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From stablecoins to CBDCs: Money is being redefined

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Michael Egorov

Disclosure: The views and opinions expressed here belong solely to the author and do not represent the views and opinions of crypto.news’ editorial.

To anyone who pays genuine attention to the stablecoin market, it comes as no secret that these assets have firmly entrenched themselves among the most important building blocks of the modern digital economy. By late 2025, the total stablecoin market cap had already surpassed the point of $300 billion, which tells us a lot about how much trust people are putting in them. 

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Summary

  • Stablecoins have crossed the threshold: With $300B+ market cap and surging card usage, they’re no longer experimental — they’re becoming core payment infrastructure.
  • Banks are reacting, not leading: Nearly half of banks are integrating stablecoins, while CBDCs signal central banks are adapting to rails already built by crypto.
  • Liquidity is the real backbone: Yield-enhancing DeFi protocols transform idle capital into deep, 24/7 settlement infrastructure — making programmable money scalable.

Stablecoins get used so much today because they’re fast, borderless, and increasingly reliable. They move value instantly and behave predictably in ways that traditional payments increasingly don’t. It’s not really a question anymore whether stablecoins will stick around. The real question is how they will be adopted — and who will drive that adoption.

The passage of the GENIUS Act in the U.S. was a strong signal that payment stablecoins are entering a new phase. And regulation isn’t arriving just to slow the sector down; instead, it’s stepping up to give stablecoins a defined role in the broader financial system. For the first time, we’ve seen a clear path being introduced for payment stablecoins to operate alongside TradFi systems, rather than simply existing at their edges. They are actively becoming a settlement tool that can be used in practice alongside traditional financial instruments.

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Adoption is already happening — but outside traditional rails

I find it important to mention that even outside any formal and large-scale integration by major payment platforms, adoption is spreading at its own pace. There is a growing number of fintechs that are building products at the intersection of crypto, stablecoins, and payments. Companies like ether.fi, Monerium, or Holyheld are already enabling real-world stablecoin usage through their financial tools and offerings. One particularly notable case of this is the exponential growth of crypto cards, utilized for everyday spending among crypto users. A study in Q3 2025 showed that a little over 60% of surveyed users already use these cards for transactions and commonplace purchases.

Meanwhile, we also have data from big names like Visa that their issuance and spending via crypto cards saw a massive rise over the course of the previous year. From January to December 2025, the total transaction volume jumped 525%, with the net spending climbing to $91 million by year-end. All of this evidence points to the rapid adoption of crypto instruments in the mainstream, and stablecoins are the primary way to power those cards.

This usage also highlights another trend that’s becoming more prominent: the growing role of non-USD stablecoins. Assets such as EURe and the more recent ZCHF are finding real demand in payment flows, especially in Europe and Switzerland, where users value on-chain settlement without taking unnecessary dollar exposure.

Euro-denominated stablecoins are rapidly developing under Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation, and Europe now has multiple compliant euro stablecoins with real transaction volume and fintech integration. A recent report indicates that over the past several years, the total volume of euro stablecoin transactions has grown to surpass €8 billion, showing how non-USD stablecoins are increasingly gaining traction.

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The role of banks in stablecoin adoption

Naturally, this shift raises questions about where traditional banks are supposed to fit into the picture. Many people assume banks will be central to stablecoin adoption going forward. And it’s true that they are paying more attention now: this asset class has grown into something large enough that they can no longer dismiss it, and public acknowledgements of their importance are becoming more common. 

A recently conducted survey showed that in 2025, 49% of banks, including some Tier-1s, are already integrating stablecoins into their operations. In Switzerland, for example, over half of banks with active crypto offerings are planning to also include stablecoin-related services.

Looking ahead, I think that a much greater shift may come when central banks start introducing stablecoin-like CBDCs. Some among them, such as the European Central Bank (ECB), are already exploring this direction: particularly wholesale CBDCs intended for interbank settlements rather than retail use. 

These projects involve active collaborations between central banks in France, Germany, Italy, and other countries. And if these efforts succeed and wholesale CBDCs eventually start operating on public blockchain infrastructure — potentially even platforms like Ethereum (ETH) — the impact would be tremendous. It would be a tectonic shift in what’s happening under the hood of the global financial system and how money moves across borders.

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Consumers and the rise of redeemable stablecoins

Compared to banks, though, an even greater driver of specifically stablecoin adoption, to my mind, is going to be the consumer. Throughout 2025, we saw more and more use cases for redeemable stablecoins in commonplace financial activities. Major payment networks such as Visa and Mastercard are integrating these assets into their infrastructure, providing settlement solutions and merchant acceptance that extend stablecoin utility into mainstream payments.

Redeemable stablecoins give people more options for day-to-day transactions: payments, transfers, savings, and simple on-chain interactions. All without the friction of legacy systems. From the average user’s point of view, that’s a clear improvement.

Because of this, as we move deeper into 2026, I expect consumer adoption of redeemable stablecoins to be one of the main forces behind the continued growth of this market. Broadly speaking, people adopt financial tools because they work, and stablecoins do work. If a coin is easy to use, settles instantly, and can be redeemed without too much hassle, it will likely find users. 

Banks may eventually integrate these tools, but as I said, in most cases, they will be responding to behavior that already exists, not initiating it.

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The role of decentralized stablecoins

Alongside consumer-facing stablecoins, fully decentralized stablecoins remain essential for on-chain finance. While these assets can be used for retail payments, that’s not what they were primarily designed for. What they do in practice is power smart contracts, automated settlement, derivatives, and decentralized lending.

They form the programmable layer that allows financial logic to execute without intermediaries. In many cases, yield-enhancing protocols depend on these decentralized assets to function reliably. In other words, if consumer stablecoins expand usage, decentralized stablecoins power the infrastructure behind that usage. Together, they create a system that is both practical and resilient.

Yield-enhancing protocols: Liquidity as infrastructure

It should be noted that none of these scales has liquidity, which is the real backbone of stablecoin adoption. And this is where yield-enhancing protocols play a critical role.

Yield-generating DeFi protocols unlock idle capital and redirect it into productive use. Instead of liquidity sitting dormant, it can be deployed into automated market makers, lending pools, and cross-chain settlement layers. This creates deeper markets, tighter spreads, and more reliable execution — all of which are essential factors for payments to happen at scale.

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In cross-border contexts, this matters even more. Yield-enhancing liquidity pools reduce the cost of moving value between currencies and jurisdictions. They replace fragmented correspondent banking networks with on-chain systems that are transparent, available 24/7, and economically incentivized to remain liquid. When liquidity is deep and incentives are aligned, users don’t need to worry about whether a payment will clear or whether value will be available on the other side.

What comes next

Ultimately, stablecoins are not here to replace banks overnight, and they don’t need to do it to find success, either. They have a more fundamental role to play, and that is to introduce a faster, programmable, and globally accessible financial layer. Stablecoins are meant to do what money should do in the first place: maintain value, move instantly when needed, and earn the trust of the people using them. 

On all three fronts, they are evolving quickly — and in many cases, outperforming the incumbents. The digital dollar accelerates this shift, yield-enhancing protocols make it scalable, and consumer adoption makes it real. How far this can go depends only on what we build next.

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Michael Egorov

Michael Egorov

Michael Egorov is a physicist, entrepreneur, and crypto maximalist who stood at the origins of DeFi creation. He is a founder of Curve Finance, a decentralized exchange designed for efficient and low-slippage trading of stablecoins. Since the inception of Curve Finance in 2020, Michael has developed all his solutions and products independently. His extensive scientific experience in physics, software engineering, and cryptography aids him in product creation. Today, Curve Finance is one of the top three DeFi exchanges regarding the total volume of funds locked in smart contracts.

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Crypto World

Balaji Urges More Crypto Tools for Refugees Amid Middle East Tensions

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Crypto Breaking News

Tech investor Balaji Srinivasan, a former Coinbase chief technology officer, is urging the crypto industry to forge more financial tools for refugees and stateless populations. In a Saturday X post, he emphasized that global conflicts and economic migration can swell displacement figures, pointing to Ukrainians fleeing war and workers departing Gulf states amid mounting regional tensions as illustrative cases. He argued that cryptocurrency infrastructure could supply essential financial rails when traditional institutions falter or become inaccessible, offering livelihoods and liquidity to those cut off from conventional banking networks. The moment signals a broader conversation about crypto’s potential humanitarian role, beyond speculative trading and borderless payments.

Key takeaways

  • Balaji Srinivasan frames crypto as a critical tool for refugees, advocating product development tailored to stateless populations.
  • The argument hinges on crypto’s resilience in adverse conditions, described as a “wartime mode for the internet.”
  • Andi Duro of TwoCents cautions that the industry has rarely built refugee-focused solutions, citing misaligned incentives in the market.
  • Progress exists in stablecoins’ reach, with USDC emerging as a borderless digital currency; reported metrics show large supply growth amid regional capital movements.
  • Analysts connect stablecoin dynamics to capital flight, including in the UAE, where real estate volatility has influenced crypto flows.

Tickers mentioned: $USDC

Sentiment: Neutral

Price impact: Neutral. The discussion centers on humanitarian finance and infrastructure, not immediate price moves.

Market context: The discourse sits at the intersection of humanitarian needs, macro capital flows, and evolving stablecoin dynamics, a period when liquidity and trust in borderless digital rails are being stress-tested against geopolitical risk and regulatory scrutiny.

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Why it matters

The propositions raised by Srinivasan underscore a broader reckoning within crypto: its potential to serve as a life-supporting financial layer when fiat rails are stressed or severed. Refugees and stateless individuals often rely on untrusted or fragile payment systems, and a decentralized, permissionless network could in theory offer access to savings, remittances, and basic liquidity where traditional banks fail to operate. By reframing crypto as a humanitarian technology rather than solely a speculative instrument, the industry could expand its utility and widen its social license among policymakers, aid organizations, and displaced communities.

On the substance of progress, there is acknowledgement that crypto has already seen some utility growth through stablecoins, especially a dominant USD-pegged token that has achieved widespread use across borders. As cited in industry reporting, the stablecoin market has surged in recent weeks, with circulating supply and market capitalization tracking toward record levels. In particular, the ecosystem’s borderless digital money concept has started to gain traction among users who need fast, low-cost transfers that do not depend on traditional correspondent banking networks. This development is not purely transactional; it also signals a broader shift in how communities facing disruption think about access to financial services. See the USDC price index for current data and context, and related analyses documenting the stablecoin’s expanding footprint, including discussions about capital movements in the Middle East and beyond.

Meanwhile, the UAE has figured prominently in conversations about capital flight and crypto usage. A Dubai-based analyst noted that turbulence in the real estate sector has contributed to shifting capital flows, which some observers link to heightened activity in borderless digital currencies. The real estate market index referenced in regional analyses has trended downward since the onset of regional tensions, a dynamic that dovetails with broader questions about how crypto can provide liquidity channels in volatile markets. These observations echo a wider debate about how policymakers should approach stablecoins and cross-border payments while ensuring consumer protection and financial stability.

Beyond humanitarian implications, the discourse is also framed against a broader crypto policy backdrop. For instance, discussions about how digital assets intersect with national security, monetary sovereignty, and financial inclusion are amplifying in legislative forums. A separate policy thread has examined the potential use cases for prediction markets related to geopolitical events, underscoring how technology platforms could influence risk assessment and decision-making in crisis contexts. The tension between fostering innovation and maintaining regulatory guardrails remains a defining feature of the current landscape. The link to related policy discussions provides additional context on how lawmakers view the balance between experimentation and oversight.

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Ultimately, the conversation centers on whether crypto developers and entrepreneurs can translate a doctrine of resilience into real-world tools that assist people who are most vulnerable to disruption. The call to action is not merely to build faster payments or cheaper transfers, but to design interfaces and fiducial structures that can function under duress, with clear governance and robust privacy protections. If the industry can align incentives around humanitarian use cases, the result could be a more inclusive crypto ecosystem that extends its benefits beyond early adopters to those who have historically been excluded from formal financial systems.

What to watch next

  • Announcements of refugee-focused crypto tooling or pilots from wallets, remittance platforms, or humanitarian organizations.
  • Regulatory developments shaping stablecoins and cross-border payments, particularly in regions with rising displacement pressures.
  • Updates on USDC and other stablecoins’ global supply dynamics, including any official disclosures about new markets or regulatory compliance arrangements.
  • Further commentary from Balaji Srinivasan and other industry voices on wartime internet resilience and humanitarian finance.
  • Regulatory or legislative steps related to prediction markets or crisis-related financial instruments that could influence crypto-backed risk transfer tools.

Sources & verification

  • Balaji Srinivasan’s X post referenced in discussion of refugee-focused crypto tooling.
  • Andi Duro, founder of TwoCents, on crypto’s deployment for refugees and the critique of current product focus.
  • USDC price index for current stablecoin metrics and liquidity context.
  • USDC market cap near $80B and related analysis on UAE capital flight and capital dynamics.
  • Article on Bitcoin’s geopolitical stress test and price movement referenced in related context.

Balaji Srinivasan calls on crypto builders to serve refugees amid rising displacement

In the current climate of intensified conflicts and ongoing economic migration, Balaji Srinivasan argues that crypto should advance beyond hype and toward practical humanitarian applications. He frames this as a strategic shift for an industry often defined by rapid innovation and speculative sentiment. By urging developers to focus on refugee-accessible financial tools, he positions crypto as a potential backstop for people who lose reliable access to conventional financial rails during crises. The call aligns with a broader conversation about the role of public blockchains in sustaining economic activity when centralized systems face disruptions, emphasizing that decentralization can offer continuity in the face of cyberattacks, infrastructure outages, or regulatory constraints.

Amid the debate, Srinivasan acknowledges that progress already exists in the form of stablecoins expanding their global reach as borderless digital money. While the industry has not yet delivered a full suite of refugee-centric products, the potential is clear: non-custodial wallets, transparent governance, and cross-border settlement rails could empower displaced individuals to store value, send remittances, and access identity-linked financial services with fewer intermediaries. The discussion also touches on the human dimension—products that work for refugees must be usable, accessible, and trusted by communities that have often been underserved by traditional financial infrastructure. The evolving narrative urges builders to test and scale with a humanitarian lens, ensuring security, privacy, and user-centric design are not sacrificed for speed or novelty.

On this topic, Srinivasan points to the broader stability narrative around stablecoins, noting that a leading USD-pegged token is already achieving widespread circulation. The growth in circulating supply and market depth has implications for liquidity and cross-border transactions, potentially enabling refugees and stateless individuals to participate in the digital economy more reliably. Reports referencing the price index and market-cap trends illustrate how capital flows are shifting, sometimes in response to geopolitical developments such as regional tensions in the Gulf and the real estate market’s response to conflict. While the numbers provide a snapshot of the moment, the underlying takeaway is a call for intentional product development that centers humanitarian needs as a core use case for crypto.

In this context, the conversation intersects with regulatory and policy considerations. Acknowledging the tension between innovation and oversight, the discourse invites ongoing dialogue about how to design crypto tools that are compliant, secure, and accessible to those who stand to gain the most from resilient financial rails. The critique from Andi Duro—that refugee-focused crypto products have been historically underdeveloped due to consumer misalignment with gambling-centric segments—serves as a reminder that the market must reorient incentives to serve vulnerable populations. If the community can translate this critique into concrete product and governance innovations, the humanitarian potential of crypto could become a meaningful, verifiable outcome rather than a theoretical ideal.

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Crypto World

Balaji Urges Crypto Industry to Build Tools for Refugees

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Balaji Urges Crypto Industry to Build Tools for Refugees

Tech investor and former Coinbase chief technology officer Balaji Srinivasan has called on the crypto industry to develop more financial tools for refugees and stateless people.

In a Saturday post on X, Srinivasan said the number of displaced individuals could grow as global conflicts intensify and economic migration increases. He pointed to examples ranging from Ukrainians fleeing war to workers leaving the Gulf countries amid regional tensions.

“We should build more crypto tools for refugees and stateless people,” Srinivasan wrote, suggesting that blockchain-based systems can provide financial infrastructure when traditional institutions fail or become inaccessible.

Srinivasan described crypto as “wartime mode for the internet,” arguing that decentralized networks were designed to operate even under hostile conditions such as cyberattacks, infrastructure failures or financial restrictions. He said that public blockchains can continue processing transactions even if centralized systems face disruptions.

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Related: Bitcoin ‘passing geopolitical stress test’ as BTC price spikes above $72K

Crypto rarely builds for refugees despite clear need

His comments came in response to a separate post from Andi Duro, founder of research site TwoCents, who argued that while crypto could serve refugees effectively, the industry rarely builds products specifically for them.

“It’s very unfortunate that crypto is a great solution for refugees who are stateless and forced to interact with crumbling institutions and payment rails,” Andi wrote. “But nobody in crypto builds for refugees because they’re not useful consumers for gambling.”

Srinivasan calls on crypto to build more tools for refugees. Source: Balaji Srinivasan

However, Srinivasan noted that crypto has had some success in building such tools. He pointed out the growing role of stablecoins, which he said are already gaining global reach as a borderless form of digital money. “But we can do more,” he added.

Related: US Senate bill targets prediction markets on war and assassinations

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UAE capital flight boosts USDC

As Cointelegraph reported, the market capitalization of the USDC (USDC) stablecoin is nearing a record $80 billion as supply surges in recent weeks. USDC’s circulating supply reaching roughly $79.2 billion, surpassing its previous high set in December after rising from about $70 billion in early February.

One Dubai-based analyst attributed the spike to capital flight from the United Arab Emirates amid turbulence in the real estate market. The DFM Real Estate Index has dropped sharply since the start of the war.

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