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How will the employment rights bill affect you?

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How will the employment rights bill affect you?
Getty Images A factory worker wearing an orange work vest, ear defenders around his neck and gloves, puts items in a cardboard box in a warehouseGetty Images

A major shake-up of workers’ rights is on its way, but the reforms proposed are still being worked out and it is still unclear how some will work in practice.

Changes could still be made before most of them take effect in two years’ time, but here is what is being proposed and how it could affect you.

Unfair dismissal

From day one in their job, workers will have the right to claim unfair dismissal against their employer.

That is a big change from the existing two-year qualifying period.

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However, it has been proposed staff will be subject to a nine-month probation period, during which employers can dismiss someone more easily and without the full process required once the probationary period ends.

But the proposals could yet change with the government planning a series of consultations. The new rights are not due come into force until autumn 2026.

Zero-hours contracts and flexible working

Zero-hours contracts are also known as casual contracts. Workers are not guaranteed hours from employers, but they also do not have to work when asked.

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Under the new legislation, company bosses will be required to offer a zero-hours worker a guaranteed-hours contract based on the hours they clock up during a 12-week period.

Employees who prefer having a zero-hours contract will be able to remain on those terms if they want to – the change is that they will have the right for guaranteed working hours if they want them.

Workers on zero-hours contracts will also be entitled to “reasonable” notice ahead of any changes being made to their shifts, as well as compensation if a shift is cancelled or ended early.

Flexible working

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Flexible working is to become the “default” for all workers, with employers required to say yes to requests from staff from their first day starting in a job unless they can prove it is “unreasonable”.

The government defines flexible working as a way of working “that suits an employee’s needs”, for example, having flexible start and finish times, or working from home.

It is currently unclear what will be deemed as “unreasonable” or whether the current process will change dramatically.

As things stand, employees can request flexible working from their first day in a job, but an employer can refuse an application if they have a good business reason for doing so.

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Sick pay

The waiting period and lower earnings limit to be entitled for Statutory Sick Pay will be removed.

Currently, to qualify for sick pay, you must have been ill for more than three days in a row and earn an average of at least £123 per week.

Under the government’s plans, employees will be entitled to Statutory Sick Pay from the first day they are ill and those earning under £123 per week will also be eligible for it.

You can get £116.75 per week Statutory Sick Pay if you’re too ill to work and it is paid by your employer for up to 28 weeks. Some can get more if their company has a sick pay scheme.

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Unpaid parental and bereavement leave

Parents are currently only allowed to take unpaid parental leave if they have been with a company for more than a year. The government plans to change this to become a right from “day one” in employment.

The same will apply for bereavement leave.

Anyone legally classed as an employee has the right to time off if a dependant dies.

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A dependant could be their:

  • Husband
  • Wife
  • Civil partner or partner
  • Child
  • Parent
  • A person who lives in their household (not tenants, lodgers or employees)
  • A person who relies on them, such as an elderly neighbour

What isn’t in the Employment Rights Bill?

Certain measures included in Labour’s plan to “Make Work Pay”, issued in the run-up to the general election, have not featured in the Employments Rights Bill, prompting criticism from unions.

For example, the “right to switch off” – stopping employers contacting staff out of hours on phones, emails and texts – has been kicked down the road.

The commitment to create a “single status of worker” is also not in the bill. This aimed to increase protection for people who are classed as self-employed, but largely work for one employer, and yet currently have fewer entitlements than other employees.

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However, it is understood legal complexities mean this will have to be revisited at a later date.

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US inflation fell to 2.4% in September

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US inflation fell to 2.4 per cent in September but still exceeded expectations, cementing expectations that the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates by a quarter point at its next meeting in November.

Thursday’s headline figure from the Bureau of Labor Statistics was below August’s 2.5 per cent annual increase but above economists’ expectations of 2.3 per cent.

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The figure, the last before the November 5 presidential election, came after the Fed cut rates by a larger-than-usual half point last month amid signs that it was succeeding in its battle to tame price pressures.

After the release of the inflation data, as well as figures showing a jump in joblessness, investors increased their bets on a quarter-point cut at the November Fed meeting.

Markets were pricing in a roughly 90 per cent chance of such a cut in November following the data, compared with 80 per cent beforehand.

The interest rate-sensitive two-year Treasury yield, which moves inversely to prices, edged 0.03 percentage points lower to 3.98 per cent. The S&P 500 was down 0.3 per cent shortly after Wall Street’s opening bell on Thursday morning.

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Thursday’s inflation figure marked the sixth consecutive month the annual headline rate has fallen. However, once volatile items such as food and energy were stripped out, “core” inflation rose faster than expected, up 3.3 per cent in the year to September.

Economists had expected the core rate to remain at August’s 3.2 per cent.

“It’s just evidence that it’s going to be a gradual path from here to get to the Fed’s target,” said Tony Rodriguez, head of fixed income strategy at asset manager Nuveen, referring to the US central bank’s 2 per cent inflation target.

“The easy gains in disinflation are well behind us, and from here, it’s likely to be a little bit bumpier path,” he added.

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Jobless claims data on Thursday also exceeded economists’ expectations. The number of Americans filing for unemployment insurance jumped to 258,000, almost 30,000 more than the forecast figure and the highest weekly increase since August 2023.

The latest numbers present a mixed picture of the world’s largest economy just weeks before voting closes.

Vice-president and Democratic nominee Kamala Harris has struggled to overcome voters’ discontent about rising costs in her bid for the White House. Harris has hoped that a more benign economic backdrop of solid growth and falling interest rates will bolster her chances against Republican nominee Donald Trump.

“The [inflation] number might not help the Harris campaign because voters are paying more attention to their personal experience of paying prices that went up but not back down than they pay to numbers from the government,” said Erik Gordon, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business.

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But Lael Brainard, director of the White House National Economic Council, said Thursday’s figures were in line with the trend that prevailed before the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine pushed up inflation, and showed continued progress in getting costs under control.

US central bankers will also be scrutinising the data as they wrestle with how quickly to lower interest rates to a “neutral” level that no longer inhibits economic growth.

Month-on-month headline inflation remained at 0.2 per cent for September, the same figure as the previous two months, overwhelmingly because of price rises for food and housing.

However, energy prices fell 1.9 per cent during the month.

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Seamus Mac Gorain, global head of rates at JPMorgan Asset Management, argued that reducing housing-related “shelter” inflation was vital if the Fed was to return inflation to its target.

While rental costs have been falling in the US for roughly a year, the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ overall “shelter” index has continued to rise, though in September it increased just 0.2 per cent, compared with 0.5 per cent the previous month.

The decline in inflation from its 2022 peak of 9.1 per cent has so far not triggered a significant weakening of the labour market, surprising many economists.

Last week’s US jobs report showed that businesses added 254,000 positions in September, far outstripping expectations. The unemployment rate fell to 4.1 per cent after several months of increases.

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New York Fed president John Williams told the Financial Times this week that monetary policy was “well positioned” to pull off a so-called soft landing following the half-point cut, as inflation eased and the economy kept growing.

Williams said Fed officials’ projections released last month, which indicated a half-point worth of cuts to come over the two remaining meetings this year, were a “very good base case”.

Chair Jay Powell recently suggested such a reduction would be delivered through two quarter-point cuts rather than another half-point move.

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We live in newbuild ‘ghost town’ with rows of identical houses but NO shops… developers ‘forgot to build high street’

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We live in newbuild 'ghost town' with rows of identical houses but NO shops... developers ‘forgot to build high street’

FED-UP locals living in a new build “ghost town” have slammed developers that left them without a high street.

There is no post office, no newsagent, no greengrocers and no convenience store in Cambourne, a few miles from Cambridge.

The centre of Cambourne, Cambridgeshire, has been described as a 'ghost town'

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The centre of Cambourne, Cambridgeshire, has been described as a ‘ghost town’Credit: ROB WELHAM / McLELLAN
Locals Fiona Smith, 52, with daughter Caitlin, 13, told the Sun about their experience living without high street amenities

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Locals Fiona Smith, 52, with daughter Caitlin, 13, told the Sun about their experience living without high street amenitiesCredit: ROB WELHAM / McLELLAN
Despite bus stop signs appearing in the town, no buses seem to have been directed through, according to one resident

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Despite bus stop signs appearing in the town, no buses seem to have been directed through, according to one residentCredit: ROB WELHAM / McLELLAN
The area has no greengrocers, convenience store or post office

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The area has no greengrocers, convenience store or post officeCredit: ROB WELHAM / McLELLAN

And although bus stop signs were erected in West Cambourne, no buses ever stop there.

The second pub locals were promised never materialised either.

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Instead, most of the High Street is just an open space covered in grass, with a café, building society and a Turkish barbers at one end and few houses clustered at the other.

Now instead of the shops planned when work began in the 1990s, there are proposals to build another 30 townhouses and 87 flats there.

“It’s sh*t,” said one angry man out walking with his young daughter at the weekend. “Absolute sh*t.

“They just want to make money by building more houses and forget about amenities for the people who live here.”

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Danny Dove, 78, sat enjoying a beer outside the Monkfield Arms, the town’s only pub, agreed.

“Apart from this place there’s not much to do here,” he said. “It’s a bit of a ghost town really.”

Seyi Daramola, 44, who had spent the afternoon shopping in Morrisons supermarket with his 11-year-old daughter Dara, reckoned the town lacks soul.

“We do need some more shops,” said Seyi, who recently moved to Cambourne from north London. “It would add a bit of character to the town.”

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Mum-of-three Gaynor Cooke, 61, who moved to the town in 2003, added: “There have been a lot of broken promises.

Inside ghost town with homes left empty for more than a century over dark past

“We were supposed to have a market square, but nothing happened with that.

“There was even talk of a golf course, but we didn’t get that either.

“Instead we just ended up with a load of estate agents!

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“It would be nice to have some small, unique shops, if only a greengrocers. A bit of variety would be lovely.”

Fiona Smith, 52, out with her 13-year-old daughter Caitlin, said: “I’d like to see another pub and a second supermarket rather than more houses.

“A couple more restaurants wouldn’t go amiss, perhaps even a cinema. And we really do need a post office.”

Doctors Lahiry Deiyagala and Kokila Karunarthne, both 38, both love living in Cambourne.

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But they face a 20-minute drive to Huntingdon, nine miles away, if they want to stock up with their favourite Asian foods.

“We need another supermarket – or at least a bigger one – with a wider choice of items,” said Lahiry. “That would save us a journey!”

Christine Walker, 77, out walking her dog Oscar, said: “It is doggie heaven here because we are surrounded by lovely countryside.

“And the tea shop is lovely. But there is not a lot for youngsters and we could do with another pub.”

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Zac Edwards, 31, said: “It’s a very friendly town and the people are lovely. But there’s nothing here.

“The local GP practice is over-subscribed already and it’s virtually impossible to get an appointment at the two practice dentists.

“They put up bus stops in West Cambourne where I live – unfortunately, though, no buses ever stop at them.”

Mr Danny Dove, 78, spoke from the comfort of the local pub, the Monkfield Arms

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Mr Danny Dove, 78, spoke from the comfort of the local pub, the Monkfield ArmsCredit: ROB WELHAM / McLELLAN
Cambourne's 'High Street' seems filled with residential streets rather than amenities

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Cambourne’s ‘High Street’ seems filled with residential streets rather than amenitiesCredit: ROB WELHAM / McLELLAN
General view of the High Street and centre of Cambourne

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General view of the High Street and centre of CambourneCredit: ROB WELHAM / McLELLAN
Locals already have access to a small supermarket, pub and café

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Locals already have access to a small supermarket, pub and caféCredit: ROB WELHAM / McLELLAN

Newcrest Cambourne Ltd who have applied for planning permission for the new homes argue they are necessary to make the scheme, which contains “several” new retail units, “commercially viable”.

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They claim: “This mix of uses will add to the vibrancy of the town centre bringing people living in the town centre.”

But residents have bombarded South Cambridgeshire District Council with objections.

One said: “The area really ought to be filled with just shops, community spaces and, if any residential at all, it should all be social and affordable housing only.”

Another claimed it was “outrageous” that homes were “being squeezed in to the detriment of the purpose of the High Street” and added: “The proposed application is not appropriate for the community.”

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And a third added: “Cambourne has far too much residential development as it is. What we are sorely lacking is retail, services and amenities.

“We need recreational places i.e. a swimming pool (top priority), and other possibilities include cinema, bowling and restaurants. A post office is a necessity.

“We also need a wider variety of shops including alternative supermarkets (e.g. Lidl or Aldi), independent stores/organic grocers, charity shops and TK Maxx.”

But despite the lack of shops and leisure facilities, Cambourne does have one claim to fame – the first, and only, Post Box bearing the cipher of King Charles III.

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Unveiled this summer by Julie Spence, the Lord-Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire, it draws visitors from around the world.

During a couple of hours on Saturday afternoon, three cyclists from London photographed themselves with it, before a couple of Dutch tourists arrived and then an excited group of university students from Cambridge.

South Cambridgeshire District Council’s Lead Cabinet Member for Communities, Cllr Henry Batchelor, said: “Cambourne is a successful and beautiful place to live and work – and the amount of open space and woodland is second to none for a new town.

“There’s a strong community engaged in all sorts of innovative projects and activities for all ages – alongside a supermarket, shops and convenience stores, hotels, schools and superb sports facilities.

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“Meanwhile, we are in the process of determining a planning application which proposes further retail space on the High Street alongside new homes.

“Our aim, working with our partners, such as Cambourne’s excellent Town Council and residents, is to continue creating a vibrant town with an exemplar transport network that connects communities, allowing people the choice to leave their cars at home.”

The Sun has approached Newcrest Cambourne Ltd for comment.

New planning applications indicate that more residential properties are on offer for locals rather than the high street that locals are desperate for

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New planning applications indicate that more residential properties are on offer for locals rather than the high street that locals are desperate forCredit: ROB WELHAM / McLELLAN
Huntingdon is a 20 minute drive away but does offer locals a wide range of amenities

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Huntingdon is a 20 minute drive away but does offer locals a wide range of amenitiesCredit: ROB WELHAM / McLELLAN

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I’ve been to dozens of holiday parks – the important rule I always follow before booking

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Robbie Lane has visited dozens of holiday parks across the UK

A HOLIDAY park expert has revealed some of his top tips – and the key feature he always checks before booking.

Robbie Lane has visited dozens of holiday parks across the UK, with an ambition to one day visit them all.

Robbie Lane has visited dozens of holiday parks across the UK

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Robbie Lane has visited dozens of holiday parks across the UKCredit: ROBBIE LANE
The Holiday Park Guru recommends booking a site with a beach or a sea view

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The Holiday Park Guru recommends booking a site with a beach or a sea viewCredit: Google maps/Woodside Coastal Retreat

Robbie, who runs Holiday Park Guru has been to all kinds of resorts, from the popular Center Parcs and Butlin’s to lesser-known independent sites.

But there is one feature he always makes sure they have before he books a trip there.

The former BBC journalist told Sun Online Travel: “I look for a holiday park that is walking distance to a beach, ideally with a sea view.

He added it makes it “much less hassle” especially when travelling as a family if you can avoid having to pack everything into a car.

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Read More on Holiday Park

He continued: “And it makes it much easier to fit in a quick seaside stroll after tea.”

He also said he tries to make sure the beaches that are at the holiday parks are both clean and safe for children, and gave some trips on where to find his favourites.

Robbie added: “If you want to try surfing and bodyboarding, then Devon and Cornwall are particularly good, as are parts of Wales.

“Haven, Parkdean Resorts and Away Resorts all have holiday parks next to outstanding beaches in the West Country.

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“The east coast of England and Scotland has lots of very wide open beaches with big open skies and space for walking the dog.”

One holiday park Robbie previously raved about was Ladram Bay in Devon – an award-winning site with its own private beach.

Top Seashore Holiday Parks for Family Fun

The sand-washed pebble beach has a stretch of rockpools and watersports like kayaks, paddleboards and motorboats can be rented from the holiday park.

Holidaymakers who don’t fancy a bracing dip will be pleased to know there’s also a heated indoor swimming pool on-site, complete with slides.

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There’s also a small pool with a children’s play area as well as an outdoor splash area with water features, spray guns and pirate ships.

Likewise, Darwin Escapes Woodside Coastal Retreat on the Isle of Wight, is one of the Holiday Park Guru’s favourite UK sites.

He previously told Sun Online Travel: “The holiday park is practically on the beach looking towards Portsmouth, it’s brilliant.”

If a holiday park isn’t next to a beach, Robbie recommends looking for an indoor swimming pool.

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If you can't book a site next to the beach, look for somewhere with an indoor pool instead

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If you can’t book a site next to the beach, look for somewhere with an indoor pool insteadCredit: HENDRA HOLIDAY PARK
Ladram Bay has its own private beach and an indoor pool

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Ladram Bay has its own private beach and an indoor poolCredit: Ladram bay

The Holiday Park Guru previously recommended Searles in Norfolk and Hendra Holiday Park in Cornwall as two sites with indoor pools.

Searles holiday park in Norfolk is located next to the Victorian seaside town of Hunstanton and has been welcoming families for 83 years.

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There are plenty of indoor facilities, including a heated indoor pool with a jacuzzi and sauna.

For younger guests, there’s also an indoor splash pool with dual slides and interactive water features.

Meanwhile, Hendra Holiday Park near Newquay has one of the largest indoor pools in the South West.

The Oasis Fun Pools feature an indoor pool with a river-rapid, a water cannon, tipping buckets, water fountains and three water flume rides.

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Here are the seven items Robbie always takes on a holiday park break

HOLIDAY Park expert Robbie Lane recently revealed the seven items he always packs before heading on a holiday park break with his family.

Here’s what he takes…

  • Swimming trunks – an essential for days at the beach.
  • A bottle of wine because on-site shops often have inflated prices, meaning the cost of food and drink will be higher.
  • Bikes/scooters, which come in particularly useful when staying at larger sites.
  • Blackout blinds for kids’ rooms to keep out any unwanted sunlight ensuring a good night’s kip.
  • A multi-socket extension because some caravans or lodges simply don’t have enough sockets.
  • A fan to help keep places cool, especially in the hot weather.
  • And a can of WD40 to get rid of any annoying squeaks in door frames.

Earlier this year, Robbie revealed England’s top three underrated holiday parks – with private beaches, indoor water parks and jet skis for kids.

And here are the other lesser-known holiday parks named among the best in the UK.

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Two of Robbie's top sites have their own private beach, including Ladram Bay (pictured)

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Two of Robbie’s top sites have their own private beach, including Ladram Bay (pictured)Credit: LADRAM BAY

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EU to delay new electronic border checks

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The EU will delay the start of its new electronic border system, said two people briefed on the discussions, after Germany, France and the Netherlands warned that the bloc’s computer systems were not ready.

The three countries had asked the European Commission to rethink plans to launch the “Entry/Exit System” in a month’s time because of fears that travel would be disrupted and the computer systems overwhelmed.

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Germany, France and the Netherlands account for 40 per cent of passenger traffic affected by the new system, and the commission could not proceed with its plans — which had already been delayed several times — without their consent.

At a meeting of EU home affairs ministers on Thursday, home affairs commissioner Ylva Johansson told ministers that the start date of November 10 was not feasible, and that the commission would consider a later date, according to two officials familiar with the situation.

The commission also proposed to introduce the system in phases, rather than all at once, said four officials briefed on the talks.

“The commission asked the [council of ministers] to agree to a phased approach. France, Germany and the Netherlands agreed, and the [Hungarian] EU presidency indicated that would be a good way forward. On the basis of that, the commission can now continue to work internally on a solution,” one EU diplomat said.

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Airports and airlines have also warned of queues at immigration, as the new system will require non-EU citizens to register their personal details, including fingerprints and facial images, when they first visit the bloc.

The officials said the commission would have to propose a legal change to make the phased-in approach possible, as the current legislation foresees introducing the new biometric border checks everywhere at once.

A targeted change to the legislation would require the EU Council and the European parliament to agree, which could take months. Another option could be for the commission to issue a so-called implementing act to facilitate a gradual start, the officials said.

The legal steps and potential new start date will be discussed next week at a meeting of the managing board of EU-Lisa, the EU agency charged with implementing the new system, the officials said.

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Two officials said the delay to the November date meant it was possible that the new system could begin next year.

Germany’s interior ministry last month said the central computer system of EU-Lisa “still lacks the necessary stability and functionality” and therefore the required tests could not be carried out.

The European Commission did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

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Platform selection tension

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Platform selection tension

When selecting platforms, advisers have to reconcile two opposing interests – the needs of the client and the needs of the firm.

Platforms are products for clients, and they are the ones who almost always pay for them. But the reality is that platforms primarily provide services to advisers to help them look after their clients’ portfolios.

The two purposes have different selection criteria. There is clear evidence advisers are shifting their view of platforms and how they choose them, and that they are primarily focusing on their own needs, according to our latest UK Adviser Platforms: Platform Selection report.

This horses-for-courses approach became less relevant as platforms became more similar in their pricing and capabilities

But the good news is that maybe this is in the clients’ best interests after all.

The ‘platform as product’ approach was dominant for many years. Platforms have come in many shapes and sizes, each with their own particular features and even peculiarities.

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Charging structures varied – some were great for smaller clients, while others were better for large portfolios or clients with workplace pensions.

Functionality was also different across the market. Some platforms were fine if you stuck to simple transactions, while others could handle more complicated and specialised business.

So, a firm with a range of client profiles typically used a variety of different platforms and selected them on a client-by-client basis.

Platforms may be basically quite similar but they all have their own idiosyncrasies that advisers and support staff need to master

But this horses-for-courses approach became less relevant as platforms became more similar in their pricing and capabilities. Nowadays, maximum platform charges are mostly clustered around the 0.3%-0.35% and they are expected to include almost every functionality.

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Differences remain, but they have become less important, except perhaps in a few special situations.

As charges and features have converged and some platforms have become sufficiently cheap and capable for the needs of most clients, it was enough to use just one or perhaps two or three platforms.

Of course, some advisers had long ago decided to focus on a very few platforms because they had low-cost special deals with providers that were competitive for virtually all their clients – or, in a few cases, they simply had a homogeneous clientele.

Unsurprisingly, some players have called for more transparency about special deals and platform charges that mostly remain confidential

Selection on a client-by-client basis may have optimised individual client suitability (at least theoretically) but it bred inefficiencies for the advice firms that used this approach.

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Platforms may be basically quite similar but they all have their own idiosyncrasies that advisers and support staff have needed to master.

Using multiple platforms means less expertise within firms in using individual platforms, together with more admin, more staff training and greater danger of mistakes. All these risks and costs are ultimately passed on to clients.

Consumer Duty’s ever-expanding requirements for advice firms is also looming over advisers’ heads. Less efficiency and higher costs limit the scope to charge clients less.

The drive for efficiency has led many advisers to think differently and more strategically about the way they select platforms. The average number of platforms advisers use has declined as they increasingly regard them as the administrative ‘plumbing’ for clients’ investments. So, what’s changed and what has stayed the same?

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Advisers’ growing focus on using fewer platforms has yet to reduce platforms numbers in the market

Pricing remains important. Concentrating business onto one or two platforms allows newer platforms with whizzier tech to provide very competitive standard pricing in the mid to low teens or even less. Older platforms can often offer special deals that can match these rates or better them.

Unsurprisingly, some players have called for more transparency about special deals and platform charges that mostly remain confidential.

But clients of firms that cling to the horses-for-courses approach and pay the standard charges are probably missing out.

The adoption of adviser-controlled platforms is another sign of this shift. Larger firms are more likely to go down this route, pioneering greater control of their advice process as well as lower charges, some of which they might pass onto clients.

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Another symptom is the acceleration in the volume of transfers between platforms. Over 50% of advisers have transferred assets in the last 12 months – many citing cost and service as primary drivers. Advice firm consolidation is also a powerful push factor.

Advisers’ growing focus on using fewer platforms has yet to reduce platforms numbers in the market. But with more platform switching, winners and losers are bound to emerge – with the inevitable platform consolidation to follow.

Lottie Bussell-Ahern is associate analyst at Platforum

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Checking out of Hotel California

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The Golden State is losing its lustre.

Since 2019, over 200 companies have left California for greener pastures — the most of any American state, by far — according to announcements tracked by fDi Markets, an FT service.

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Some big names have gone. Chevron, Hewlett-Packard, Palantir, and Charles Schwab have all made the move elsewhere.

Bar chart of Number of company relocations, 2019-Aug 2024 showing California here we don’t come

At the same time, few companies are relocating to California. What explains the exodus, and lack of arrivals?

Elon Musk, in part, blames the “woke mind virus” for shifting his ventures — SpaceX and Tesla — out of the liberal state. The less hyperbolic and more realistic reason cited by businesses is the rising burdens upon enterprise.

Start with the basics. California’s tax rates aren’t exactly competitive. And, according to data from George Mason University’s Mercatus Center, it is the most regulated state in the country. As of 2023, the California Code of Regulations contains over 400k restrictions and 23mn words, the bulk of which cover “industry, commerce and development”.

Bar chart of Total state restrictions in 2023, 000s showing California is the most regulated American state

So it’s no surprise that two of the biggest beneficiaries from this shift are Texas and Florida — which offer looser regulations and more competitive tax rates.

But the biggest motive for companies relocating within the US, according to an fDi markets survey, is actually talent. It’s a narrative that would seem to jar with the Silicon Valley’s status as a hub for high-skilled techies.

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Well. California also has a big problem with outmigration. In the 2010s, it experienced a net loss of 1.3mn residents. That has had a knock-on impact on state coffers (its budget deficit is estimated at around a whopping $45bn).

Column chart of Net domestic migration, 000s showing The California exodus

It’s not just low-income households moving out. One would assume that tech types would be tied to California’s cluster of coders, venture capitalists, and artisanal coffee shops. But employment in IT, business services and finance has been falling in the aftermath of the pandemic. California’s share of tech jobs across America has also dropped, although this may in part reflect its relative maturity as other areas experience new growth.

Line chart of Total jobs, 000s in San Francisco, Redwood City & South San Francisco showing Silicon Mountain

People are leaving, in part, because companies are. But California is also becoming a harder place to make a living. Housing affordability is a particular problem. For measure, in San Francisco’s Bay Area, median home prices recently hit $2mn.

Many again point the finger at regulation. Density restrictions, high land costs, environmental laws and NIMBYism are all blamed for making permitting processes frustratingly long. That peeves off commercial developers, and pushes-up residential prices, which scare workers away. Work-from-home culture has also meant many tech firms have downsized offices, and employees seek bigger, but affordable homes.

Above all. Despite its, many, draws — sun-soaked beaches, Silicon Valley, Disney World — if living gets tough, people up sticks.

And things are tough: California’s Misery Index — the sum of the annual inflation and unemployment rate — has been at a premium to the US-wide measure since the start of the pandemic.

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Line chart of Unemployment rate plus annual inflation rate, per cent (Misery Index) showing In a miserable state

Despite all this, the Golden State remains America’s largest economy (and in nominal terms, the world’s fifth-largest economy). Silicon Valley remains the world’s tech hub. The trends, however, do not look great. Other states are getting shinier in their own right. California can no longer afford to rest on its laurels.

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