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Adults Are Now Pushing Teens Out of Teen Literature

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When I was younger, I never considered myself a reader until — at 12 years old —  I picked up a copy of Percy Jackson and The Olympians: The Lightning Thief off of a library shelf at school. My nose was perpetually stuck in a book after that. I spent my formative years reading anything I could get my hands on, but I quickly found my home in the Young Adult (YA) section of every library or bookstore I walked into. 

Chances are, if you’re someone who consider yourself a reader, you have also spent a significant amount of time perusing the stacks labeled YA at your local bookstore or library. YA is home to some of pop culture’s biggest hits, like Divergent, The Hunger Games and Twilight. However, the fact that YA has become so popular does not mean that it is intended for all audiences. In recent years, adult readers have poured into the category, altering it significantly.

What is YA?

YA is a category — not a genre. A genre groups books by a set of thematic elements, while a category groups books by their intended audience. When YA gets redefined as a genre, it can lose touch with its audience.

The Young Adult Library Service Association first created the YA category in the 1960s to cater to readers aged 12–18. They realized that there was not a space for teens in the literary world, so they gave them one.

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Other than age range, there are no conventions that YA must follow. However, there is a lot of overlap in the content that these stories explore. YA books tend to share common tropes, character archetypes and plotlines. The main characters tend to be 12–18 years old, the same age as the readers. “Good girls” and “bad boys” are frequent archetypes. Plots often center on love triangles and coming-of-age narratives. 

Since YA is intended for a younger audience, it tends to avoid explicit content like intense descriptions of sex and sexual or physical violence. YA can explore these topics, but not with graphic detail; you’re not going to find Game of Thrones sitting in the YA section. Think of YA in terms of cinema: If it were a rating, it would be PG-13.

In the past five years, however, the content we have been seeing would be rated R. Adult consumers of YA have demanded more explicit content. This raises the question: Why are so many adults reading YA in the first place?

Why are adults flooding into YA?

As an active reader and a participant in online book communities for a decade, I can safely say that most — if not all — of the books I have read in the past five years have been recommended to me via social media. The Internet connects us all, and the book community is no exception. The literature sides of TikTok, Instagram and YouTube (affectionately dubbed BookTok, Bookstagram and BookTube) have allowed readers to share the works they love with one another.

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An unintended consequence of this connection is the use of these platforms as a means to promote books. BookTok especially has had a major impact on the way that books are being promoted. Walk into your local Barnes and Noble and there will be a display table piled high with books that are “Popular on BookTok!”

The problem with this form of marketing is who is participating. Most YA promoters are adults, and most of their audience is adults too. It’s not that teens don’t use social media or that they aren’t also a part of these spaces, but they do not make up a large enough portion to have a voice. There are fewer of them, and besides, they have less money to spend.

Adult marketers attract adult readers and isolate teen fans by reducing YA to a set of tropes that readers are accustomed to seeing, without regard to who they are meant for. The protagonist is a teenager and the plot is a love triangle, not because this is what appeals to young people but because this is what the aesthetic demands. Booktok promoters hawk books on popular tropes — “try this new enemies-to-lovers book!” These are abstractions of teenage experiences, and often cliches, that no longer appeal to young people as such. This ageless marketing strategy draws in readers from across the board.

In April, The Guardian reported that 74% of YA readers were adults; 28% of them were over 28. If you go onto BookTok, Bookstagram and BookTube, you’ll find that the vast majority of people promoting YA books are above the intended reader age range.

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How are adult readers changing YA?

There is nothing wrong with adults reading YA books. In fact, a lot of adults gravitate to YA because it contains less smut. However, since the typical buyer is now over 18, authors are shifting to please the largest and most vocal part of their reader base.

Remember that YA is a category, defined by its age base. With the influx of adult readers, it has instead become a genre that peddles the same themes but to a redefined audience. When you pick up a “YA” book now, you will find the same characters, plots and tropes you would have found 15 years ago — but in between these familiar themes, you’ll also find loads of “spicy” content meant to service the new audience.

YA was the perfect place for teens to begin to explore the topic of sex. This came in the form of fade-to-black, closed-door or non-graphic sex scenes. Today, you’re going to find very detailed — and numerous — descriptions of sex. While these scenes might not use the exact vocabulary that novels in the Adult category would, the level of detail becomes graphic regardless of the word choice.

One notable example is the A Court of Thorns and Roses (ACOTAR) series by Sarah J. Maas. When Maas originally wrote the book, she intended for it to be published in the Adult category. However, her existing fan base was in YA, thanks to her Throne of Glass series. So, Maas’s publisher pushed ACOTAR into the category. She accepted this change on the condition that she would not have to cut any of the smut.

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The first four books in the ACOTAR series were all published as YA despite containing chapter-long, in-depth sex scenes. Only with the release of the fifth book — A Court of Silver Flames — came a rebrand of the series as Adult. Which raises the question: Why was it ever allowed to be published as YA if the content has always been Adult?

How does adultified YA affect young readers?

The YA category is meant to be a space for teens to find themselves and explore topics that help them through their adolescence. For these readers, sexuality is something new, unfamiliar, awkward and exciting. They deserve books that can help them make sense of this part of reality — not just books that put it on display for a meaningless thrill.

The more Adult books get pushed into YA, the more teens engage with explicit content. Remember, YA starts as early as 12. Between the ages of 12 and 18, there is a lot of mental development occurring. It is not healthy for children to be reading what can — in some of the worst cases — be porn. Whether we can “separate fiction from reality” or not, the media we take in affects us mentally. Porn has documented effects on the brain similar to drugs or alcohol, especially for children who lack the mental defenses to this sort of assault.

Sex in YA novels is not inherently a bad thing. However, there is a difference between scenes that are meant to convey the awkwardness of adolescence and new experiences and scenes that are meant to be erotic. Authors need to be very conscious of what purpose the sex in their books has. If they want it simply for the sake of having it, then YA is not the category they need to be publishing in.

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How do we prevent children from reading porn?

The lines get even blurrier when you consider that there is no longer a uniform age range for YA. When the Young Adult Library Service Association coined the term, the age range was 12–18. If you look up what the age range for YA is today, you might get a slightly different answer. The lack of uniformity allows people to stretch the bounds of what is acceptable for the traditional YA reader to be exposed to. The older the age range gets, the more explicit the content becomes.

The term “Young Adult” itself is confusing. I have spoken to many people who quite naturally interpreted the phrase as “adults who are young,” aged 18–24, rather than 12–18. Dan Weiss and S. Jae-Jones of St. Martin’s Press attempted to resolve this confusion by creating a new category for the 18–24 age range called New Adult (NA). It would serve as a bridge between YA and Adult by allowing these people to have their own space to explore this transitional period in their lives.

Despite the need, NA has failed to pick up as a category in its own right. Most publishers will tell you that it simply doesn’t exist. A big part of its failure is due to the perception of NA as “YA with smut.” Ultimately, the public does not understand that NA is a category, not a genre. They see no value in creating NA because, when seen as a genre, it produces similar stories to YA. Until the public can learn to separate genres and categories, NA will continue to fail and YA will continue to suffer. 

You sometimes see explicit books marketed to “older YA” audiences. They’ll have labels like “16+” to convey that the material is not suitable for everyone who falls under the YA category. However, YA is still YA. There is no real differentiation between “older YA” and “younger YA” in terms of publishing. Libraries and bookstores do not uniformly police this distinction. Authors, editors and publishers should consider that, when it comes to YA, a 12-year-old might always pick up their book.

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Just as importantly, 12-year-olds are still an important part of the YA reader base, and they deserve to be treated as such. Instead of trying to split up YA into “older” and “younger”, authors and publishers need to focus more on promoting NA as its own category and leave YA to the people it’s meant for.

Ultimately, re-labeling categories is not going to magically fix the problem. The forces at play are too great to be stopped by a sticker on a dust jacket. What we have is a cultural problem, and it needs a cultural solution. Authors, editors and publishers of integrity should nudge adult readers to seek explicit content in the Adult section instead of pushing it into a space meant for kids.

It’s never going to be possible to give YA a hard set of rules and conventions to follow, because there is a lot of subjectivity involved in defining what is appropriate for its audience. However, we can give some soft recommendations to follow so authors can write content suitable for everyone who falls within their target age range. A rule of thumb, to which I alluded above, is that if sex is presented primarily for the reader’s pleasure, it does not belong in YA.

None of this is meant to shame people for what they read or write. If you’re an adult who loves YA, great! I love YA. There is nothing wrong with reading books that fall outside of your age category. But as responsible consumers and producers of literature, we can make sure that there is enough space for all to enjoy the joys of reading.

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The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.

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PM will no longer accept donations for clothes

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PM will no longer accept donations for clothes

Sir Keir Starmer, Deputy Prime Minister Angela Rayner and Chancellor Rachel Reeves will not accept any further donations for clothing after a row over donations, a Downing Street source has said.

The prime minster has been embroiled in a growing controversy after it emerged he had repeatedly accepted gifts including sunglasses, tailoring and personal shopping for his wife from Labour peer Waheed Alli.

The Financial Times has reported that Ms Rayner and Ms Reeves declared thousands of pounds in work clothing from wealthy donors as general office support.

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‘Welcome move’ by government to end ‘double count costs’ for investment trusts: reaction

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‘Welcome move’ by government to end ‘double count costs' for investment trusts: reaction

The investment sector has welcomed the news that that cost disclosure requirements for investment trusts will be temporarily banned.

The announcement, by the Treasury and the Financial Conduct Authority yesterday (20 September), comes following years of investment companies calling for change.

These rules were inherited by the European Union (EU) and made it appear that investment trusts were more costly to put money into than they were.

This is because the disclosure rule requires trusts to publish the costs of financing, operating and maintaining real assets.

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However, many of these costs are already published in regular company updates and reflected in the value of the share price for all investment companies.

This created a “double counting of costs”, which investment trusts have long been saying has put investors off.

Although £15bn of new money went into investment trusts in 2021 alone, it is estimated the double counting rule was seeing £7bn a year in income being lost.

The Treasury said it will lay out legislation to provide the FCA with the appropriate powers to deliver reform – the new Consumer Composite Investments (CCI) regime.

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It said the new CCI regime will deliver more tailored and flexible rules to “address concerns across industry with current disclosure requirements, including for costs.”

The UK’s new retail disclosure regime is expected to be in place in the first half of 2025, subject to Parliamentary approval and following a consultation from the FCA.

The FCA intends to consult on proposed rules for the CCI regime this Autumn.

The Association of Investment Companies (AIC) chief executive Richard Stone described it as “great news”.

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He said the AIC has lobbied tirelessly on the issue and praised the Labour government for “acting so swiftly”.

Stone added: “Investment companies are a great UK success story and have a vital role in bridging the gap between private assets and public markets.

“Ending misleading cost disclosures will enable us to continue delivering for investors and make a critical contribution to the economy as the government drives forward its ambitions for growth, investment and wealth creation.”

Abrdn head of closed-end funds Christian Pittard said: “We welcome this move by government and the FCA to address unfair and distortive rules that have crippled investment trusts.

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“With the FCA confirming that it will not take supervisory or enforcement action if a fund chooses not to follow the cost disclosure requirements, all eyes will now be on data publishers at a time when what the industry and investors really need is consistency.”

Pittard also labelled the UK investment trust sector “one of the jewels in the crown of the financial services industry.

This announcement came following research from Abrdn that revealed London listed closed-end infrastructure investment companies are on track for their first ever three-year gap with no primary capital raised.

Abrdn blamed this on a higher interest rate environment and the cost disclosure rules, with 2023 and 2022 both being fallow years for primary fundraising.

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AJ Bell interim investments managing director Ryan Hughes agreed that this news will be “warmly welcomed by both the investment trust industry and broader market participants”.

Hughes added: “Investment trusts play a hugely important role both in the financial services sector and the wider economy as a provider of capital and the unintended consequences of the current legislation created an unequal playing field that put investment trusts at a disadvantage and threatened, in some cases, their very existence.

“The removal of this unnecessary barrier will help the investment trusts sector regain its footing and allow them to compete equally against other investment structures, which will put them back on the radar for investors who have been reluctant to use them given the cost disclosure requirements.”

In the week before the Treasury and the FCA made this announcement,

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UK millionaire exodus: Is the grass really greener abroad? 

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Britain is experiencing a record outflow of wealthy people, but there is hope the trend could be reversed next year

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Mohamed Al Fayed was ‘a monster enabled by’ Harrods, says lawyer

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Mohamed Al Fayed was 'a monster enabled by' Harrods, says lawyer

Mohamed Al Fayed, the former owner of Harrods, “was a monster” enabled by a system that “pervaded” the London store, a lawyer for his accusers has said.

The late Harrods owner was described as a “sexual predator” who assaulted staff and threatened them over a 25-year-period, barristers representing dozens of women told a press conference in London on Friday.

Dean Armstrong KC said it was time Harrods “took responsibility” after allegations against Fayed – including rape – were made in a BBC investigation this week.

Harrods has said it is “utterly appalled” by the allegations and has condemned his actions “in the strongest terms”.

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At the press conference around 20 survivors sat at the front, at times nodding in agreement, and often shaking their heads as they listened intently to what was at times grim and disturbing details of allegations against Fayed.

Some women were too afraid to come to the event.

But Natacha spoke out about her time working for Fayed when she was 19. She said she was speaking out now for the sake of her own daughters and nieces.

She described Fayed as “clever and manipulative” and someone who “preyed on the most vulnerable”.

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Natacha said Fayed subjected her to a forced kiss, made her sit on his lap so he could “explore” her body, and on one occasion forced himself on her in his private apartment.

He threatened her, saying he knew where she and her family lived and that she would “never work in London again” if she spoke out about what had happened to her.

The press conference heard how many women who worked for him were subjected to intrusive medical tests, including full cervical smears and having their ovaries checked.

They were either not told the results of those tests or suffered what was described as “degrading and humiliating comments” by Fayed about the test results.

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Natacha told reporters she believed the medical examinations were used to evaluate their sexual “purity”.

The news conference was told about claims of extensive surveillance within Harrods and of phone lines being bugged.

Mr Armstrong characterised Fayed’s behaviour as “systematic abuse”.

On Harrods he said: “They have full culpability for the abuse these women suffered.”

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He added: “It is time that they took responsibility, and it is time that they set matters right.”

Victims still suffer nightmares, depression and anxiety, reporters were told.

In response to the BBC investigation, Harrods acknowledged that while it was owned by Fayed, “as a business we failed our employees who were his victims and for this we sincerely apologise”.

“The Harrods of today is a very different organisation to the one owned and controlled by Al Fayed between 1985 and 2010, it is one that seeks to put the welfare of our employees at the heart of everything we do.”

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The department store’s new owners have a compensation scheme for ex-employees who say they were attacked by Fayed, which is separate to the legal action being taken by some accusers.

Harrods has already reached financial settlements with the majority of people who have approached them since 2023, and has had new inquiries this week.

Harrods is accepting vicarious liability for the actions of Fayed, and there are no non-disclosure agreements attached to the settlements.

It said: “Since new information came to light in 2023 about historic allegations of sexual abuse by Al Fayed, it has been our priority to settle claims in the quickest way possible, avoiding lengthy legal proceedings for the women involved.”

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It said that while it could not undo the past it wanted to ensure such behaviour never happened again.

However, during the news conference, Mr Armstrong said it was “simply not true” for Harrods to say that it was unaware of the allegations until 2023.

US lawyer Gloria Allred, who has acted in several high-profile sexual abuse cases, said: “Underneath Harrods’ glitz and glamour was a toxic, unsafe and abusive environment.”

“Something was rotten at the core of Harrods,” she added. “It is not enough for Harrods to say that they are sorry.”

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Speaking to BBC News after the conference, Ms Allred said it is “overdue” for Harrods to “step up”.

“Now we want deeds, not just words,” she said.

At the press conference, the lawyers were also asked if they were aware of any allegations against Fayed in relation to his other business interests at Fulham FC and the Ritz Paris hotel.

Barrister Maria Mulla said they are representing women who were employed at the Ritz but not anyone related to Fulham.

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Fulham FC said in a statement: “We are deeply troubled and concerned to learn of the disturbing reports following yesterday’s documentary. We have sincere empathy for the women who have shared their experiences.

“We are in the process of establishing whether anyone at the club is, or has been, affected.”

The BBC has asked the Ritz Paris hotel – which Fayed bought in 1979 – if it has ever paid any compensation to employees or former employees over sexual assault or rape allegations.

The hotel did not answer whether or not it had paid any compensation, but issued a statement which says it “strongly condemns any form of behaviour that does not align with the values of the establishment”.

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During the news conference, when the legal team representing some accusers were asked why they were not launching proceedings against Fayed’s estate, they said they were not ruling anything out.

Mr Armstrong said they were in the process of taking on “many more” clients than the 37 they are already representing.

Since the BBC investigation was published, more women have come forward to accuse Fayed of assaulting them.

Speaking after the press conference, Mr Armstrong said around 100 women have contacted his team since the BBC documentary aired.

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That includes a woman the BBC is calling Melanie, who said she was sexually assaulted by Fayed at his Park Lane flat.

There, she said he pressured her into agreeing to visit again, before “he put his hands on my breast and said some pretty disgusting things”.

Former staff have told the BBC that he would regularly tour the sales floors looking for young female assistants to promote to working in his office.

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What is Fintech?

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What is the Average Credit Score in the UK

 

What is Fintech?

Fintech is short for Financial Technology, a term which describes the technology used to simplify and improve financial services. This includes mobile banking, investing apps, cryptocurrency and more. Fintech was created to bring convenience to your everyday financial processes for businesses and consumers. Without knowing it, you have and are using fintech in your everyday finance management.

 

What does Fintech do?

Fintech is useful for businesses and consumers alike.

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From payment solutions to investment platforms, fintech also makes financial services more inclusive by lowering barriers to access. For instance, many fintech applications offer no-fee bank accounts, fractional share investing, and peer-to-peer lending platforms, giving consumers more opportunities to grow their wealth.

 

For businesses

fintech tools can improve operational efficiency by automating payroll, invoicing, tax filing, and even financial forecasting. It enables companies to streamline their financial workflows, reduce administrative costs, and free up time for more strategic tasks.

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For Consumers

Consumers benefit from fintech by having more control over their financial lives. With the rise of personal finance apps, users can track spending, set savings goals, and monitor investments in real-time. The tools provide a complete view of personal finances, helping individuals make informed decisions based on data-driven insights.

 

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What is Fintech used for?

Fintech operates through apps on computers and phones, bringing financial services to us. This is used in various ways including…

 

Robo-Advisors – Helping people create investment portfolios based on their personal goals and risk tolerance. This offers affordable and simple wealth management solutions for consumers

Payment apps – Such as, PayPal, Venmo and Apple pay make it possible and easy for every to send, receive and manage money from our phones. There are various advantages of using PayPal. They eliminate the need for cash and checks for any payments including international.

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Peer-to-peer lending – Platforms such as, LendingClub allow consumers to lend money to others without using banks as intermediaries. This can often provide both parties more favourable rates.

Investment apps – These platforms make is accessible for more people to start investing. They offer resources and advice for novice investors so that more people can grow their wealth. Find trading platforms you can use to start.

Cryptocurrency Apps – Blockchain, the primary technology for most cryptocurrencies, is a significant aspect of fintech, representing a reorganised way to conduct financial transactions outside traditional banking systems.

 

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Examples of Fintech in Everyday life

Fintech has become a part of daily life for many consumers, even if they’re not aware of it. Here are a few common ways consumers interact with fintech:

 

  • Mobile Banking – This convenience has transformed the way people interact with their banks, minimising the need for physical branches. These apps allow us to send, receive and manage our money instantly from our phones.
  • Budgeting –. Budgeting apps have become a popular way to track your money and set saving goals you can stick to setting your priorities in place. These apps sync with your bank accounts and credit cards, offering a broad view of your financial health in one place. You can find free budgeting apps to help.
  • Credit monitoring – Tools like Experian allow users to monitor their credit scores and reports so that they can keep on top of their records and know where they need to improve. With this you can find out the average score and where you fall within it.

 

Impact of Fintech on personal finances

Whether you’re using a simple payment app or diving into cryptocurrency trading, fintech brings the tools for managing your finances right to your device. Consumers now have access to tools that explain investment options, track spending habits, and create budgeting plans.

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ISG appoints administrators in the UK

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ISG appoints administrators in the UK
BBC A woman walks out of the ISG office in Stoke GiffordBBC

Thousands of ISG employees in the UK are at risk of losing their jobs

Hundreds of people have lost their jobs after an international construction group filed for administration in the UK.

The majority of the 2,400 employees working for ISG have been made redundant after the UK business appointed joint administrators at EY, with trading stopping immediately.

EY confirmed to the BBC on Friday it had been appointed as joint administrators for the business which has a large office in Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire, and built UWE’s Bristol Business School.

The construction services company had been trying to find a buyer but failed to secure a suitable rescue deal, EY said.

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Apple, Barclays and Google are among ISG’s private sector clients in the UK

The BBC has seen an e-mail sent from CEO Zoe Price to all ISG staff on Thursday.

Ms Price wrote in it: “Some of you may have seen reports in the media that ISG has filed for administration here in the UK.

“With sadness, I can confirm that this is factually correct.

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“This was not the way I wanted you to find out and the news should not have leaked in this way.

“We had a managed plan to tell you what was happening on Monday once we had more clarity, but news has leaked at the filing stage – and that is why I am writing to you tonight.”

Ms Price said staff would be paid on Monday, as normal, and that the current situation had arisen due to “legacy issues” relating to “large log-making contracts” secured between 2018 and 2020.

“Trading out these projects has had a significant effect on our liquidity. So even though we have been profitable this year, our legacy has led us to a point where we have been unable to continue trading,” she added.

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Ms Price said “significant efforts” had been made to find a buyer for the business but that these had been unsuccessful.

EY told PA the construction services company had attempted to find a buyer but failed to secure a suitable rescue deal.

The group, which was in the middle of numerous government projects, including work to prisons, will make the majority of its employees redundant with immediate effect.

Approximately 200 employees will initially be kept on to assist the administrators into winding down the business.

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ISG is involved in 69 government projects totalling more than £1 billion, including work on prisons for the Ministry of Justice, data analysts Barbour ABI said.

A spokesperson for the government said: “We have implemented our detailed contingency plans and affected departments are working to ensure sites are safe and secure.”

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