READ THE FIRST ARTICLE: THE MINERS’ CERAMIC HEART-SHAPED HEADSTONES OF SOUTH DURHAM
The earliest heart-shaped headstone in Wheatley Hill is from this toddler, John Ephraim, who was nearly thee when he died in 1910
ALL 22 heart-shaped ceramic headstones in Wheatley Hill cemetery have been recorded by the local history society, and we can learn much from them.
The first of the 22 is very early, from August 1910, and it is just a white heart lain on the turf. It marks the last resting place of John Ephraim, of Wingate Lane, who was two years 10 months when he died.
All the others are the cream coloured, free standing hearts. There is one from 1912, three from 1916 and then a glut: three in 1918, six in 1919, four in 1920 and three in 1921. The fashion for them then tails off with the last one being dated 1926.
They tend to commemorate young adults – only three of them are for people aged more than 51 but five are for children under 10. Most are for people who died in their late teens or early twenties.
They seem to commemorate largely working class people. There aren’t any doctors or reverends, but there are three men who were killed accidentally in Thornley pit and another, Robert Harkness, who was killed at Kelloe Duff Heap – a duff heap being a pile of fine coal dust that was usually waste.
Robert Harkness, killed at Kelloe Duff Heap
Three contain references to lost soldiers.
When Catherine Gilling died aged 57 on October 9, 1916, her heart-shaped headstone contains a reference to her son, James, “who was missing in France, September 25, 1915”.
So poor Catherine had died after more than a year of not knowing what had happened to 22-year-old James, although the Commonwealth War Graves website confirms he had indeed died on September 25, 1915, while serving with 15DLI and his body was never recovered.
Brother and sister Elizabeth and Mckeand share this heart-shaped headstone
A similar story of not-knowing is told on the heart dedicated by her parents to Elizabeth McKeand who died aged 17 on March 1, 1919. Under her name, they’ve written that of their son, Pte JG McKeand “who died of wounds somewhere in France on October 9, 1916”. He was 22, a member of 20DLI, and he lies on the Somme.
Thomas Coldwell
And then there’s Pte Thomas Coldwell, 24, the husband of Hannah. He died of wounds on August 6, 1915, at Bagthorpe Military Hospital in Nottingham.
He has a proper Portland Stone military headstone in the Wheatley Hill cemetery and a less militaristic heart-shaped headstone on which his family placed a poem:
He marched away so bravely, his young head proudly held
His footsteps never faltered, his courage never failed,
And on the field of battle, he calmly took his place,
He found and died for Britain, the honour of his race
For King and Country he did his best
May God grant him eternal rest,
Sadly missed by his loving wife, and daughter Minnie.
Margaret Hedley, of Wheatley Hill Local History Society, says: “I think these headstones were much cheaper than the traditional stone headstones because of the ceramic-type material they were made from, which was also used to make underground drainage and sewer pipes.
“I have noticed that the majority of them are wearing a lot better than other materials, such as stone, that were used for headstones during the same period.”
The headstones in the High Escomb cemetery
“THERE are quite a few heart-shaped headstones that have escaped the almost criminal desecration of High Escomb cemetery,” says Howard Chadwick.
When St John’s Church at High Escomb was demolished in 1971, most headstones were either removed or laid flat, and then the churchyard was abandoned. In recent years, Howard and a team of volunteers have been rescuing what survives from the overgrowth.
“I think the ceramic hearts were made at Tindale Crescent by Shaw and Knight,” he says.
Shaw and Knight made white, glazed fireclay sanitary products, like toilets, sinks, urinals, ablution bowls and even post-mortem tables for mortuaries. They used clay which came out of Durham coalmines – there are often layers of clay immediately below and above coal seams.
Especially important to S&K was clay known as “FTB” – “Fir Tree Ballarat”.
At Fir Tree, near Crook, S&K employed at least 50 men in a driftmine that dug into thin seam – less than 2ft thick – of coal that the rest of the coalfield knew as “Top Busty”.
However, in the Fir Tree area it must have been discovered after the 1851 rush to Ballarat in Victoria, Australia, when gold was found there, and so was given the name of “Ballarat”.
The presence of FTB must have made the digging for the meagre coal seam financially viable for S&K.
S&K closed in the 1960s but one of its four tall chimneys on the edge of Bishop Auckland lasted as a landmark, with “S&K” written in its brickwork, until 1976. The Roman Way Industrial estate now occupies its site with many of its buildings still in use.
From St Mary’s at Sherburn (Image: Phil Dyer)
IN St Mary’s churchyard at Sherburn there are two hearts, reports Phil Dyer, attaching a picture of one dated 1911, which is pretty early in the phenomenon.
It is supported by a brown column that is designed to look like the bark on a trunk of a tree.
This common design may be a nod to the Arts and Crafts movement of about 1880 to 1920 which liked naturalistic designs.
At the back, the trunk has a hole in the top. We wondered uncertainly whether this was for ease of carrying, but Phil has a better idea.
“I wonder if the hole was to stand flowers in,” he says.
Margeretta Walls in Hetton-le-Hole cemetery
MEMORIES 796 used the website of the Tiles & Architectural Ceramic Society to scratch the surface of the heart-shaped headstone phenomenon.
The website has a gazetteer of cemeteries across the country which contain rare ceramic headstones.
In all of London, there are only 14 whereas in County Durham, there are 24 – and we now think there are many more.
For instance, Paul Robson points out that Hetton-le-Hole cemetery is not included in the gazetteer yet that is where his great-great-grandmother, Margaret Walls, rests beneath a ceramic heart which rather fondly calls her “Margaretta”.
“Her end in 1916 was a sad one,” he says. “She was 60 years of age and lost an argument with a taxi cab on the road in South Hetton.
“Interesting to note was that her son-in-law was Thomas Donkin, under-manager of Hetton Lyons Colliery – might this have influenced the family’s choice of headstone?
“The heart itself is in remarkably good condition for its 110 years.”
This heart illustrates another part of the phenomenon: the poem.
On traditional stone headstones, the fashion for having a poem died out in the middle of the 19th Century, but here in the second decade of the 20th Century, it seems to have been revived. Margaret’s verse reads:
The call was short, the shock severe
To part with one we loved so dear.
Our hopes in heaven that we may meet,
And then our joy will be complete.
Who wrote these verses? They seem quite personal, so was it the family themselves, or did the manufacturers – the colliery brickworks or Shaw & Knight? – have a resident poet who could knock out an odd ode whenever called upon?
Elizabeth and Joe Campbell in Hetton-le-Hole cemetery
MARGARET WALLS is not alone in being commemorated by a heart in Hetton.
“In the cemetery, which opened in 1891, there are currently 16 such memorials in various states of dilapidation,” says Peter High. “They are all sited in the older part of the cemetery and are mainly clustered into the 1900-1920 period.
“At Easington Lane cemetery, which opened in 1892, there are currently 20 complete or damaged memorials and one base although there are thought to have been many more
“The cemeteries are, respectively, north and south of the former pioneering Hetton Lyons colliery which had a brickworks that operated until the 1950s.
“I understand this, and other colliery brickworks, also produced salt-glazed drainage pipes and fittings as well as large thick tiles (not unlike the plaques) that were used to pave the yards of the now demolished colliery houses in the area.
“The damaged and weathered memorials point to them being made in two parts. The faux tree trunks are a variation on a drainage pipe with apparently a shallow socket and/or a rough edge for mounting the plaque.
“These could well have been made in bulk in a brickworks. The slip, glaze and typesetting on the plaques suggest more skilled processes in their manufacture which could have been at nearby potteries.
“The mounting of the plaques at a gravity-defying angle has, however, proven to be a design flaw.”
Indeed, across the county, the glue holding a percentage of plaques in place has failed causing the hearts to fall to the ground and break.
All of these headstones tell a story of human life.
One in Hetton tells of the terrible anguish of George and Rebecca Campbell who lost their children Elizabeth, aged six, and Joseph, aged 10 weeks, in such a short space of time that they are commemorated on the one heart with one date: February 28, 1919.
This places them in the third wave of the Spanish flu epidemic – the second wave, in October and November 1918 in Durham, was the most deadly but poor Joseph had not been alive to catch it then.
Arthur Bainbridge in Hetton-le-Hole cemetery
And then there’s the elaborate marker for Arthur Bainbridge, who died February 19, 1919, aged 40.
It has the same typeface, the same tree effects and the same coloured clay as all the others, but is a unique style – unless you have seen anything similar?
- Are there any ceramic headstones in your area or your family? Can you tell us anything more about them? We’d love to hear more about this fascinating Durham phenomenon. Please email chris.lloyd@nne.co.uk
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