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Morgan Stanley, Top Holders Boost Bitmine Exposure Amid Sell-Off

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Bitmine Immersion Technologies (BMNR) (EXCHANGE: BMNR) remains a central node in corporate crypto treasury strategies as its Q4 2025 13F filings show a broad-based uptick in holdings among the top shareholders, even as the crypto market endured a broader crash and the stock underperformed. Morgan Stanley, the largest reported holder, lifted its stake by about 26% to more than 12.1 million shares, valued at roughly $331 million at quarter-end, according to its Form 13F filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. ARK Investment Management followed with a roughly 27% increase to over 9.4 million shares, worth around $256 million. The moves underscore a divergent dynamic in which major asset managers deploy capital into a prominent Ethereum treasury specialist even as price action remains challenging for the sector. Ether (ETH) (CRYPTO: ETH) and other treasury-driven strategies are at the forefront of this activity, illustrating how institutional players view long-term relevance amid volatility.

The momentum isn’t isolated to these two institutions. A wider cohort of blue-chip managers also expanded exposure in BMNR during the quarter. BlackRock’s stake surged by 166%, Goldman Sachs’s position jumped 588%, Vanguard increased by 66%, and Bank of America’s exposure soared by a staggering 1,668%, according to the same filings. Collectively, these moves reinforce a narrative of growing institutional curiosity toward corporate treasuries that accumulate and manage Ether holdings as a strategic reserve. The trend aligns with discussions across the market about ESG- and yield-forward treasury management, even as macro liquidity and risk sentiment oscillate.

Further reinforcing the trend, the top 11 shareholders reportedly raised exposure during Q4 2025, including names such as Charles Schwab, Van Eck, the Royal Bank of Canada, Citigroup and Bank of New York Mellon Corporation, based on official filings compiled by observers tracking 13F data. The breadth of buying activity within BMNR’s cap table points to a broad confidence among large institutions that the company’s Ether positions can endure and potentially appreciate over longer horizons, even when near-term prices have pulled back. The aggregate effect is a market where large investors appear to view BMNR as a vehicle for exposure to Ethereum treasury strategies rather than as a proxy for traditional equity beta.

BMNR’s stock, however, has not mirrored this institutional enthusiasm. The shares declined by roughly 48% in the fourth quarter of 2025 and have fallen about 60% over the preceding six months. In premarket trading, BMNR hovered near $19.90, underscoring a disconnect between the capital being deployed by incumbents and the day-to-day price action in the stock market. This divergence has prompted ongoing discussion about the company’s financing flexibility, particularly as it relates to its market net asset value, or mNAV, a metric that contrasts enterprise value with the market value of its crypto holdings. Data tracked by Bitmine monitoring services indicate that the mNAV remained above 1, a sign that the firm retains capacity to raise capital by issuing new shares if needed, supported in part by sustained institutional ownership.

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Beyond the equity narrative, BMNR’s treasury strategy remains deeply anchored in Ether purchases and accumulation. In the past week, the company added 45,759 Ether for approximately $260 million, at an average cost basis of around $1,992 per ETH. This ongoing accumulation reinforces BMNR’s status as a leading corporate holder of Ether, a position publicly noted by analysts and tracked by data providers. In aggregate, the company now holds about 4.37 million Ether on its books, worth roughly $8.69 billion at current valuations, according to the StrategicEthReserve dataset. This concentration of Ether on a corporate balance sheet is characteristic of a broader trend where treasuries seek to diversify risk and inflationary pressures by maintaining sizable crypto stacks as strategic assets rather than pure speculative bets.

These developments come as the market navigates a period of heightened volatility and structural shifts in crypto liquidity and custody. While the broader sector has faced drawdowns, the continued accumulation by blue-chip institutions suggests a longer-run thesis in which Ether plays a central role in diversified treasury strategies. Bitmine’s ability to maintain an mNAV above 1—supported by strong institutional ownership—illustrates how the market is increasingly valuing the capacity to deploy capital into Ether holdings without immediate dilution or financing constraints. The data underpinning these conclusions rely on multiple sources, including 13F filings and independent trackers, which collectively provide a window into the evolving dynamics between public market perception and private treasury strategies.

For readers tracking the governance and strategic implications of Bitmine’s approach, the company’s Ether-heavy balance sheet remains a focal point. The combination of rising institutional ownership and persistent buybacks or capital raises could shape how the market evaluates Ether exposure within corporate treasuries over the coming quarters. As the market continues to digest these developments, observers will be watching how BMNR balances liquidity, financing flexibility, and the ability to sustain or adjust its Ether purchases in response to price movements, regulatory signals, and evolving investor expectations.

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Why it matters

The quarterly inflows from top-tier institutions into BMNR underscore a broader trend: major asset managers are increasingly comfortable aligning with corporate treasury strategies that emphasize Ether as an ongoing hold, not merely a speculative asset. This dynamic supports a narrative where Ether moves beyond a retail-driven hype cycle and becomes a component of risk-managed corporate portfolios. The fact that the mNAV remains above 1 suggests management can pursue additional Ether purchases or liquidity-friendly financings without necessarily triggering dilution worries, a factor that reduces external funding frictions in a volatile market.

From a market structure perspective, the concentration of Ether within a handful of corporate treasuries can influence price discovery and liquidity in the broader Ethereum ecosystem. While stock prices for BMNR have faced a substantial pullback, the ongoing accumulation by entrenched institutions indicates a differentiated view of the asset’s long-term value proposition. For investors and builders in the crypto space, the trend highlights the continued institutionalization of Ether as a treasury asset category, with governance, custody, and risk management practices likely to mature further as more firms participate.

On regulatory and policy grounds, the uptick in 13F disclosures around BMNR is part of a larger disclosure regime that provides visibility into how institutions structure their crypto exposures. This transparency helps investors assess risk, liquidity, and capital allocation strategies in a sector that remains under tight scrutiny in several jurisdictions. While the market environment remains unsettled, the clear signal from these filings is that large financial institutions see strategic merit in backing corporate treasuries that actively manage Ether holdings, even when the broader market is pressured.

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What to watch next

  • BMNR’s Q1 2026 13F filings to reveal whether institutions maintain or adjust their positions as Ether prices fluctuate.
  • Any additional Ether purchases by BMNR and the impact on mNAV and financing options.
  • Regulatory developments affecting crypto treasury strategies or corporate disclosures for digital asset holdings.
  • Price action in Ether and broader Ethereum-related products that could influence treasury strategies across the sector.

Sources & verification

  • Morgan Stanley 13F Q4 2025 filing confirming stake of over 12.1 million BMNR shares (EXCHANGE: BMNR) and a value near $331 million — 13f.info.
  • ARK Investment Management 13F Q4 2025 filing showing a stake of about 9.4 million BMNR shares worth roughly $256 million — 13f.info.
  • Bank of America 13F filing for Q4 2025, confirming exposure to BMNR — SEC filing: xslForm13F_X02/Q4202513fhr.xml.
  • Bitmine tracker data indicating the mNAV remains above 1 and tracking institutional ownership — https://www.bitminetracker.io/.
  • StrategicEthReserve data showing BMNR holds 4.37 million Ether (ETH) valued at approximately $8.69 billion — https://www.strategicethreserve.xyz/#.

Rewritten Article Body

Institutional bets sustain Bitmine’s Ether treasury even as price retreats

Bitmine Immersion Technologies (BMNR) (EXCHANGE: BMNR) has drawn renewed attention from the wallet of large-cap fund managers, as its Q4 2025 13F filings reveal a broad-based expansion in ownership among the top shareholders despite a crypto-market downturn and a steep slide in the stock price. Morgan Stanley, the most prominent disclosed holder, raised its stake by roughly 26% to more than 12.1 million shares, a position valued at about $331 million at quarter-end. ARK Investment Management followed with an approximately 27% increase to just over 9.4 million shares, equating to around $256 million in value. These moves, captured in the quarterly forms now on public record, signal a continued institutional tilt toward Bitmine’s Ethereum treasury positioning even as general market sentiment remains cautious. (EXCHANGE: BMNR) (CRYPTO: ETH)

Beyond these two heavyweights, a broader suite of institutions intensified their exposure to BMNR in the quarter. BlackRock’s stake surged by 166%, Goldman Sachs’s by 588%, Vanguard by 66%, and Bank of America by an astonishing 1,668%. The cluster of purchases underscores a deeper institutional conviction that Ether-based treasury strategies can function as a long-horizon component of a diversified balance sheet, particularly for entities seeking to anchor liquidity in a volatile market. The filings also show that the top 11 shareholders, including Charles Schwab, Van Eek, Royal Bank of Canada, Citigroup and Bank of New York Mellon, expanded their positions, suggesting a broad consensus among asset managers about BMNR’s strategic approach to Ether exposure and treasury management.

However, the market performance narrative remains separate from these portfolio moves. BMNR’s stock price declined about 48% in Q4 2025 and roughly 60% over the prior six months, trading near $19.90 in premarket action. The price action contrasts with the resilience implied by the mNAV, a metric that compares enterprise value to crypto holdings and can indicate financing flexibility. Bitmine-tracking services indicate the mNAV stayed above 1, a threshold that can ease the process of raising new capital through equity issuance, thereby supporting continued treasury activity without immediate dilution fears. The juxtaposition of robust institutional inflows with a declining stock price highlights a common theme in crypto corporate finance: markets can discount near-term price volatility while institutions bet on longer-term structural value in the underlying treasury strategy.

Concurrently, Bitmine intensified its Ether accumulation. In the past week alone, the company added 45,759 Ether for roughly $260 million, at an average cost basis of around $1,992 per ETH. This cadence of purchases cements Ether as a cornerstone of Bitmine’s treasury stack, aligning with its broader position as the world’s largest corporate holder of Ether—4.37 million ETH, valued at approximately $8.69 billion, according to StrategicEthReserve data. That scale places Bitmine at the vanguard of corporate custody, illustrating how large holders approach risk and revenue potential in a market that continues to rehearse inflationary and macroeconomic concerns.

The trajectory of these holdings, alongside the mosaic of 13F disclosures, points to a market where public equity dynamics and crypto treasury strategies can diverge meaningfully. Institutional confidence in BMNR’s approach appears to rest not on day-to-day price swings but on the ability to sustain a disciplined, growth-focused Ether program that could weather downside scenarios while remaining positioned for upside in a longer horizon. Observers will monitor whether this institutional appetite translates into greater liquidity, more favorable financing terms, or additional capacity to accumulate Ether in the quarters ahead, particularly as macro conditions evolve and Ethereum-specific catalysts emerge.

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CME Goes 24/7: Here’s When Crypto Futures and Options Trading Starts

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Nexo Partners with Bakkt for US Crypto Exchange and Yield Programs

TLDR:

  • CME will offer 24/7 crypto futures and options starting May 29, pending approval.
  • Year-to-date 2026 ADV hits 407,200 contracts, up 46% from last year.
  • Futures ADV rises 47% YoY, signaling strong institutional interest in crypto derivatives.
  • CME implements brief weekly maintenance; all holiday trades settle the next business day.

 

CME Group will begin round-the-clock trading for cryptocurrency futures and options starting May 29. The move awaits regulatory approval. Trading will run continuously on CME Globex, with a brief weekly maintenance window. 

The update comes amid record demand for digital asset risk management, according to Walter Bloomberg. In 2025, CME reported $3 trillion in crypto notional volume. Year-to-date 2026 volumes are up 46%, highlighting growing institutional participation.

The announcement was confirmed via a press release from CME Group. It emphasizes access to regulated, transparent crypto products at all times for market participants.

Continuous Trading and Market Access

Starting Friday, May 29 at 4:00 p.m. CT, CME cryptocurrency products will trade 24/7. A

 two-hour weekly maintenance period will occur over weekends. Trade dates for holiday or weekend activity will follow the next business day. Clearing, settlement, and regulatory reporting will also be processed on the next business day.

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Tim McCourt, Global Head of Equities, FX, and Alternative Products at CME Group, said client demand for digital asset risk management is at an all-time high. Providing 24/7 access aims to let clients manage exposure anytime. Consequently, traders can react to market changes without delay.

This continuous trading structure includes both futures and options. CME Globex will host all transactions. As a result, the exchange meets rising institutional interest in high-frequency crypto risk management.

Record Volumes and Market Impact

Crypto trading at CME continues to reach record levels in 2026. Average daily volume stands at 407,200 contracts, up 46% year-over-year. Futures ADV alone is 403,900 contracts, marking a 47% increase. Open interest has risen 7% to 335,400 contracts.

CME operates across multiple asset classes, including interest rates, equity indexes, and commodities. Its derivatives platform allows clients to manage risk efficiently and capture opportunities. 

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By offering 24/7 crypto trading, CME provides a regulated alternative to unregulated markets.

The update also aligns with CME’s goal to enhance market transparency. Clients can trade with confidence, knowing all activity occurs under regulated oversight. This development strengthens the exchange’s position as a leading crypto derivatives marketplace.

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Cambodia has deported 48K foreigners since scam center crackdown began

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Cambodia has deported 48K foreigners since scam center crackdown began

Cambodia’s Deputy Prime Minister Sar Sokha has announced that 48,000 foreign nationals have been deported since the launch of a widespread scam center crackdown in 2023. However, he’s cautioned that despite this apparent success, the country’s police force is stretched worryingly thin.

Sokha reportedly shared the statistic as part of a “Safer Internet Day” campaign, launched last Tuesday.

However, he also warned that the nation’s police force is “stretched thin” with roughly one officer for every 3,100 citizens. In an effort to mitigate the shortfall, he outlined plans for a new initiative that would pay residents for any tips that lead authorities to scam center compounds. 

He said, “We cannot do this alone. We need local residents to be our ‘eyes and ears’ to help sweep these operations out of our country.” 

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Sokha also said the government will introduce exit restrictions at airports to stop victims from being trafficked.

Women between the ages of 18 and 35 without clear documentation, verified sponsors, and little in the way of funds will be checked, as well as tourist travellers with very little money. 

Read more: China executes four more in pig butchering scam crackdown

Additionally, there will be an effort to educate Cambodia’s population about the risks of AI and the ability it has to make scams more difficult to recognise. 

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Scam center compounds have been disrupted

In January, Sokha also promised to increase the minimum number of local police officers available to deal with drug trafficking and youth crime.

That month saw several scam center compounds significantly disrupted after the arrest of Chen Zhi, the alleged kingpin behind the billion-dollar operation. Since then, thousands have been deported after being inked to similar operations in casinos and other shady businesses. 

The majority of these deported nationals are victims of trafficking who are forced to carry out crypto scams known as “pig-butchering.” Chinese victims often make up the bulk of these nationals but many come from other countries across Asia, and in rare cases, America.

Cambodia juggles scam center crackdown with Thailand war

On top of the 48,000 deported, Sokha said that around 210,000 foreign nationals have also voluntarily left the country. While the scam center epidemic has contributed to this exodus, the country’s ongoing armed conflict with Thailand may also be a factor. 

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Border clashes between the two countries began in May 2025 and have escalated to include exchanges of artillery fire, frequent gunfights, and Thai air bombardment directed towards Cambodia. 

Hundreds of thousands of citizens have reportedly been displaced, while at least 149 have been killed. A peace agreement was first brokered in late July before fighting began again in December. 

Cambodia’s Prime Minister Hun Manet claimed yesterday that Thai forces are still occupying its territory despite a peace deal brokered by US President Donald Trump in late December. 

Read more: Thailand cuts power to Myanmar crypto scam center regions

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Cambodia accused Thailand of killing one of its soldiers in May, leading to Thai ambassadors being pulled out of Cambodia. More clashes followed in July, with both sides disputing who fired first

Many citizens are waiting to return to their homes, while Thailand’s newly elected nationalist Prime Minister, Anutin Charnvirakul, is pushing for a wall to be built along the border.

Got a tip? Send us an email securely via Protos Leaks. For more informed news and investigations, follow us on XBluesky, and Google News, or subscribe to our YouTube channel.

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XRP price breaks local bearish structure as rising volume targets $1.70

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XRP price breaks local bearish structure as rising volume targets $1.70 - 1

XRP price breaks local bearish market structure, shifting momentum, with price now testing a key volume support zone that could establish a higher low for higher prices.

Summary

  • Local bearish structure invalidated, signaling momentum shift
  • Key volume support zone being defended, favoring higher-low formation
  • $1.76 resistance becomes upside target, if bullish volume confirms continuation

XRP (XRP) Price action has begun to show early signs of recovery after breaking its local bearish market structure. Following a period of sustained downside pressure, the market has transitioned back into a technically significant support region where buyers are attempting to regain control. This development suggests that the corrective phase may be nearing completion, provided key support levels continue to hold.

Markets often transition through phases of imbalance before stabilizing around high-liquidity zones. The current move back into a major volume support cluster highlights a potential shift away from bearish continuation toward rotational price behavior. Whether this develops into sustained upside momentum will depend heavily on how price reacts within this support region.

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XRP price key technical points

  • Local bearish market structure has been broken, signaling momentum shift
  • Major volume support cluster is being tested, including POC and Fibonacci confluence
  • $1.76 high-timeframe resistance becomes the upside target, if higher low confirms

XRP price breaks local bearish structure as rising volume targets $1.70 - 1
XRPUSDT (4H) Chart, Source: TradingView

XRP price has rotated back into an important technical region defined by strong volume participation. This zone includes the point of control (POC), the value area high, and the 0.618 Fibonacci retracement, creating a powerful confluence of support levels.

When multiple technical indicators align in one region, it often increases the probability of price stabilization. Such areas typically attract liquidity and institutional interest, making them ideal locations for higher lows to form during trend transitions.

The return to this volume area indicates that sellers are losing immediate dominance, while buyers are beginning to defend price more aggressively.

Establishing a higher low is critical

The most important technical requirement moving forward is the confirmation of a higher low. A higher low represents a shift in market structure from bearish to constructive and often marks the early stages of trend continuation to the upside.

For this scenario to remain valid, the value area low must continue acting as support. Acceptance below this level would weaken the bullish thesis and reopen downside risks. However, sustained holding above value strengthens the probability that accumulation is taking place.

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Once a higher low is confirmed, XRP gains structural support for continuation within the newly developing trend.

Market structure transition underway

The recent break of local bearish structure is a meaningful technical event. Previously, price action was characterized by lower highs and continued weakness. That pattern has now been disrupted, indicating a transition from distribution toward potential accumulation.

Market structure shifts rarely occur instantly. Instead, they typically unfold through rotations between support and resistance levels. The current consolidation within the volume support region may represent the early phase of this transition.

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As buyers defend support and absorb supply, momentum can gradually build for a larger expansion move.

Resistance at $1.76 comes into focus

If the higher low successfully forms, attention shifts toward high-timeframe resistance near $1.76. This level represents the next major technical objective and aligns with prior rejection zones within the broader trading range.

A rotational move toward resistance would confirm that the market has transitioned out of its corrective phase and into a recovery structure. However, reaching this target will require strong bullish participation.

Bullish volume is the deciding factor

While structural signals are improving, confirmation ultimately depends on bullish volume expansion. Breakouts or rotations without volume often fail, leading to renewed consolidation or reversals.

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Increasing buy-side volume would validate demand returning to the market and strengthen the probability of continuation toward resistance. Without this confirmation, price may remain range-bound despite structural improvement.

What to expect in the coming price action

From a technical, price-action, and market-structure perspective, the market is attempting to transition from bearish control into a more constructive environment. The break of the local bearish structure, combined with strong volume support, suggests that a higher low may be forming.

In the near term, consolidation around the volume support zone is likely as the market searches for equilibrium. As long as the value area low holds, the probability favors a rotational move for XRP toward the $1.76 resistance level.

A decisive increase in bullish volume would confirm continuation, while failure to hold support would delay the recovery. For now, the technical landscape favors stabilization and potential upside rotation as the market attempts to establish a new structural trend.

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The Market Priced in Cuts, the Fed Mentioned Hikes. What It Means For Bitcoin Price?

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📉

Minutes from the January meeting show rate hikes are not off the table. If inflation stalls, policymakers are ready to tighten again. That is a direct warning to risk markets.

For Bitcoin price, this flips the script. The market was leaning toward cuts. More liquidity. Easier conditions. Now the Fed is signaling the opposite.

Higher rates. Tighter liquidity. And that changes everything for crypto.

Key Takeaways

  • The Signal: Fed officials discussed “upward adjustments” to rates if inflation stays above target levels.
  • The Split: The vote was 10-2 to hold rates, but a significant “hawkish” contingent is pushing back against cuts.
  • The Risk: Higher-for-longer rates typically drain liquidity, creating headwinds for Bitcoin and ETF inflows.

Why Does This Matter for Crypto and Bitcoin Price?

Markets were relaxed. Cuts in 2026 felt almost guaranteed. Now that confidence got shaken again.

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The Fed held rates at 3.5% to 3.75%, hitting pause after three straight cuts in late 2025. But the tone was not soft. Inside the discussion, a hawkish group made it clear they are not ready to promise more easing.

Some officials even floated “upward adjustments” if inflation sticks around. That is a big shift. The market had assumed a smooth path lower. The minutes analysis say otherwise.

The Fed wants clear proof that disinflation is real before cutting again. That puts serious weight on the February CPI print. If inflation runs hot, rate hikes move from theory back to reality.

What Happens Next?

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Pricing is getting messy. CME futures still show a 94% chance of a pause in March. But the hike risk is no longer zero.

Source: CMEgroub

Now it all comes down to inflation data. If the next print runs hot, the Fed fears get validated. If not, this scare might fade just as fast as it appeared.

Discover: Here are the crypto likely to explode!

The post The Market Priced in Cuts, the Fed Mentioned Hikes. What It Means For Bitcoin Price? appeared first on Cryptonews.

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Banks Can’t Seem To Service Crypto, Even as It Goes Mainstream

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Banks Can’t Seem To Service Crypto, Even as It Goes Mainstream

Across the globe, it remains common for crypto users to have their bank accounts frozen and transfers blocked, even as institutional adoption rises.

Panos Mekras, co-founder and CEO of blockchain fintech Anodos Labs, began dealing with crypto in Greece in the late 2010s. Most Greek banks didn’t allow transfers to crypto exchanges back then. Mekras experienced blocked card payments until one bank finally permitted his transfers, but first, he was questioned to ensure he understood he was interacting with a “risky” counterparty.

Mekras told Cointelegraph that those early rejections are symptomatic of how banks treat digital assets as inherently high risk. That label often led to account closures or sudden freezes without explanation, ultimately pushing his business to rely solely on onchain tools and payment rails.

Public perception of crypto has since evolved. Now, crypto is undergoing an image refresh, from a speculative asset class to an infrastructure layer for future financial products. However, Mekras said he still experiences the same banking barriers, as recently as a “few months ago”:

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“I tried to send money from an exchange to Revolut, and they froze my account for three weeks. I had no access to my [funds] during that time.”

The long shadow of crypto debanking

Mekras isn’t the lone crypto holder with such complaints despite banks announcing expansions into custody and blockchain initiatives.

A January report from the UK Cryptoasset Business Council found that bank transfers to exchanges were being blocked or delayed, with roughly 40% of payments encountering restrictions and 80% of exchanges reporting increased friction over the past year.

The council warned that blanket bans and transaction limits are often applied without regard to the legal status of the exchange.

How banks are serving crypto users in the UK. Source: UK Cryptoasset Business Council

Revolut is one of two banks that permit both bank transfers and debit cards in the UK council’s study, and it is also the platform where Mekras claims to have experienced his recent account freeze. It operates as an authorized UK bank “with restrictions,” meaning it is currently building up its banking processes before full launch. It also holds a European Union banking license through Lithuania and offers crypto trading services in its app.

A Revolut spokesperson told Cointelegraph it treats account freezes as a “last-resort” customer protection measure in compliance with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) regulations.

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“A temporary freeze may occur if our systems detect irregular activity. This could be a combination of a few factors, such as if a customer interacts with a platform frequently exploited by fraudsters, or we believe that the funds in question may be the proceeds of crime or sanctions circumvention,” the spokesperson said.

The representative added that since Oct. 1, just 0.7% of Revolut accounts where customers deposited crypto funds were restricted or frozen after investigation.

Related: How Europe’s blockchain sandbox finds innovation in regulation

When banks close doors, users move onchain

In some regions, crypto is blocked and leaves users to more extreme restrictions. Crypto on- and off-ramps are not legally possible in regions like China, so users resort to peer-to-peer (P2P) platforms or black markets to trade crypto.

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While China sits on the extreme end of the spectrum, other jurisdictions have eased official and unofficial restrictions. Nigeria once banned crypto and even blocked P2P platforms. However, it formally recognized digital assets as securities in 2025.

Related: Crypto takeaways from Davos: Politics and money collide

Similar banking friction patterns also emerged in the US. Lawmakers and the industry have invoked the term “Operation Chokepoint 2.0” to describe the federal regulators’ informal guidance that discouraged banks from maintaining relationships with crypto companies.

Crypto industry claims about “Operation Chokepoint 2.0” were recently echoed in official findings. Source: Alex Thorn

The original “Operation Choke Point” was an initiative in which enforcement agencies were accused of pressuring banks to cut ties with politically contentious industries such as payday lenders and firearms sellers.

In January 2025, Donald Trump took office as the president of the US and has been pushing for crypto-friendly policies to position the world’s largest economy as the “crypto capital” of the world.

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Crypto debanking issues have since been officially recognized. In December, the US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) released its findings on debanking practices by nine of the country’s largest banks. The OCC also published an interpretive letter to confirm that banks may facilitate crypto transactions in a broker-like capacity.

Crypto is named among nine sectors in OCC’s review of large banks’ debanking activities. Source: OCC

Regardless of the positive momentum, users still complain that the banking sector won’t service accounts exposed to cryptocurrencies.

“This is still the case [and] there are still anti-crypto positions. Some have even said publicly that they are not willing to support crypto activity or engage with the industry,” said Mekras.

Mekras argued that users can consider fully detaching from the traditional banking system and moving finances onchain. It sounds viable in theory, but in reality, most businesses and users still cannot operate purely within crypto without reliable access to fiat rails.

Banking’s turn toward blockchain infrastructure

In recent years, there has been a global shift in how traditional financial institutions engage with crypto.

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Major banks and financial infrastructures are increasingly building products and services tied to Web3. In the US, 60% of the top 25 banks are reportedly offering or planning Bitcoin-related services, including custody, trading and advisory solutions.

A large chunk of top banks are exploring Bitcoin-related services. Source: River

Across Europe, regulated services such as crypto custody and settlement are being introduced by legacy exchanges and financial groups under the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulations (MiCA). In the UK, HSBC’s blockchain platform was selected to support pilot issuances of tokenized government bonds.

In that backdrop of institutional adoption, some companies working to bridge banks and blockchain claim that the challenges that lead to account freezes are linked to tooling gaps and risk frameworks inside banks.

“The problem is that there’s a huge amount of friction because traditional banks don’t really have the internal infrastructure to interpret blockchain data in a way that fits inside their existing risk and compliance frameworks,” Eyal Daskal, CEO of Crymbo — a blockchain infrastructure platform for institutions — told Cointelegraph.

He described the situation as one where banks often default to precautionary measures because they lack the ability to link onchain activity with the identity and compliance signals they rely on:

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“If crypto is involved, they block the account and treat it as out of scope. It’s the simplest option for them because they don’t have the tools to assess it properly.”

Crypto is entering the financial mainstream, but for many users, access to basic banking still depends on whether a bank’s risk engine can understand what happens onchain. Until that gap closes, the industry’s institutional embrace and retail friction may continue to coexist.

Magazine: Bitcoin may take 7 years to upgrade to post-quantum: BIP-360 co-author