Science & Environment
Cloud-inspired material can bend light around corners
Scientists have discovered a technique whereby light can be bent around corners, inspired by the way clouds scatter sunlight. This type of light-bending could lead to advances in medical imaging, electronics cooling and even nuclear reactor design.
Daniele Faccio at the University of Glasgow, UK, and his colleagues say they are shocked this type of light scattering wasn’t noticed before. It works on the same basis as clouds, snow and other white materials that absorb light: once photons hit the surface of such a material, they are scattered in all directions, barely penetrating at all and getting reflected out the way they came. For instance, when sunlight hits a tall cumulonimbus cloud, it bounces off the top, making this part of the cloud appear bright white. But so little light reaches the bottom of the cloud that this part appears grey – despite being made up of the same water droplets.
“The light bounces around and sort of tries to get in, and it’s bouncing off all the molecules and the defects,” says Faccio. “And eventually what happens is it just gets reflected back because it can’t get in. This is this scattering.”
To replicate this process, the team 3D printed objects from opaque white material while leaving thin tunnels of clear resin within. When light is shone at the material, it travels into these tunnels and is scattered – just as light is on snow or clouds. However, instead of scattering randomly in every direction until they are evenly dispersed, the photons are directed to return to the resin tunnel by the opaque material. The team put this to use, creating a range of objects that steer light in an organised way.
These 3D-printed objects are functionally similar to fibre optic cables, which route light along their length, but they operate on fundamentally different principles. Fibre optic cables steer light by infinitely reflecting internally. When photons attempt to leave a cable’s inner core of plastic or glass, they hit another material with a lower refractive index and are reflected back inside. In this way, light can be carried for kilometres at a time, even around bends.
The researchers say their material boosts light transmission by more than two orders of magnitude compared with solid blocks without the same clear tunnels, and also allows it to be directed around curves. This is much less efficient than fibre optic, and will therefore struggle to achieve the great distances that it does, but it is also very simple and cheap.
This method of light-bending could make use of existing tunnels of translucent material, such as tendons and fluid in the spinal column, to provide new ways to carry out medical imaging. Faccio says the exact same principle also works to direct heat and neutrons, and could therefore also find use in a range of engineering applications such as cooling systems and nuclear reactors.
“It wasn’t obvious that this would work at all. We were shocked,” says Faccio, who believes the phenomenon could easily have been discovered decades or even centuries ago. “It’s not like we’ve created or found some really niche, weird equation with some weird properties.”
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Science & Environment
There may be a cosmic speed limit on how fast anything can grow
A newly proposed cosmic speed limit may constrain how fast anything in the universe can grow. Its existence follows from Alan Turing’s pioneering work on theoretical computer science, which opens the intriguing possibility that the structure of the universe is fundamentally linked to nature of computation.
Cosmic limits are not a new idea. While studying the relationship between space and time, Albert Einstein showed that nothing in the universe can exceed the speed of light, as part of his special theory of relativity. Now, Toby Ord at…
Science & Environment
Exxon CEO says U.S. election won’t affect oil production
The outcome of the U.S. presidential election on Nov. 5 won’t affect oil production levels in the short- to medium term, Exxon CEO Darren Woods told CNBC on Friday.
Former President Donald Trump has called for unconstrained oil and gas production to lower energy prices and fight inflation, boiling his energy policy down to three words on the campaign trail: “Drill, baby, drill.”
“I’m not sure how drill, baby, drill translates into policy,” Woods told CNBC’s “Squawk Box” Friday after the largest U.S. oil and gas company reported third-quarter results.
Woods said U.S. shale production does not face constraints from “external restrictions.” The U.S. has produced record amounts of oil and gas during the Biden administration.
Over the past six years, the U.S. has produced more crude oil than any other nation in history, including Saudi Arabia and Russia, according to the Energy Information Administration.
Output in the U.S. is driven by the oil and gas industry deploying technology and investment to generate shareholder returns based on the break-even cost of production, the CEO said.
“Certainly we wouldn’t see a change based on a political change but more on an economic environment,” Woods said. “I don’t think there’s anybody out there that’s developing a business strategy to respond to a political agenda,” he said.
While shale production has not faced constraints on developing new acreage, there are resources in areas like the Gulf of Mexico that have not opened up due to federal permitting, the CEO said.
“That could, for the longer term, open up potential sources of supply,” Wood said. In the short- to medium term, however, unconventional shale resources are available and it’s just a matter of developing them based on market dynamics, he said.
Exxon Mobil shares in 2024.
The vast majority of shale resources in the U.S. are on private land and regulated at the state level, according to an August note from Morgan Stanley. About 25% of oil and 10% of natural gas is produced on federal land and waters subject to permitting, according to Morgan Stanley.
Vice President Kamala Harris opposed fracking during her bid for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination. She has since reversed that position in an effort to shore up support in the crucial swing state of Pennsylvania, where the natural gas industry is important for the state’s economy.
Science & Environment
Exxon (XOM) earnings Q3 2024
An Exxon gas station is seen in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on Oct. 6, 2023.
Michael M. Santiago | Getty Images
Exxon Mobil beat third-quarter earnings expectations, as the oil major reached its highest production level in more than four decades.
Here is what Exxon reported for the third quarter compared with what Wall Street was expecting, based on a survey of analysts by LSEG:
- Earnings per share: $1.92 adjusted, vs. $1.88 per share expected.
- Revenues: $90 billion, vs. $93.94 billion expected
The oil major booked net income of $8.61 billion in the quarter, or $1.92 per share, down about 5% compared to $9.1 billion, or $2.25 per share, in the year-ago period. Exxon’s profits have declined as refining margins and natural gas prices have pulled back from from historically high levels in 2023.
The company returned $9.8 billion to shareholders in the quarter and increased its fourth-quarter dividend to $0.99 per share.
Exxon said it has reached its high production level in more than 40 years at 3.2 million barrels per day.
The oil major’s stock rose about 1% in pre-market trading.
This is a developing story. Please check back for updates.
Science & Environment
Chevron (CVX) earnings Q3 2024
Jaap Arriens | Nurphoto | Getty Images
Chevron beat third-quarter earnings and revenue expectations, returning a record amount of cash to shareholders.
Shares were up 2.6% in the premarket following the report’s release.
The oil major’s quarterly profit, however, declined substantially compared to the year-ago period due to lower margins on refined product sales, lower prices and the absence of favorable tax times.
Chevron is aiming to streamline its portfolio, with asset sales in Canada, Congo and Alaska expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2024. The company is also target $2 billion to $3 billion in cost reductions from 2024 through the end of 2026.
Here is what Chevron reported for the third quarter compared with what Wall Street was expecting, based on a survey of analysts by LSEG:
- Earnings per share: $2.51 adjusted, vs. $2.43 expected
- Revenue: $50.67 billion, vs. $48.99 billion expected
Chevron’s net income came in at $4.49 billion, or $2.48 per share, down 31% from $6.53 billion, or $3.48 per share, in the third quarter of 2023. When adjusted for foreign currency impacts, the company reported earnings of $2.51 per share, solidly topping Wall Street’s expectations for the quarter.
Chevron booked revenues of $50.67 billion, also beating Street expectations but declining 6% from the $54.1 billion reported in the third quarter last year.
The oil major returned a record $7.7 billion to shareholders in the quarter, including $4.7 billion in share buybacks and $2.9 billion in dividends.
Chevron produced 3.36 million oil-equivalent barrels per day in the quarter, a 7% increase over the third quarter of 2023, driven by record output in the Permian Basin.
Chevron’s stock is largely flat for the year, underperforming the S&P 500 energy sector which has gained more than 6%. Shares have struggled to gain ground as uncertainty looms over the company’s pending $53 billion acquisition of Hess.
The Federal Trade Commission has cleared the deal, though it prohibited John Hess from joining Chevron’s board.
Chevron remains locked in a dispute with Exxon Mobil, which is claiming a right of first refusal over Hess Corp.’s lucrative oil assets in Guyana. If an arbitration court rules in Exxon’s favor, Chevron’s acquisition of Hess would fail to close.
Science & Environment
Chinese EV company Zeekr deliveries rise in October to a record high
ZEEKR EV cars are displayed at the 45th Bangkok International Motor Show in Bangkok, Thailand, March 25, 2024.
Chalinee Thirasupa | Reuters
Chinese electric carmaker Zeekr said Thursday its deliveries surged by 92% in October from a year ago, helping the company clock its best month at 25,049 vehicles.
That beat the prior record of 21,333 deliveries in September, bringing Zeekr’s total for the year to nearly 168,000.
The company has reportedly said that it hopes to deliver 230,000 cars in 2024. With only two months left in the calendar year, that means Zeekr needs to deliver more than 31,000 cars in November and December each.
The Geely-backed automaker began deliveries of its new five-seat SUV Zeekr Mix on Oct. 23
Xpeng also beat its personal best for a second straight month, delivering 23,917 vehicles in October.
Li Auto delivered 51,443 cars, slightly lower than its record month in September.
BYD, Aito, and Nio had not yet released their October deliveries as of Friday afternoon.
Earlier in the week, Chinese smartphone and home appliance company Xiaomi said it delivered more than 20,000 electric vehicles in October.
The company only launched its first car — the SU7 — in late March.
Xiaomi aims to deliver 100,000 electric cars by the end of November. The company has delivered more than 75,000 cars as of October.
Science & Environment
Quantum batteries could give off more energy than they store
Simulations suggest that when a quantum battery shares a quantum state with the device it is powering, the device can gain more charge than was stored in the battery to begin with
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