Crypto World
Robinhood Launches Public Testnet for Ethereum Layer 2 Blockchain
The Arbitrum-based network is designed to support tokenized real-world assets and other on-chain financial services.
Robinhood has launched the public testnet for Robinhood Chain, an Ethereum Layer 2 network built on Arbitrum, which has a total value locked (TVL) of over $2.3 billion.
The testnet enables developers to start building apps and infrastructure on Robinhood Chain, which the company said is designed to support tokenized real-world assets (RWAs), lending platforms, perpetual futures exchanges, and other on-chain financial services, according to a press release viewed by The Defiant.
Johann Kerbrat, Robinhood’s head of crypto, said in an exclusive interview with The Defiant that the testnet is an early step toward building a broader on-chain financial ecosystem.
“We think that it’s really going to accelerate all the development of on-chain financial services and all this tokenization future that we’ve been talking [about] for a long time,” Kerbrat told Camila Russo, founder of The Defiant. “So the testnet is really the first step to lay down the groundwork for an ecosystem that will help define all the tokenized reward assets that we’re planning on launching.”
The move comes as more financial firms adopt on-chain technology and begin integrating products directly on blockchain networks. One area seeing especially fast growth is tokenized RWAs. Distributed Asset Value has reached $23.8 billion, up about 11% over the past month, according to RWAxyz data.
According to the release, the testnet gives developers access to basic network tools, documentation, and Ethereum development software built on Arbitrum. Robinhood said some infrastructure providers are already connecting to the network, with more expected to join as testing continues.
Developers will also gain access to testnet-only assets, including stock tokens, along with direct testing through Robinhood Wallet in the coming months.
Kerbrat described Robinhood Chain as permissionless, meaning anyone can deploy applications. However, apps that appear inside the Robinhood app would still need to meet internal product requirements, he said.
Robinhood also plans to be one of the first major builders on the network, Kerbrat said, and ultimately wants to move more of its own infrastructure on-chain.
“The first developer to build on the chain is really going to be Robinhood,” he said. “And our vision is not just to have one or two products there, but to have the entire Robinhood infrastructure to be slowly replaced by the blockchain.”
Kerbrat revealed that early partners involved in the launch include Alchemy, LayerZero, and others, which are helping support the first phase of the public testnet.
“But the more we continue to build, the more we’re going to also launch our own products that are going to be either in partnership or directly revenue-made product,” he added. “But I think for us, the idea is that it’s not just a revenue chain only, but also something that other developers can actually build on top of.”
Robinhood has already rolled out tokenized stock products in Europe, with the offerings expanding quickly – Kerbrat said they grew from about 200 assets at launch last June to roughly 2,000 today.
“So we [grew] 10x in less than a year. And that really shows how flexible our tokenization engine is,” Kerbrat said. “And we think that coming from there, we are really going to be able to use this engine for anything.”
Crypto World
Zcash Devs Secure $25M From Major VCs Months After ECC Split
The Zcash Open Development Lab (ZODL), formed by the core engineering and product team that previously built the Zodl wallet under Electric Coin Company, has closed a $25 million funding round led by major crypto investors including a16z Crypto and Coinbase Ventures. The group left ECC in January after a dispute with Bootstrap, the nonprofit that oversees Zcash development, over governance and how the privacy protocol should evolve. ZODL said the round included Paradigm, Winklevoss Capital, Cypherpunk Technologies, Maelstrom, and Chapter One, along with notable backers such as Balaji Srinivasan, David Friedberg and Haseeb Qureshi. The developers say the capital will accelerate engineering and product expansion for the Zodl wallet and related privacy-focused infrastructure within the Zcash ecosystem.
Key takeaways
- ZODL raised about $25 million to scale its open-source Zodl wallet and underlying privacy-focused infrastructure.
- Investors described in the round span a16z Crypto, Coinbase Ventures, Paradigm, Winklevoss Capital, Cypherpunk Technologies, Maelstrom and Chapter One, with additional contributions from high-profile tech figures.
- The fundraising comes after the founders departed from Electric Coin Company in January due to governance and strategic disputes with Bootstrap, the nonprofit overseeing Zcash development.
- The Zodl wallet has become a central piece of Zcash’s ecosystem, handling substantial on-chain activity and contributing to a growing shielded pool since its 2024 launch.
- Market reaction to the news saw Zcash (CRYPTO: ZEC) edge higher, reflecting renewed interest in privacy-preserving crypto networks.
Tickers mentioned: $ZEC
Sentiment: Bullish
Price impact: Positive. The funding news coincided with a price uptick for ZEC, signaling investor enthusiasm for privacy-focused infrastructure.
Trading idea (Not Financial Advice): Hold. The development trajectory and capital backing suggest potential for long-term value if the project sustains momentum and adoption within the Zcash ecosystem.
Market context: The move arrives amid a crypto market backdrop marked by selective interest in privacy-preserving protocols and ongoing scrutiny of crypto governance models. As institutions continue to evaluate risk and compliance considerations, capital flowing toward mature privacy infrastructures signals a continued, if cautious, appetite for privacy-first capabilities within decentralized ecosystems.
Why it matters
At the heart of ZODL’s mission is the Zodl wallet, an open-source project that serves as a cornerstone of Zcash’s privacy narrative. Zcash, known for its shielded transactions that hide sender, receiver and amount, relies on a suite of tools and protocols to maintain user privacy while enabling compliance-friendly interfaces where necessary. By mobilizing a significant funding round, ZODL aims to accelerate feature development, expand the engineering team, and deepen the wallet’s integration with the broader Zcash ecosystem. This is not simply a software upgrade; it is a statement that privacy-focused infrastructure remains a viable, scalable area for investment within crypto markets.
The expansion comes after years of internal debates about how Zcash should balance privacy with governance and ecosystem growth. The departure of the ZODL team from ECC in January followed disagreements with Bootstrap, the nonprofit overseeing Zcash development, over priorities for the protocol’s evolution. With seasoned investors backing the effort, ZODL’s leadership argues that a more aggressive development roadmap can help Zcash remain competitive against other privacy-oriented networks while preserving the core principles that make shielded transactions attractive to users seeking confidentiality and censorship-resistance.
Beyond wallet engineering, the round signals confidence in the broader Zcash ecosystem’s potential. The Zodl wallet has already facilitated substantial activity, with the team noting that more than $600 million in ZEC swaps had traversed the wallet since October 2025. At the same time, the protocol’s shielded pool has grown by more than 400% since its 2024 launch, underscoring sustained user interest in privacy-preserving techniques. These metrics are important markers for developers and investors alike because they reflect real usage and value capture within a privacy-first framework, not merely theoretical appeal.
For users and builders, the funding could translate into faster onboarding for privacy-enabled features, smoother user experiences around shielded transactions, and expanded tooling that makes Zcash more accessible to a broader audience. It may also foster cross-project collaboration within the privacy space, as prominent backers with experience across crypto infrastructure bring additional perspectives on scalability, security, and governance that could shape ZEC’s competitive positioning in the market.
What to watch next
- Timeline for增加 engineering hires and product roadmaps as the ZODL team scales operations.
- Updates on Zodl wallet integrations and new privacy features that could affect user adoption and on-chain privacy guarantees.
- Any formal governance milestones or governance-related decisions within the Zcash ecosystem that could influence development direction.
- Market response to ZEC price movements and any related liquidity changes across exchanges and wallets tied to Zcash.
- Broader regulatory signals affecting privacy-preserving technologies and how exchanges and custodians implement privacy solutions.
Sources & verification
- ZODL funding round and investor roster announced via ZODL’s public communications (X post references and press disclosures).
- ZEC price data and market movement available on CoinGecko: https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/zcash
- ZEC price index and market coverage: https://cointelegraph.com/zec-price-index
- Background on Zcash development and the governance disputes surrounding Bootstrap: https://cointelegraph.com/news/zcash-devs-split-from-electric-coin-company-plan-to-create-new-firm
- Details on Bootstrap’s governance-related discussions impacting Zcash wallet development: https://cointelegraph.com/news/bootstrap-board-split-non-profit-zcash-wallet-investment
What the story means for the market
The ZODL funding round underscores a broader trend in crypto where substantial capital continues to flow into privacy-centric infrastructure, even as mainstream markets wobble. Investors appear to be differentiating between speculative trading activity and the long-term utility of protocol-level privacy tools. For Zcash, the emphasis on a robust, open-source wallet and scalable privacy primitives could help sustain usage in a landscape where users seek both confidentiality and control over their funds.
Rewritten article body: ZODL funding accelerates privacy-focused Zcash wallet expansion
In a move that signals ongoing confidence in privacy-preserving crypto networks, the team behind Zcash’s wallet infrastructure has secured a substantial funding round to accelerate development. The Zodl wallet, central to the Zcash ecosystem since its early iterations, is poised to benefit from a fresh influx of capital that investors describe as a vote of confidence in the long-term viability of decentralized, privacy-first finance.
The genesis of ZODL traces back to the Jan. split from Electric Coin Company, when a group of engineers and product managers who built the Zodl wallet chose to launch a dedicated development lab. Their decision followed what they described as governance concerns with Bootstrap, the nonprofit organization responsible for steering Zcash’s broader trajectory. The new lab positions itself as the custodian of a more autonomous development path for Zcash software, including tools that empower users to transact privately while preserving security and auditability for developers and auditors alike.
Leading the round, notable crypto institutions alongside venture groups contributed to the $25 million funding round. Names like a16z Crypto and Coinbase Ventures joined forces with Paradigm, Winklevoss Capital, Cypherpunk Technologies, Maelstrom, and Chapter One. The round also attracted high-profile individuals in technology and entrepreneurship, such as Balaji Srinivasan, David Friedberg, and Haseeb Qureshi, according to ZODL’s communications. The backing is framed by executives as a clear signal that the market still values privacy tech and that reliable, self-custodied wallets are critical to the ecosystem’s growth. A Monday X post from ZODL highlighted the breadth of the investor list and the strategic intent to scale engineering capacity to meet rising demand.
From a product perspective, ZODL’s mandate centers on expanding the Zodl wallet’s capabilities and ensuring its interoperability with Zcash’s privacy protocols. ZEC, the native token for Zcash, recently found renewed attention among traders and holders as liquidity and interest within privacy-first networks recover from broader market volatility. ZEC’s price movement—tracking the latest price metrics from data aggregators—offers a pragmatic signal of market participants’ willingness to support privacy projects during a period of regulatory scrutiny and macro caution. Analysts noted that ZEC rose on the funding news, a reflection of investor appetite for projects that promise tangible user value through enhanced privacy features and stronger development pipelines.
Beyond the wallet itself, the Zcash shielded pool has demonstrated meaningful growth since its 2024 launch, rising by more than 400%. The shielded pool is central to Zcash’s promise of private transactions, enabling participants to conceal the sender, recipient, and amount in on-chain interactions. The scale of activity the Zodl wallet has enabled—over $600 million in ZEC swaps since October 2025—serves as a practical barometer of the ecosystem’s activity and the wallet’s utility. Taken together, these data points suggest that user demand for private-by-default transactions remains a core driver of Zcash’s relevance in a crowded privacy landscape.
Investors’ confidence in ZODL also reflects a belief that governance and product strategy can be aligned with a sustainable, open-source model. While governance debates within the broader Zcash ecosystem sometimes complicate consensus, the new funding provides the resources needed to hire engineers, maintain code quality, and pursue practical features that simplify private transfers, improve tooling for developers, and expand the wallet’s reach to more users. For users who value control over their financial privacy, ZODL’s trajectory could translate into more accessible privacy-preserving workflows and a more resilient privacy toolkit in the crypto toolkit.
As the crypto market evolves, the emphasis on privacy-centric infrastructure is likely to influence both developer activity and investor sentiment. The Zcash project remains among the most visible proponents of shielded transactions, a technology that can mitigate some of the privacy concerns that come with transparent blockchains. The funding round’s success adds to a growing narrative that privacy technologies are not merely niche experiments but components of a larger, interoperable privacy stack that can adapt to regulatory and technical realities without compromising user confidentiality. The coming months will be telling as the ZODL team implements its roadmap, hires additional engineers, and reports on how the wallet’s features translate into real-world usage and broader ecosystem engagement.
Crypto World
US Banking Group Weighs OCC Lawsuit Over Crypto Trust Charters
A US trade group made up of some of the country’s biggest banks is reportedly considering suing the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), arguing that granting crypto firms bank charters could put Americans and the financial system at risk.
According to a report on Monday by The Guardian, citing a “source familiar with the lobby’s thinking,” the Bank Policy Institute (BPI) is weighing legal options after the OCC failed to heed warnings from banking groups over its reinterpretation of federal licensing rules.
In December, the OCC granted conditional national trust bank charter approvals to several crypto firms, including BitGo, Fidelity Digital Assets, Ripple and Paxos. A growing number of other crypto companies have followed suit since.
Blockchain infrastructure firm Zerohash submitted an application on Feb. 27. The OCC also issued conditional licenses to Crypto.com, Bridge, and Stripe in February.
The Trump-backed World Liberty Financial also applied for a charter in January to expand the use of its USD1 stablecoin, but is still waiting for a decision.
BPI, which counts major US institutions such as Goldman Sachs, American Express, and JPMorgan among its members, is also concerned that crypto firms with national trust bank charters pose risks to the wider financial system.

A national trust bank charter is a federal license from the OCC that permits a company to operate as a trust bank under federal law and engage in fiduciary activities such as trust services, custody and asset safekeeping.
Banking group hasn’t made the final call yet
According to The Guardian, the BPI has not yet made a final decision on whether to pursue legal action against the OCC. Cointelegraph contacted the Bank Policy Institute for comment.
Related: Bankers push OCC to slow crypto trust charters until GENIUS rules clarified
In October, the BPI released a statement urging the OCC to reject national trust company charter applications from a group of crypto firms, including Ripple and Circle. The BPI argued that granting these charters would result in less oversight than is required for full-service national banks.
The BPI was also among a group of banks and business associations that filed a lawsuit against the Federal Reserve in late 2024 over its stress-testing framework for assessing the health and resilience of the banking sector. The Fed has since agreed to reconsider parts of the framework and the case has been paused.
Magazine: China’s ‘50x’ blockchain boost, Alibaba-linked AI mines Bitcoin: Asia Express
Crypto World
Bitcoin ETF inflows fall to $619M as oil shakes markets
TLDR
- Bitcoin ETF products recorded $1.44 billion in inflows during the first three trading days of the week.
- Investors withdrew $829 million dollars before Friday, which reduced the net weekly total to 619 million dollars.
- Bitcoin attracted $521 million in inflows and led all digital asset funds.
- Ethereum and Solana funds posted gains, while XRP recorded outflows during the same period.
- Bitcoin price rose nearly 11 percent early in the week and later declined about 8%.
Bitcoin exchange-traded funds closed the week with $619 million in net inflows after sharp reversals. Early subscriptions reached $1.44 billion before late withdrawals erased momentum. Oil price volatility and geopolitical tension drove the rapid shift in positioning.
Bitcoin ETF Records $619M net Inflow After Volatile Week
Bitcoin ETF products attracted $1.44 billion during the first three trading days. However, investors withdrew $829 million before Friday and reduced the weekly total. CoinShares reported that Bitcoin led inflows with $521 million during the period.
Bitcoin prices moved in line with fund activity and reflected changing risk appetite. The asset rose nearly 11% from $66,356 to $73,648 between March 1 and 5, according to CoinGecko. It later fell about 8% and traded near $67,777 after Thursday.
Ethereum funds captured fresh capital as investors diversified exposure within digital assets. Solana products also recorded inflows during the early part of the week. In contrast, XRP funds posted outflows while other major assets gained subscriptions.
CoinShares stated that US-based investors drove most of the weekly activity. European and Asian investors showed lower participation during the same period. The report linked early inflows to market reaction following the US strike on Iran.
Nima Beni, founder of Bitlease, described the pattern as routine portfolio management. He said, “Portfolio managers often put on positions early in the week, capture the move, and then trim risk.” He added that the behavior reflects standard capital markets practice.
Oil Surge Pressures Crypto Markets and Trims ETF Demand
Oil prices surged to $119 per barrel after the US attack on Iran. Prices later retreated and stabilized near $102 per barrel by week’s end. Crude had traded near $74 only weeks earlier before the spike.
Market participants reacted as energy costs fed inflation expectations and rate concerns. Higher oil prices weighed on risk assets, including cryptocurrencies and related funds. Bitcoin traded in correlation with broader markets during the period.
Jonatan Randin, senior market analyst at PrimeXBT, cited geopolitical escalation as a driver of outflows. He pointed to activity around the Strait of Hormuz as a source of tension. Iranian officials confirmed developments near the key oil transit route.
About 20% of the global oil supply passes through the Strait of Hormuz. Any disruption to shipping can impact energy markets and investor positioning. Oil remained near $102 at the close of the reporting period.
Bitcoin ETF products, therefore, ended the week with $619 million in net inflows. The data reflects combined subscriptions and withdrawals recorded through Friday. CoinShares published the figures in its latest weekly report.
Crypto World
Strategy Buys $1.28B in Bitcoin, Holdings Top 738,000 BTC
TLDR
- Strategy purchased 17,994 Bitcoin for $1.28 billion at an average price of $70,946 per coin.
- The company increased its total holdings to 738,731 BTC at a total cost of $56.04 billion.
- Strategy funded the acquisition through $900 million in common stock sales and $377 million in preferred stock sales.
- The latest purchase marked its largest Bitcoin acquisition since January.
- Strategy’s holdings now represent about 3.7 percent of Bitcoin’s circulating supply.
Michael Saylor’s Strategy expanded its Bitcoin reserves with a $1.28 billion purchase last week. The company acquired 17,994 BTC at an average price of $70,946 per coin. As a result, total holdings reached 738,731 BTC as Bitcoin traded below $68,000.
Strategy Increases Bitcoin Holdings With $1.28 Billion Acquisition
Strategy confirmed the purchase in a filing with the US Securities and Exchange Commission on Monday. The company bought 17,994 Bitcoin for $1.28 billion during the reporting period. It paid an average price of $70,946 per coin, according to the filing.
The purchase pushed total holdings to 738,731 BTC at an aggregate cost of $56.04 billion. Strategy reported an overall average acquisition price of $75,862 per Bitcoin. The latest buy came in below that average cost basis.
Strategy funded most of the acquisition through equity sales during the week. The company raised $900 million from common stock sales to support the purchase. It also secured $377 million from sales of its STRC preferred stock series.
The company stated that the purchase marked its largest Bitcoin acquisition since January. In January, Strategy acquired 22,305 BTC for $2.13 billion at $95,284 per coin. The latest transaction occurred while Bitcoin traded near $67,000 for much of the week.
Bitcoin Supply Dynamics and Market Data
Strategy completed five acquisitions during the current below-cost period since Feb. 9. The company bought 25,229 BTC across those transactions during this timeframe. Its average cost basis declined from $76,052 to $75,862 during that period.
During 2022 and 2023, Strategy executed seven smaller purchases in similar below-cost conditions. The company acquired 28,560 BTC across those earlier transactions. This latest purchase exceeded the pace of its prior buying activity.
Market data shows that miners produce about 450 BTC per day. That output equals roughly 3,150 BTC entering circulation each week. Strategy’s purchase equaled nearly five weeks of newly mined Bitcoin supply.
Strategy’s holdings now represent about 3.7% of Bitcoin’s circulating supply. Circulating supply is expected to reach 20 million coins on Monday. At publication, Bitcoin traded at $67,725, up 2.4% over seven days.
Strategy shares rose 0.2% in pre-market trading following the disclosure. Over the past week, MSTR shares gained 3.6% and closed at $133.5 on Friday. The company disclosed the acquisition details in its Monday filing.
Crypto World
BMNR stock on the verge of a rebound as BitMine Ethereum buying spree continues
The BMNR stock price rose by over 4% on Monday and retested the important resistance level at $20 as Ethereum rebounded and the company continued accumulating.
Summary
- BitMine stock rose on Monday as the company continued buying Ethereum.
- It now holds over 4.5 million ETH tokens worth over $9 billion.
- The stock has formed a falling wedge pattern, pointing to an eventual rebound.
BitMine stock rose to $20, inside a range it has remained in the past few weeks. This price remains much lower than the all-time high of $150.
In a statement, the company said that it continued accumulating Ethereum (ETH) tokens last week, making it the biggest holder in the world. It now holds 4.534 million tokens, which is equivalent to 3.76% of Ethereum’s total supply. Its Ethereum holdings are now worth over $9 billion.
The company hopes to continue accumulating its Ethereum holdings in the coming months. Its goal is to become a 5% owner of Ethereum, a goal it may achieve later this year or in 2026. It has staked 67% of these holdings and generated over $174 million in annualized revenue.
BitMine also owns 195 Bitcoin (BTC), currently worth over $13 million, a $200 million investment in Beast Industries, and $1.2 billion in unencumbered cash.
The company will likely do well, especially when a crypto market rally starts, which is a possibility when the war in Iran ends, which may happen as soon as this month.
BMNR stock price technical analysis

The daily chart shows that the BitMine share price has remained in a narrow range in the past month. It was trading at $20 on Monday, up modestly from the year-to-date low of $16.60.
The stock is along the upper side of the falling wedge pattern, a common bullish reversal sign in technical analysis.
It has formed a bullish divergence pattern as the two lines of the Percentage Price Oscillator have made a bullish crossover and are pointing upwards.
The Relative Strength Index has also moved from the oversold level of 25 in February to the current 43.
Therefore, there is a possibility that the stock will have a strong bullish breakout, potentially to the next key resistance level at 30. The bullish outlook will become invalid if it drops below the year-to-date low of $16.
Crypto World
Anthropic Sues Trump Admin to Undo ‘Supply Chain Risk’ Label
Anthropic, the creator of the AI software Claude, has sued the Trump administration for what it says is an “unlawful campaign of retaliation” after the company refused to allow the military unrestricted use of its technology.
Anthropic sued multiple government agencies and officials in a California federal court on Monday, asking the court to reverse the Department of Defense’s decision to label the company a “supply chain risk.”
It also seeks to overturn US President Donald Trump’s directive to federal employees to stop using Claude. Anthropic also filed suit in a Washington, D.C., appeals court to challenge the Defense Department’s decision.
“These actions are unprecedented and unlawful,” Anthropic argued. “The Constitution does not allow the government to wield its enormous power to punish a company for its protected speech.”
Claude “never tested” for uses wanted by Pentagon
Last month, Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, who is named in the lawsuit, moved to label Anthropic as a supply chain risk, which was finalized on March 3, meaning any person or business doing business with the military can’t also deal with Anthropic.
It is the first time an American company has been designated a supply chain risk, a label usually reserved for companies tied to foreign adversaries.
The US government and the Pentagon have used Anthropic since 2024, and the company’s technology is the first AI to be deployed for use in classified work.
Anthropic said that Hegseth’s decision came after he demanded the company “discard its usage restrictions altogether,” but Anthropic maintained its technology shouldn’t be used for lethal autonomous warfare and mass surveillance of Americans, clauses that were always part of its government contracts.

“Anthropic has never tested Claude for those uses,” the company said in its lawsuit. “Anthropic currently does not have confidence, for example, that Claude would function reliably or safely if used to support lethal autonomous warfare.”
Related: US military used Anthropic in Iran strike despite ban order by Trump: WSJ
Anthropic’s lawsuit also named the US Treasury and its secretary, Scott Bessent, the State Department, and Secretary of State Marco Rubio, along with 17 other government agencies and officials.
A group of more than 30 AI engineers and scientists from OpenAI and Google, including the latter’s chief scientist, Jeff Dean, also filed a legal brief in support of Anthropic on Monday.
“If allowed to proceed, this effort to punish one of the leading U.S. AI companies will undoubtedly have consequences for the United States’ industrial and scientific competitiveness in the field of artificial intelligence and beyond,” the group wrote.
AI Eye: 9 weirdest AI stories from 2025
Crypto World
Collateral Reputation Tokens: Trust-Driven Lending Across Chains
In decentralized finance (DeFi), the concept of collateral has long been tied to raw asset value—how much crypto a borrower locks up to secure a loan. But what if collateral could carry more than just value? What if it could also carry trust? Enter Collateral Reputation Tokens (CRTs), a groundbreaking innovation that introduces a “trust score” into the lending process, reshaping risk assessment in multi-chain finance.
What Are Collateral Reputation Tokens?
Collateral Reputation Tokens are digital assets that embed a reputation score derived from a borrower’s historical behavior across blockchain networks. Unlike traditional collateral, which is purely quantitative, CRTs incorporate qualitative insights about past loan performance, defaults, and repayment consistency. Essentially, each CRT carries a “trust rating” that lenders can use to evaluate a borrower’s reliability beyond simple asset ownership.
How CRTs Work
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Historical Behavior Tracking: Borrowers’ repayment histories, defaults, and liquidation events are recorded and verified across chains. Advanced oracles and decentralized identity protocols consolidate this data into a unified score.
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Score Encoding: This behavior is encoded into a CRT, which can then be used as collateral on lending platforms. The higher the score, the more trust the token represents.
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Cross-Chain Compatibility: CRTs are designed to be interoperable, meaning a borrower’s reputation on one blockchain contributes to their trustworthiness on another. This creates a global credit profile in DeFi.
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Dynamic Adjustment: Scores update in real time as new behavioral data emerges. Timely repayments increase trust, while defaults lower the CRT’s score, affecting its collateral value.
Advantages of Collateral Reputation Tokens
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Reduced Over-Collateralization: Traditional DeFi loans often require 150–200% collateral. CRTs allow trusted borrowers to access loans with lower collateral ratios.
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Incentivized Good Behavior: Borrowers have a tangible reason to maintain consistent repayment records, as their trust score directly affects borrowing power.
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Enhanced Cross-Chain Lending: Lenders can make informed decisions even with borrowers from unfamiliar ecosystems. CRTs function as a portable credit reputation.
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Efficient Capital Use: By quantifying trust, platforms can allocate liquidity more effectively, potentially reducing interest rates for high-reputation borrowers.
Challenges to Consider
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Privacy Concerns: Aggregating behavioral data across chains raises questions about user privacy and the handling of sensitive financial information.
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Score Manipulation: Ensuring CRTs accurately reflect trustworthiness requires robust, tamper-resistant oracles and decentralized identity verification systems.
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Market Adoption: Lenders and borrowers must buy into the idea of reputation-weighted collateral, which may take time to gain mainstream traction.
The Future of DeFi Lending
Collateral Reputation Tokens represent a shift from purely asset-backed lending to trust-driven finance. By quantifying reliability and extending it across chains, CRTs could pave the way for more sophisticated credit markets in DeFi, where risk is measured not only in tokens but also in proven behavior.
In the evolving DeFi landscape, trust is becoming as valuable as capital—and CRTs might just be the first currency of credibility.
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Crypto World
U.S. stocks wobble as Iran tensions, CPI jitters and dollar slide test risk appetite
U.S. stocks and crypto slipped on Monday as Iran–Israel tensions, CPI sticky inflation and a weaker dollar rattled risk appetite and reinforced JPMorgan’s tactically bearish stance.
Summary
U.S. markets are being yanked back into macro reality as rising geopolitical risk, CPI and sticky inflation concerns and a weaker dollar collide with frothy risk assets. JPMorgan’s trading desk warned that an Iran war “could trigger the S&P 500 index to drop by as much as 10% from its peak,” adding that they are now “tactically bearish” on U.S. equities as oil climbs above $100 per barrel.
At the open, all three major U.S. equity benchmarks moved sharply lower, with the Dow Jones down 1%, the S&P 500 off 0.87% and the Nasdaq losing 0.86%, while large‑cap chip names such as Intel and AMD extended recent declines. Andrew Tyler, head of global market intelligence at JPMorgan, said positioning remains “overall neutral, lacking extreme de‑risking actions,” but argued that in a pullback scenario the S&P 500 could slide toward 6,270, roughly 7% below last Friday’s close. Other strategists echo that caution: “We are tactically cautious as we brace for what could be a prolonged period of heightened uncertainty,” JPMorgan’s team said in a recent note on the U.S.–Iran backdrop.
Inflation expectations are adding another layer of tension. Bank of America said in a client report that February’s CPI print is unlikely to change the Federal Reserve’s near‑term stance, projecting a 0.3% month‑on‑month rise in both headline and core CPI and “moderate growth in consumer prices” overall. That keeps rate‑cut optimism on a short leash and leaves equities more sensitive to growth scares and geopolitical shocks.
The U.S. dollar index DXY has briefly dropped more than 10 points in short order, sliding to around 99.25 as traders rotate into other havens and reassess the U.S. macro premium. In digital assets, bitcoin traded near $68,200, down about 4% over the last 24 hours, while ethereum changed hands around $3,040, lower by roughly 4% on the day. Solana was recently quoted near $85.50, shedding about 3.9% over the same period as liquidity thinned out across majors.
Crypto World
UPS (UPS) Stock Plummets 5% Amid Oil Price Surge and Transport Sector Turbulence
TLDR
- United Parcel Service shares declined approximately 4.9% on March 9, 2026, following an oil price surge beyond $100 per barrel
- Rival FedEx (FDX) experienced an even steeper decline, losing over 7% during the same trading session
- Last week, Jefferies upgraded its UPS price target to $135 from $130, suggesting potential upside of 38%
- Technical indicators show UPS’s RSI at 30.22, approaching oversold levels
- The company anticipates revenue recovery in 2026 following an approximate 3% contraction in 2025
Shares of United Parcel Service experienced significant downward pressure on Monday as escalating oil prices triggered widespread concern throughout the transportation industry. The stock declined approximately 4.9% to trade near $97.90 during midday Eastern Time.
United Parcel Service, Inc., UPS
Oil prices rocketed past the $100-per-barrel threshold during morning trade, fueled by intensifying geopolitical tensions in the Middle East. While crude retreated modestly from peak levels, prices stayed sufficiently elevated to maintain investor anxiety over fuel expenses.
FedEx (FDX) experienced even more severe losses, plummeting over 7% during the session. Transportation stocks witnessed broad-based selling pressure as market participants reassessed fuel cost vulnerabilities throughout the industry.
The market downturn arrives at an unfortunate moment for UPS investors. Only days earlier, Jefferies highlighted UPS as a preferred investment within its “HALO” strategy — an acronym representing “heavy asset, low obsolescence.” The investment thesis centers on allocating capital toward businesses with substantial physical assets that artificial intelligence cannot readily replace or make redundant.
Accompanying that recommendation, Jefferies elevated its UPS price objective from $130 to $135. Based on Monday’s trading levels around $97.90, that target represents potential appreciation of approximately 38%.
Oil Pressure Hits Already-Thin Margins
Fuel represents a critical expense category for any logistics operator maintaining a fleet exceeding 500 aircraft and 100,000 ground vehicles. When crude oil experiences rapid increases, the financial impact materializes quickly.
UPS’s current operating margin stands at 8.87%, following a downward trajectory — declining at an average annual rate of roughly 4% over the previous five-year period. Net margin registers at 6.29%. Any prolonged elevation in oil prices complicates efforts to maintain these profitability metrics.
Top-line revenue contracted nearly 3% during 2025. Company leadership has projected a rebound to positive revenue growth for 2026, although that forecast preceded the current oil market volatility.
The organization’s debt-to-equity ratio measures 1.76, representing elevated leverage. While its interest coverage ratio of 7.74 indicates current debt obligations remain serviceable, the leverage profile provides limited cushion against margin deterioration.
What the Valuation Says
From a valuation perspective, UPS appears reasonably priced at present levels. The trailing P/E ratio stands at 15.6, trading below its historical median of 19.63. The price-to-sales multiple registers at 0.98.
GurFocus estimates fair value at $133.78, characterizing UPS as moderately undervalued relative to current market prices. The RSI reading of 30.22 suggests the stock is approaching technically oversold conditions.
Wall Street analyst consensus averages approximately 2.5 — effectively a hold recommendation — with a mean price objective of $114.40.
The company’s Altman Z-Score calculation of 2.94 positions it within the cautionary grey zone, indicating some degree of financial pressure meriting attention. Recent insider transaction activity has skewed toward dispositions, with 25,014 shares sold during the past three-month period.
UPS handles approximately 22 million package deliveries daily across global markets. Domestic United States operations generate roughly 65% of consolidated revenue, while international package services contribute about 20%.
The stock’s 52-week trading range extends from $82.00 to $123.70. Monday’s intraday trough touched $97.01, with market capitalization hovering around $86.91 billion.
As of Monday’s midday session, UPS traded at $97.90, offering a dividend yield of 6.41%.
Crypto World
Anthropic Takes Legal Action Against Pentagon Following AI Security Blacklist
Key Points
- On March 9, 2026, Anthropic launched two separate legal challenges against the Pentagon and federal agencies
- The Defense Department classified Anthropic as a “supply-chain risk” following the company’s refusal to eliminate AI safety protections
- President Trump directed all federal entities to cease using Claude, the company’s AI assistant
- The AI firm contends that government actions breach First Amendment protections and due process requirements
- Following Anthropic’s blacklisting, OpenAI secured a new contract with the Defense Department
An AI company has taken the unprecedented step of suing multiple U.S. government entities after being placed on a Defense Department security blacklist this week.
The litigation consists of two distinct cases — one submitted to the Northern District of California court and another to the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals. Both filings contest the federal government’s determination that Anthropic poses supply-chain threats.
The controversy emerged from disagreements about military applications of Claude, Anthropic’s AI assistant. Pentagon officials requested unrestricted “lawful use” access to the technology. However, the company maintained its position on keeping protective measures that prevent the system from being deployed for autonomous weaponry or domestic monitoring operations.
Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth formally issued the supply-chain risk designation on February 27, with official notification reaching the company on March 3.
President Trump escalated the situation through a social media directive, commanding every federal department and agency to discontinue Claude usage, significantly expanding the initial Pentagon action.
The company characterized the government’s decisions as “unprecedented and unlawful,” asserting that both its “reputation and core First Amendment freedoms are under attack.” According to Anthropic, these measures constitute retaliation for exercising protected speech rights rather than representing genuine national security concerns.
“The Constitution does not allow the government to wield its enormous power to punish a company for its protected speech,” the company stated in court documents.
Financial Impact in the Hundreds of Millions
According to company statements, the security designation is already “jeopardizing hundreds of millions of dollars” in revenue opportunities. The Pentagon has awarded contracts valued at up to $200 million each to leading AI developers including Anthropic, OpenAI, and Google within the last year.
Wedbush analyst Dan Ives cautioned that the blacklisting might prompt corporate customers to suspend Claude implementations pending judicial resolution.
Dario Amodei, Anthropic’s CEO, clarified that he doesn’t categorically oppose AI-powered weapons systems but maintains that existing AI capabilities lack the precision required for completely autonomous military operations. He emphasized that the Pentagon designation has a “narrow scope” and won’t impact business relationships outside the Defense Department.
A leaked internal communication from Amodei, disclosed by The Information, suggested Pentagon decision-makers were influenced by Anthropic’s failure to offer “dictator-style praise to Trump.” Amodei subsequently issued an apology for the memo’s contents.
The Path Forward
The company indicated that filing lawsuits doesn’t preclude ongoing dialogue with government officials. A Defense Department representative declined to discuss active litigation, while a Pentagon official confirmed last week that direct negotiations between the parties had ceased.
The secondary lawsuit addresses broader supply-chain legislation that could expand the blacklist beyond military applications to encompass civilian federal operations. The reach of such a designation hinges on an interagency assessment still in progress.
Shortly following Anthropic’s blacklisting, OpenAI revealed an agreement to supply its AI systems to Pentagon infrastructure. Sam Altman, OpenAI’s CEO, stated that Defense Department requirements aligned with his company’s guidelines regarding human control over weapons systems and rejection of widespread domestic surveillance.
Sources indicate that Anthropic’s financial backers are actively attempting to mitigate consequences stemming from the federal government dispute.
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