speculation from anonymous online commenters rather than claims made by Myers, palace officials, or any named source with direct knowledge of the Middleton family’s media strategy, if any such strategy exists at all. Neither Kensington Palace nor representatives for the Middleton family have commented publicly on the suggestion that Carole Middleton is seeking specific credit for popularizing the parenting approach associated with her family.

The Middletons’ broader closeness to William and Kate’s family has been documented in multiple accounts beyond Myers’ recent book. Kate has spoken publicly about her own upbringing in Bucklebury, Berkshire, describing it in warm terms during a 2020 appearance on Giovanna Fletcher’s “Happy Mum, Happy Baby” podcast, where she praised her parents’ dedication to her and her siblings, Pippa and James Middleton. Kate has also previously credited her parents with instilling values around family time, outdoor activity and a strong work ethic, themes that have repeatedly surfaced in royal commentary describing the family’s approach to raising George, Charlotte and Louis.

Since relocating to Berkshire in late 2022, William and Kate have lived within a shorter distance of Carole and Michael Middleton’s home in Bucklebury, a proximity that has been described in prior royal reporting as further deepening the grandparents’ day-to-day involvement in the children’s lives. That closeness has extended into public appearances as well, with Carole Middleton having been photographed accompanying George to public events on multiple occasions in recent years.

The renewed attention to Carole Middleton’s role has also unfolded against a broader backdrop of ongoing royal-focused media coverage comparing the Wales family’s approach to parenting and public life with that of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, though Myers’ book itself focuses specifically on William and Kate’s family dynamics rather than drawing that comparison directly.

For now, the extent to which Carole Middleton herself has played any active role in shaping recent media coverage of “the Middleton Model” remains unconfirmed and rooted primarily in online speculation rather than documented reporting. What is established, according to Myers’ book and Kate’s own public comments over the years, is that her parents have remained closely and consistently involved in their grandchildren’s upbringing, a dynamic that has continued to draw public interest as George, Charlotte and Louis grow older within the public eye.

The Government has launched a consultation on the Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate, opening a review of the annual electric vehicle sales targets set for manufacturers ahead of the 2030 phase-out of new petrol and diesel cars. The consultation, announced today, runs until 23 October.

Vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, charge point operators, dealers, consumers and communities are being asked for their views on the pathway to ending sales of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030, and to all new cars and vans being zero emission by 2035. The consultation has been launched jointly by the UK and Devolved Governments.

The review comes as EV demand grows. According to the Department for Transport, July recorded the strongest new car market since 2019, more than one in four new cars sold are now electric, and EV sales were up 45 per cent on July last year. Over two million electric vehicles are now registered on UK roads.

The Government said its Electric Car Grant, which offers up to £3,750 off the cost of a new EV, has helped over 160,000 drivers buy an EV since it launched last July. It said drivers who make the switch can save up to £1,400 a year on running costs.

Transport Secretary Heidi Alexander said: “The UK EV market is strong – sales are up, British manufacturers and charge point operators are investing billions, alongside our backing of £7.5bn, including our Electric Car Grant that has helped over 160,000 people make the switch.

“It’s right we keep targets under review to ensure they’re practical and back British industry. The end goal hasn’t changed – but we need to take business with us on the journey, and that’s exactly what we’re doing today, by making sure industry has the chance to shape how we get there.”

According to the Government, manufacturers are currently on track to meet their 2025 targets and have built-in flexibilities to help them do so. It said the review is being carried out in the context of global economic conditions including supply chain disruption and tariff and trade uncertainty, and delivers a long-standing commitment to review the Mandate by 2027.

The consultation asks whether the existing annual targets for manufacturers remain appropriate. The Government is investing £7.5 billion in the transition, including £4 billion for DRIVE35 projects and £3.5 billion for van, truck and car grants, the Electric Car Grant and EV charging infrastructure.

Business Secretary Jonathan Reynolds said: “The UK’s automotive sector is vital to our economy and future growth, and we’re determined to keep it that way as we get on with reindustrialising Britain to deliver good growth in every postcode.

“This consultation is about listening to industry, examining the evidence and making sure the Mandate continues supporting investment, innovation and competitiveness, so Britain’s car sector can thrive.”

Mike Hawes, chief executive of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, said: “The automotive industry is fully committed to a zero-emission future, investing billions in new technologies, products and incentives. However, with the ZEV Mandate conceived under vastly different conditions, this welcome review is a timely opportunity to adjust the transition so it works for all. That means a commercially sustainable transition which supports UK competitiveness, investment and jobs whilst delivering greater choice and affordability for motorists – the sooner, the better.”

Others warned against loosening the targets. Gurjeet Grewal, chief executive of Octopus Electric Vehicles, said: “The ZEV mandate is working – giving manufacturers confidence to invest and drivers confidence to switch. Weakening it now would send exactly the wrong signal, just as EVs are becoming some of the best-value cars on the road.

“Carbon Brief estimates weaker targets could cost consumers £3bn a year in expensive petrol by 2030. We should be accelerating the transition, not creating another policy wobble that leaves drivers, businesses and the UK economy paying the price.”

Alongside the review, the Government is investing £600 million to roll out more charge points, building on the 120,000 already available on the public network and over a million in homes and workplaces. It said grants of up to £500 are available to landlords, flat owners and renters towards the cost of installing a home charger.

Paul Jones

Harvard alumni and former New York Times journalist. Editor of Business Matters for over 15 years, the UKs largest business magazine. I am also head of Capital Business Media’s automotive division working for clients such as Red Bull Racing, Honda, Aston Martin and Infiniti.