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Did a tsunami hit the Bristol Channel four centuries ago? Revisiting the great flood of 1607

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Did a tsunami hit the Bristol Channel four centuries ago? Revisiting the great flood of 1607

People living on the low-lying shores of the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary began their day like any other on January 30 1607. The weather was calm. The sky was bright.

Then, suddenly, the sea rose without warning. Water came racing inland, tearing across fields and villages, sweeping away the homes, livestock and people in its path.

By the end of the day, thousands of acres were underwater. As many as 2,000 people may have died. It was, quite possibly, the deadliest sudden natural disaster to hit Britain in 500 years.

More than four centuries later, the flood of 1607 still raises a troubling question. What, exactly, caused it?

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Most early explanations blamed an exceptional storm. But when my colleague and I began examining the historical evidence more closely in 2002, we became less certain that this was the full picture. For one, eyewitness accounts tell a more unsettling story.

The flood struck on January 30 1607 – or January 20 1606, according to the old Julian calendar, which was still in use at that time. The flood affected coastal communities across south Wales, Somerset, Gloucestershire and Devon, inundating some areas several miles inland. People at the time were no strangers to storms or high tides – but this was different.

Churches were inundated. Entire villages vanished. Vast stretches of farmland were ruined by saltwater, leaving communities facing hunger as well as grief. Memorial plaques in local churches and parish documents still mark the scale of the catastrophe.

Much of what we know about how the event unfolded comes from chapbooks, which were cheaply printed pamphlets sold in the early 17th century. These accounts describe not just the damage, but the terrifying speed and character of the water itself.

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One such pamphlet, God’s Warning to His People of England, describes a calm morning suddenly interrupted by what witnesses saw approaching from the sea:

Upon Tuesday 20 January 1606 there happened such an overflowing of waters … the like never in the memory of man hath been seen or heard of. For about nine of the morning, many of the inhabitants of these countreys … perceive afar off huge and mighty hilles of water tombling over one another, in such sort as if the greatest mountains in the world had overwhelmed the lowe villages or marshy grounds.

Our interest in the event arose from reading that account. It gives a specific time for the inundation – around nine in the morning – and emphasises the fair weather and sudden arrival of the floodwaters.

From a geographer’s perspective, this description is striking. Sudden onset, wave-like forms and an absence of storm conditions are not typical of storm surges. To us, the language was reminiscent of eyewitness accounts of tsunamis elsewhere in the world. This suggested a tsunami origin for the flood should be evaluated.

A plaque in Goldcliff Parish Church, Newport, marks the height of the flood that occurred on January 20 1606 (January 30 1607 in the modern calendar).
Robin Drayton/Wikimedia

Until the early 2000s, few researchers seriously questioned the storm-surge explanation. But as we revisited the historical sources, we began to ask whether the physical landscape might also preserve clues to what happened in 1607. If an extreme marine inundation had struck the coast at that time, it may have left geological evidence behind.

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In several locations around the estuary, we identified a suite of features with a chronological link to the early 17th century: the erosion of two spurs of land that previously jutted out into the estuary, the removal of almost all fringing salt marsh deposits, and the occurrence of sand layers in otherwise muddy deposits

These features point to a high-energy event. The question was what kind?

Testing the theory

To explore this further, we undertook a programme of fieldwork in 2004. We examined sand layers and noted signatures of tsunami impact such as coastal erosion, and analysed the movement of large boulders along the shoreline. Boulder transport is particularly useful, as it allows estimates of the wave heights needed to move them.

Some fieldwork was filmed for a BBC documentary broadcast in April 2005, which featured other colleagues too. It included an argument for a storm, but also another suggesting it isn’t fanciful to consider that an offshore earthquake provided the trigger.

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Our results were published in 2007, coincidentally the 400th anniversary of the flood. In parallel, colleagues published a compelling model supporting a storm surge. The scientific debate, rather than being resolved, intensified.

An updating of wave heights based on boulder data using refined formula was published in 2021, suggesting a minimum tsunami wave height of 4.2 metres is required to explain the coastal features – whereas, according to the calculations, storm waves of over 16 metres would be required. This is perhaps unlikely within the relatively sheltered Severn estuary.

A stone marker with carvings depicting the height of the great flood.
Marker on the wall of a church in Redwick, Newport showing the level of the great flood.
delveintowales.com/Alamy

The low-lying coasts around the Bristol Channel remain vulnerable to flooding. Storm surges occur regularly, though usually with more limited effects. Climate change is now increasing the risk through rising sea levels and more intense weather systems.

Tsunamis, by contrast, are rare. A report by the UK government’s Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs found it unlikely that the 1607 flood may have been caused by one. However, it also noted that offshore southwest Britain is among the more credible locations for a future tsunami, triggered by seismic activity or submarine landslides.

This distinction matters. Storm surges can usually be forecast. Tsunamis may arrive with little or no warning.

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À lire aussi :
From Noah’s flood to Shakespeare’s storms, what literature reveals about our changing relationship with the weather


Scholarly and public interest in the flood has not waned. In November 2024, a Channel 5 documentary brought together several strands of recent research, concluding that the jury is still out on the flood’s cause.

That uncertainty should not be seen as a failure. Evaluating competing explanations is essential when trying to understand extreme events in the past – especially when those events have implications for present-day risk.

Whether the flood of 1607 was driven by storm winds, unusual tides or waves generated far offshore, its lesson is clear. Coastal societies ignore rare disasters at their peril.

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The sea has come in before. And it will do so again.

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The tiny Cambridgeshire village with just one pub and nothing else

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Cambridgeshire Live

The isolated village only has one pub but is close to a few other towns with local amenities

Cambridgeshire is a county full of tiny towns and villages where people move to escape busy city life. This tiny village on the edge of Cambridgeshire is particularly isolated and ideal for those looking for a countryside escape.

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Keyston is located around 12 miles away from Huntingdon and was originally built around the brook that runs through the village’s centre. References to the village in the Domesday Book date back as far as 1086, when there was just one manor and 32 households in the area.

It is estimated that the village’s population was around 112 to 160 people. To this day, the village has not grown much, as Keyston and Bythorn have a combined population of around 316.

The village lacks amenities, with no shops and only one pub. However, Thrapston is only an 8-minute drive from the village and offers a range of restaurants and shops.

The Pheasant is the village pub and is described as having “oak beams and open fires”, as well as a patio garden where you can spend hours soaking up the sun in the summer. The pub offers a modern British menu featuring dishes such as pork belly, battered fish, and steaks, all made with locally sourced ingredients.

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The Pheasant’s drinks menu is just as impressive as its food, with plenty of beers, ales, and non-alcoholic options available. The pub also has an “extensive yet eclectic wine list” and house cocktails for those who don’t enjoy a beer.

Aside from a pub, the village is also home to the historic church of St John the Baptist, which dates back to the 13th century. The church is known for its oak cadaver, a memorial made from a wooden skeleton taken from a 15th-century tomb, and is one of only two carvings in the country.

Since 2008, the church has become a roosting site for Natterer’s bats, a species protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. This means the church needs to be thoroughly cleaned before services and ceremonies.

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If you would like to live in the area, there are a few properties currently on the market, such as this two-bed barn-style home priced at £465,000. If you are looking for something bigger, there is this four-bed home with three bathrooms, surrounded by countryside.

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Tottenham reveal why they appointed Igor Tudor as demands made clear

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Tottenham reveal why they appointed Igor Tudor as demands made clear

Tudor has also had short stints at Lazio, Marseille, Galatasaray, Udinese, Hellas Verona, Hajduk Split, PAOK and Karabukspor during a coaching career that followed his 13-year spell as a versatile defender for the likes of Juventus, Hajduk Split and the Croatian national team.

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T20 World Cup: England beat Scotland to put campaign back on track

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Witness History

Though Scotland’s score always looked 20 runs below par, England were troubled at one stage.

They took three wickets in the powerplay, including Archer having the dangerous George Munsey and number three Brandon McMullen miscuing pulls in a lively opening spell of three overs, but Berrington countered impressively.

Berrington, a good player of slow bowling, was particularly aggressive against England’s spinners. He hit Rashid for two fours and a six in his second over and was the aggressor in a partnership of 71 with Tom Bruce.

At 113-3 in the 13th over, 190 was Scotland’s target. Instead, the wicket of Bruce resulted in the innings sliding away.

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He slog-swept Liam Dawson to deep square leg for 24 – one of six batters to wastefully pick out fielders in the deep.

In the next over Rashid pinned the sweeping Berrington in front as England’s leg-spinner, having gone wicketless for 26 runs in his first two overs, took 3-10 in his second spell.

Dawson, who took 2-34, added the wicket of Michael Leask, also caught in the deep.

Scotland’s collapse 5-14 in 3.3 overs ultimately denied them the 30 runs that could have kept them alive in this tournament.

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Foreign secretary Yvette Cooper says Russia poisoned Alexei Navalny with dart frog toxin

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Manchester Evening News

Russia has previously denied any involvement in the opposition leader’s death

The foreign secretary has said Russia poisoned opposition leader Alexei Navalny with a toxin from a dart frog.

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Mr Navalny died at a Siberian penal colony two years ago. On Saturday, February 14, following analysis of material samples found on his body, the UK and its allies stated that Russia carried out the attack.

The Russian authorities have previously strenuously denied any involvement in his death. But the Foreign Office said there is no innocent explanation for the toxin, Epibatidine, being found on the body.

Foreign secretary Yvette Cooper met with Mr Navalny’s widow Yulia Navalnaya at the Munich Security Conference this weekend. Mrs Navalnaya announced her husband’s death at the gathering in 2024.

Speaking from the conference, Ms Cooper said: “Since Yulia Navalnaya announced the loss of her husband here in Munich two years ago, the UK has pursued the truth of Alexei Navalny’s death with fierce determination. Only the Russian Government had the means, motive and opportunity to deploy this lethal toxin against Alexei Navalny during his imprisonment in Russia.

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“Today, beside his widow, the UK is shining a light on the Kremlin’s barbaric plot to silence his voice. Russia saw Navalny as a threat. By using this form of poison the Russian state demonstrated the despicable tools it has at its disposal and the overwhelming fear it has of political opposition.”

A joint statement from the UK, Sweden, France, Germany and The Netherlands published on Friday states the countries are “confident that Alexei Navalny was poisoned with a lethal toxin”.

The statement reads: “This is the conclusion of our Governments based on analyses of samples from Alexei Navalny. These analyses have conclusively confirmed the presence of epibatidine. Epibatidine is a toxin found in poison dart frogs in South America. It is not found naturally in Russia.

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“Russia claimed that Navalny died of natural causes. But given the toxicity of epibatidine and reported symptoms, poisoning was highly likely the cause of his death. Navalny died while held in prison, meaning Russia had the means, motive and opportunity to administer this poison to him. Russia’s repeated disregard for international law and the Chemical Weapons Convention is clear.”

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Alexei Navalny died ‘after being poisoned with dart frog toxin by Kremlin’

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Alexei Navalny died ‘after being poisoned with dart frog toxin by Kremlin’

Putin arch-rival Alexei Navalny died after being poisoned with a lethal toxin and Russia is to blame for the attack, the UK and its allies have said.

The UK, France, Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands said on Saturday during a press conference at the Munich security conference that analysis of samples from Navalny “have conclusively confirmed the presence of epibatidine.”

It is a toxin found in poison dart frogs in South America.

Yulia Navalnaya, his widow, appeared at a press conference at the event to announce the discovery.

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For the latest updates on the Munich security conference, read our live blog HERE

The countries said that “only the Russian state had the combined means, motive and disregard for international law” to carry out the attack on the Russian opposition leader.

Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Putin (AP)

The allies also pointed to an attempt to poison Mr Navalny with the nerve agent Novichok in 2020, which followed the Salisbury poisonings in 2018.

They will now send their findings to the UN’s chemical weapons watchdog, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).

Navalny, who crusaded against official corruption and staged massive anti-Kremlin protests, died in a penal colony in Siberia in February 2024.

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He was serving a 19-year sentence that he believed to be politically motivated.

Ms Navalnaya said last year that two independent labs had found that her husband was poisoned shortly before his death. She has repeatedly blamed Putin for Navalny’s death, something Russian officials have vehemently denied.

It is not clear how the frog poison was allegedly administered to Navalny.

This story is being updated

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HMRC private pension warning as Brits urged to ‘think twice’

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Daily Mirror

HMRC has warned people to be wary of pension withdrawals

Brits have been advised to think carefully before tapping into their private pension pots. It follows warnings that some seemingly “helpful” guidance could result in a substantial tax bill.

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HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) stated that certain schemes offering tax relief or additional income can constitute tax avoidance – leaving people not only with unexpected tax bills but also interest and penalties. The tax authority issued an alert via a post on X, saying: “Think twice before accessing your private pension pot. It may count as tax avoidance and could end up costing you more than you expect.”

This comes as experts say some unscrupulous advisers are targeting workers with schemes that sound too good to be true. HMRC emphasised that everyone is responsible under UK law for paying the correct amount of tax, even if they rely on someone else’s advice.

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The tax authority highlighted that payments made outside the official tax rules are classified as unauthorised payments, and tax charges are payable. These include most lump sums taken before age 55, lump sums exceeding £30,000, and continued payments after a member’s death.

Payments made due to incorrectly calculated pension transfers or annuities can also be classified as unauthorised. “Unscrupulous firms are using misleading information to promote personal loans or cash incentives, enticing savers to unlock their pension pots early,” HMRC warned.

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“There is no legal loophole – these transactions are unauthorised payments.”

Unauthorised payments are subject to three tax charges:

  • A 40% unauthorised payment charge, payable by the member (or employer if applicable).
  • An additional 15% unauthorised payments surcharge if 25% or more of a pension pot is withdrawn in a year, bringing the total tax payable to 55%.
  • A scheme sanction charge of 40%, payable by the scheme administrator on most unauthorised payments, loans, or investments in taxable property.

Members can settle the tax either through a mandate permitting the scheme to deduct it, or via Self Assessment. HMRC emphasised that ignoring the issue only escalates the bill.

Think before you leap

HMRC’s recent reminder comes as experts warn that some advisers are enticing workers with schemes promising extra income or tax relief, which are in fact avoidance schemes. Tax avoidance typically involves artificial arrangements created solely to minimise tax.

Workers should be cautious of payments that don’t align with their payslip, untaxed loans, or capital advances. Those entangled in such schemes face the owed tax, plus interest and any fees already paid to the scheme promoter.

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Seek assistance before it’s too late

Anyone suspecting involvement in a tax avoidance or unauthorised pension scheme should contact HMRC immediately. “Ignoring the problem is not the answer. The longer you leave it, the bigger the tax bill,” the authority cautioned.

Support is available to safely exit schemes, and payment plans can be arranged for those unable to pay all at once. Dubious schemes can be reported online or by telephone on 0800 788 887 (or +44 (0)203 0800 871 from outside the UK). Reports can be submitted anonymously using code ‘TAC’.

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Police tape off Scots town main street as crews rush to early-hours crash

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Daily Record

The area remains cordoned off.

Police have taped off a main street in a Scots town following an early-morning crash.

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Emergency services were called to the collision on Main Street in East Whitburn, West Lothian, at 6.25am on Saturday, February 14. Crews remain at the scene.

It’s currently unknown if there are any injuries. Motorists have been urged to use alternative routes.

Images taken from the scene show a large cordon in place. Multiple cop vehicles are in attendance.

A statement from Police Scotland reads: “Main Street in East Whitburn has been closed between Redmill Court and Copart due to a crash which happened around 6.25am. Motorists are advised to use alternative routes.”

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Status-symbol packaging: 16 larder staples that look as good as they taste

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Status-symbol packaging: 16 larder staples that look as good as they taste

It’s a shift driven by Instagram, yes, but also by a broader rethinking of luxury. Food has become fashion-adjacent: we’re buying provenance, craft and storytelling, wrapped up in packaging that feels collectable. These are products designed to be seen, not shoved into a cupboard. Think the sort of tins you stack artfully next to your Le Creuset, jars you casually leave by the hob, bottles that earn a permanent spot on the countertop.

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Met Office latest on when snow is expected to return to Greater Manchester

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Manchester Evening News

Enjoy today’s sunshine while it lasts

Greater Manchester is basking in glorious, long-awaited sunshine on a chilly Valentine’s Day. Clear sunny skies have dominated so far today (February 14), on what one Met Office forecaster described as ‘the best day we’ve seen for some time’.

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But clouds are expected to gather as the afternoon goes on, before wintry conditions return later tonight. A yellow weather warning for snow and ice comes into force at 9pm tonight and runs until 10am on Sunday morning.

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The Met Office says ‘snow, heavy at times, may cause some disruption to travel, especially over high ground during Saturday night and Sunday morning’. The warning covers north and east Manchester, plus Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, and parts of Salford and Wigan boroughs.

Met Office maps show a band of rain, sleet and snow moving eastwards later tonight, first hitting Greater Manchester from around 10pm and covering the region within an hour. Maps from the Met Office suggest this will first land as rain and sleet, turning to snow by 11pm.

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Thicker snow is expected in the early hours of the morning. At 1am, thicker snow is forecast around Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale and Tameside, while sleet and rain hits Wigan.

Wetter weather could hit Manchester, Salford, Trafford and Wigan from around 2.30am, with snow lingering on areas of higher ground after 3am. Rain should begin to clear at around the same time, before wintry conditions shift from the region by 5am.

A mostly dry morning is forecast in Greater Manchester on Sunday, but a band of heavy rain is expected to hit the region from 11.30am, moving eastwards until it clears the area by 1.30pm. Further spells of light rain and showers are forecast as the afternoon and evening goes on.

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Tottenham confirm Igor Tudor as interim head coach after Thomas Frank sacking

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Tottenham confirm Igor Tudor as interim head coach after Thomas Frank sacking

Standard Sport understands Tudor will be a candidate for the full-time role if he does well between now and the end of the season, but it appears likelier that they will look elsewhere for the permanent appointment in the summer – with ex-Spurs boss Mauricio Pochettino tipped by some for a romantic return to the club.

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