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Neuroscience can explain why voting is so often driven by emotion- The Week

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Neuroscience can explain why voting is so often driven by emotion- The Week

The British electorate has been more volatile than ever in recent years. The elections of 2015 and 2017 saw the highest number of voters switching parties in modern history. And current polling suggests we’re about to see more of the same.

Understanding what’s happening in people’s brains when they are making decisions helps us understand why certain political messages appeal to them and why they might decide to switch parties.

Political scientists talk about Pedersen volatility, named after the distinguished Danish scholar Mogens N. Pedersen. There is a forbidding mathematical equation for this, but it all amounts to the net change within the electoral party system resulting from individual vote transfers.

In plain English, volatility is simply the number of people who change party in an election. In late 1960s Britain, the Pedersen index stood at just over 10%, now it is closer to 40%.

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There has been much talk about the increased use of social media and its influence on election outcomes. A recent study by Professor Hanspeter Kreisi, a Swiss election expert, reported that a steady stream of argument and voting cues [are] allowing voters to make enlightened choices that are in line with their preferences.

This might well be true, but a recent study found that while politicians post more on social media during election campaigns, overall the number of posts with policy content is lower not higher.

The voting brain

One of the more interesting developments in electoral studies is that we are now able to use social neuroscience methods to understand voting behaviour.

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In the past decade, neuroscience has enabled us to identify the parts of the brain that get activated when you watch political adverts. What these results show is that most people are driven by fear and emotion rather than by rational argument in election campaigns.

In practice, this means that voters are more susceptible to messages that stress the negative rather then the positive. Researchers found that negative images and statements about products led to heightened activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is also associated with decision making.

For example, negative information about a brand of cola made subjects more likely to buy the competing brand. However, when this experiments was repeated with political parties rather than soft drinks, the negative effect was three times higher. Negative political advertising works, and we now have the fMRI scans to prove it.

Politics is a bare-knuckle fight, and our brains reflect that. Evolution has conditioned us to be driven by fear when we are under threat. We want to survive above all.

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By playing on our fear and anger, those who devise election slogans are producing perhaps deliberately messaging that triggers parts of the brain associated with revenge and pent up rage, including the so-called anterior cingulate cortex (or ACC), deep in the front part of the fissure that separates the two brain-hemispheres. So, if I am furious that Rishi Sunak has not brought NHS waiting lists down, it is likely that the ACC has gone into overdrive.

Older people who tend to vote in higher numbers are particularly interesting here. This is because as we age, we become more prone to activating the so-called dorsolateral prefrontal cortex an area of the brain associated with caution.

It is unlikely that Rishi Sunak has delved into the finer points of neuropolitics but his strategy is consistent with what we know from social neuroscience. His emphasis on need to stick to the plan and not gamble on the opposition appeals to those with oversensitive dorsolateral prefrontal cortices namely the older voter cohort he most needs to convince.

But more broadly, people of all ages have a strong tendency to activate the amygdala a part of the brain associated with fear. Only rarely do we activate the parts of the brain associated with ethical evaluation such as the so-called ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

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No wonder the two main parties in the British election are focusing on fear and caution. Maybe Machiavelli got it right when he observed that voters are avoiders of danger?

Appealing to this fear, we see Rishi Sunak repeatedly warning in a very unspecified way that the world is more dangerous than ever.

And clearly realising that voters respond to promises of security, the two parties are labelling policies as a triple lock, be it on pensions or the nuclear deterrent.

The age of economic voting

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The other rich seam of academic research on why voters change their minds relates to the knowledge that since the 1970s or so, voters have been more prone to base their decisions on macroeconomic performance. Thus, political parties that have presided over significant financial downturns get blamed.

This explains why the Conservatives lost in 1992 and Labour lost in 1979. Voters even change their minds based on recent economic performance even if the economic downturn is beyond the control of the government, as was the case for former Conservative prime minister Edward Heath, who lost power after the 1973 oil crisis (precipitated by a war in the Middle East).

Once a government has been associated with economic ills increases in mortgage rates, cost of living and the like they get blamed even if the economy is in recovery.

The current government’s slogan that the plan is working might be economically correct, but history suggests it will not prevent voters from changing parties. 

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(The Conversation: By Matt Qvortrup, Coventry University) 

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Businesses expect cyber threats to rise, but aren’t ready for them

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Businesses expect cyber threats to rise, but aren’t ready for them

It’s no secret that cyber-attacks are becoming increasingly sophisticated, while simultaneously growing in number and volume. Research from the Business Continuity Institute reports that cyber threats have increased in severity over the past year, with 75% of respondents reporting a rise in attempted breaches and 39.4% falling victim to a successful cyber-attack.

And this worrying trend is only expected to rise. In fact, our own research shows that a staggering 70% of UK business leaders expect their organizations to be hit by a cyberattack within the next year.

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Google Photos to soon reveal whether AI was used to edit photographs- The Week

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Google Photos to soon reveal whether AI was used to edit photographs- The Week

As part of its initiative to improve transparency in using Artificial Intelligence tools, Google Photos will soon highlight whether its AI tools were used while editing an image. According to Google, the new feature will be rolled out in the Photos app from next week. 

In a recent blog, Google said with the increasing use of AI for photo editing, especially with the use of its editing tools like magic editor and magic eraser in the Photos app, it will highlight the use of AI tools as part of its steps to improve transparency. If AI tools have been used to edit an image, it will be shown along with the file name, the tech giant said.

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“As we bring these tools (Magic editor and magic eraser) to more people, we recognize the importance of doing so responsibly with our AI Principles as guidance. To further improve transparency, we’re making it easier to see when AI edits have been used in Google Photos. Starting next week, Google Photos will note when a photo has been edited with Google AI right in the Photos app,” John Fisher, the engineering director of Google Photos said in a blog. 

Google noted that already photos edited with its tools like magic editor, magic eraser and zoom enhance include metadata based on technical standards from The International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC) to indicate that they’ve been edited using generative AI. “Now we’re taking it a step further, making this information visible alongside information like the file name, location and backup status in the Photos app,” he said.

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NYT Crossword: answers for Monday, October 28

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NYT Crossword: answers for Monday, September 23


The New York Times crossword puzzle can be tough! If you’re stuck, we’re here to help with a list of today’s clues and answers.

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How technology and expertise are shaping safety standards

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How technology and expertise are shaping safety standards

As fire hazards continue to pose a significant risk across diverse industries, the role of fire watch services is substantially transforming. Once an essential compliance requirement, fire watch services now integrate advanced technology with specialized expertise to enhance safety and preparedness. Leading companies like Fast Fire Watch Guards are shaping this shift, utilizing innovative tools and skilled teams to meet today’s rigorous safety standards. In a landscape where rapid response and proactive risk management are crucial, these trends redefine fire safety practices and elevate industry expectations.

Leveraging technology for enhanced fire watch services

Integrating technology in fire watch services has transformed how professionals monitor and prevent potential hazards. Many fire watch companies now utilize GPS tracking and geo-fencing, allowing for precise guard movement tracking and area coverage. This ensures a complete, real-time log of all activities, a critical feature in locations requiring continuous monitoring. Additional layers of safety are provided by remote sensors, thermal imaging, and AI-powered surveillance systems that can identify temperature changes or early fire indicators and sound alerts before security personnel get on the scene. In addition to improving overall safety, this proactive approach to fire prevention shows how technology is changing the business. Firewatch companies are increasingly adopting these innovations to stay ahead of potential dangers, ultimately providing clients with a higher standard of security.

Expertise in action – the role of skilled fire watch guards

Effective fire protection still relies heavily on the knowledge of fire watch guards, even though technology plays a vital role. After completing extensive training, fire watch guards are prepared to manage a variety of situations, from managing building sites to protecting important public gatherings. This expertise ensures that guards can quickly assess and respond to potential fire hazards, preventing incidents before they escalate. Companies like Fast Fire Watch Guards emphasize the importance of continuous training keeping their teams updated on the latest safety protocols and fire watch standards. Combining hands-on expertise with technology enables guards to operate confidently, providing clients a co mprehensive service beyond essential monitoring. Skilled fire watch guards are proficient in fire prevention and possess the interpersonal skills needed to manage situations calmly and efficiently.

Rapid response and nationwide coverage

One of the primary challenges in fire watch services is ensuring rapid deployment across diverse locations. Businesses in high-risk industries require reliable fire watch services on short notice, and nationwide companies have responded by establishing fast-response protocols. Companies like Fast Fire Watch Guards can dispatch teams within hours, a crucial capability in urgent situations where immediate fire watch coverage is mandatory. Rapid response times not only mitigate risks but also demonstrate the agility and preparedness of fire watch service providers. This nationwide reach means that businesses can access dependable fire watch services regardless of location, contributing to a safer environment across multiple sectors. The assurance of rapid, expert deployment elevates the value and reliability of fire watch companies.

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Ensuring compliance with safety regulations

Compliance with fire safety regulations is a primary driver behind the demand for professional fire watch services. Regulatory bodies impose strict safety standards on construction sites, commercial buildings, and event spaces to prevent fire-related incidents. A professional Fire Watch Services Company ensures businesses meet all fire safety requirements, avoiding potentially significant fines and reputational damage. In addition to supplying guards, fire watch firms also provide advice on upholding safety procedures, carrying out risk analyses, and being ready for inspections. Businesses may guarantee ongoing compliance and take advantage of the company’s proficiency in managing intricate fire safety standards by collaborating with seasoned fire watch services.

This compliance-focused approach makes fire watch services essential to operational safety for various industries.

The future of fire watch services and safety standards

As fire watch services evolve, the future holds promising advancements that will further improve safety standards. Incorporating AI in risk prediction, more sophisticated monitoring tools, and enhancement in guard training are expected to redefine the industry. Firewatch companies are at the forefront of these changes, adapting to new technologies and refining their practices to serve their clients better. Fast Fire Watch Guards and similar companies are committed to staying informed and agile, ensuring that their services meet the rising demands of safety compliance. We can expect fire watch services to become even more efficient in the future, providing clients with unparalleled peace of mind. The shift towards a technology-driven, expert-based service model reshapes fire watch services as a crucial component of modern safety strategies.

The fire watch services sector is expanding quickly as businesses invest in qualified staff and embrace state-of-the-art technology to satisfy rising safety regulations. Businesses like Fast Fire Watch Guards, who offer a dependable and competent service that meets the specific requirements of different sectors, are prime examples of striking a balance between technology innovation and human competence. Businesses should anticipate increasingly stronger assistance in protecting their operations, guaranteeing compliance, and improving general safety as fire watch services develop. Fire watch services are in a strong position to become an essential part of nationwide risk management plans as a result of these new developments.

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Nasdaq hits high even amid poor earnings growth

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Nasdaq hits high even amid poor earnings growth


Traders work on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on October 22, 2024 in New York City.

Spencer Platt | Getty Images

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This report is from today’s CNBC Daily Open, our international markets newsletter. CNBC Daily Open brings investors up to speed on everything they need to know, no matter where they are. Like what you see? You can subscribe here.

What you need to know today

New high for Nasdaq
On Friday, the
Nasdaq Composite hit an all-time high, but the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average fell and snapped their six-week winning streaks. Asia-Pacific markets traded mixed Monday. Japan’s Nikkei 225 jumped about 1.8% and the yen weakened to a three-month low against the dollar on the back of the country’s election results.

Steepest drop since pandemic
China’s industrial profits in September slumped 27.1% from a year ago, according to the country’s National Bureau of Statistics. That’s the steepest drop since the start of the pandemic in March 2020, based on data from Wind Information – which excludes statistics from most of 2022 when China was under strict zero-Covid policies.

Oil prices dropped on ‘limited damage’
Prices for both Brent and West Texas Intermediate oil futures dropped more than 4% on Monday. This comes after Iranian media described Israel’s strikes over the weekend on its military installations as causing “limited damage.” Citi lowered its forecast for Brent oil prices by $4 to $70 per barrel over the next three months.

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Japan’s ruling coalition loses parliamentary majority
Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party and its Komeito partner will lose their parliamentary majority, according to projections from public broadcaster NHK and publication Nikkei Asia, while the opposition camp made significant gains. The Japanese yen fell against the U.S. dollar on the political uncertainty.

[PRO] Very, very busy week for markets
This week is jam-packed with important earnings and economic data. Five of the Magnificent Seven companies report earnings. The personal consumption expenditures index report for September and the key jobs report for October will also be released this week.

The bottom line

The Nasdaq Composite managed to log a seventh consecutive winning week.

After adding 0.56% on Friday, the index closed at an all-time high, ending the week 0.2% higher.

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Other major U.S. indexes, however, didn’t do so well. Both the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average shattered their six-week positive streak following their falls on Friday.

The tech-heavy Nasdaq was boosted by Tesla’s monster rally. Investors also looked ahead to Big Tech earnings coming out this week: shares of Meta, Amazon and Microsoft added as much as 1%.

Earnings season has been a mixed bag so far. Even though almost three-quarters of S&P companies have beaten expectations, according to FactSet data, the rate of profit growth has not met expectations, disappointing investors.

Tesla had a monster rally over two days last week, which helped it regain all its losses for the year. But more than half of the 20-largest companies saw their stocks fall after they announced their financials last week, notes CNBC’s Pia Singh.

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As those companies were mostly from sectors outside tech, their losses dragged down the S&P and the Dow, especially, since a good proportion were constituents of the 30-stock index. In fact, around 90% of Dow members ended the week in the red.

For instance, Coca-Cola surpassed Wall Street’s estimates of its earnings and revenue, but its shares still fell. Investors were perhaps disappointed by news that consumers are buying fewer packs of Coke products, as CEO James Quincey said during the post-earnings conference call, and troubled by the headwinds that the company thinks will hamper its growth in 2025.

With five of the Magnificent Seven companies reporting earnings and crucial economic data coming out this week, investors will hope all the numbers line up for a payout – if not of the jackpot magnitude, then at least one that jolts the S&P and Dow back into the green again.

— CNBC’s Brian Evans, Pia Singh and Alex Harring contributed to this report.   

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iOS 18.2 has a child safety feature that can blur nude content and report it to Apple

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iOS 18.2 has a child safety feature that can blur nude content and report it to Apple

In iOS 18.2, Apple is adding a new feature that resurrects some of the intent behind its halted CSAM scanning plans — this time, without breaking end-to-end encryption or providing government backdoors. Rolling out first in Australia, the company’s expansion of its Communication Safety feature uses on-device machine learning to detect and blur nude content, adding warnings and requiring confirmation before users can proceed. If the child is under 13, they can’t continue without entering the device’s Screen Time passcode.

If the device’s onboard machine learning detects nude content, the feature automatically blurs the photo or video, displays a warning that the content may be sensitive and offers ways to get help. The choices include leaving the conversation or group thread, blocking the person and accessing online safety resources.

The feature also displays a message that reassures the child that it’s okay not to view the content or leave the chat. There’s also an option to message a parent or guardian. If the child is 13 or older, they can still confirm they want to continue after receiving those warnings — with a repeat of the reminders that it’s okay to opt out and that further help is available. According to The Guardian, it also includes an option to report the images and videos to Apple.

Two screens showing a new iPhone child safety feature.

Apple

The feature analyzes photos and videos on iPhone and iPad in Messages, AirDrop, Contact Posters (in the Phone or Contacts app) and FaceTime video messages. In addition, it will scan “some third-party apps” if the child selects a photo or video to share with them.

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The supported apps vary slightly on other devices. On Mac, it scans messages and some third-party apps if users choose content to share through them. On the Apple Watch, it covers Messages, Contact Posters and FaceTime video messages. Finally, on Vision Pro, the feature scans Messages, AirDrop and some third-party apps (under the same conditions mentioned above).

The feature requires iOS 18, iPadOS 18, macOS Sequoia or visionOS 2.

The Guardian reports that Apple plans to expand it globally after the Australia trial. The company likely chose the land Down Under for a specific reason: The country is set to roll out new regulations that require Big Tech to police child abuse and terror content. As part of the new rules, Australia agreed to add the clause that it was only mandated “where technically feasible,” omitting a requirement to break end-to-end encryption and compromise security. Companies will need to comply by the end of the year.

User privacy and security were at the heart of the controversy over Apple’s infamous attempt to police CSAM. In 2021, it prepared to adopt a system that would scan for images of online sexual abuse, which would then be sent to human reviewers. (It came as something of a shock after Apple’s history of standing up to the FBI over its attempts to unlock an iPhone belonging to a terrorist.) Privacy and security experts argued that the feature would open a backdoor for authoritarian regimes to spy on their citizens in situations without any exploitative material. The following year, Apple abandoned the feature, leading (indirectly) to the more balanced child-safety feature announced today.

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Once it rolls out globally, you can activate the feature under Settings > Screen Time > Communication Safety, and toggle the option on. That section has been activated by default since iOS 17.

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