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Venice in three ingredients

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View across the water towards trees and houses on the island of Sant’Erasmo

This article is part of a new guide to Venice from FT Globetrotter

Sitting in the leafy courtyard of a quaint hotel in central Venice, I overhear a conversation at a nearby table. A young couple from abroad are having a private wine tasting with a local sommelier. It’s their first time in Venice, they say, and they’re “into food”. The sommelier introduces the wines, mentioning that one is produced “on an island of the northern Lagoon”. “Wait, what’s ‘the Lagoon?” one of them asks. Ah, I think. I hope no one’s in a rush. 

As one of Europe’s most extensive wetlands, the Venice Lagoon is intrinsically bound to the destiny of the city at its centre. This interdependence is outlined by Unesco, which granted World Heritage Site status to both: “Venice and its lagoon landscape is the result of a dynamic process which illustrates the interaction between people and the ecosystem of their natural environment over time.”

Venice overwhelmingly owes its existence to the inventive exploitation of its swampy surroundings throughout history. The aquatic landscape of the Lagoon, once understood and governed, offered the early settlers of the marshlands and their descendants a variety of perks, not least abundant sustenance, enhanced by the crucial presence of salt. Fish, game, and wild edible flora formed the basis of the local diet, supplemented with cultivated vegetables and fruits. Later, trading activities with the Mediterranean region, the Middle East and the Far East introduced exotic ingredients such as spices and nuts, whereas grains — corn, rice and eventually wheat — entered the city from the fertile fields of the Po Plain. The resulting cuisine is a synthesis of land and water, urban and rural, local and foreign. 

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View across the water towards trees and houses on the island of Sant’Erasmo
The island of Sant’Erasmo, also known as Venice’s kitchen garden © Camilla Glorioso

Back in the Lagoon, the Serenissima had a clear system for organising life on the more than 100 islands that constituted the Venetian archipelago, based on vocation and position. Some islands became monasteries, others quarantine facilities and others proto-industrial hubs. The most fertile and naturally rich islands, such Burano, Torcello, Mazzorbo and Sant’Erasmo, grew into dynamic fishing and agricultural centres. Each produced a wealth of culinary subcultures that are still present, largely unaltered, on today’s tables.

What has changed is the environment: overfishing practices, rising water temperatures, the invasion of alien species and increasing salinity levels in the soil are altering the spectrum of what can be farmed and fished, shifting the perception of what is considered local and traditional.

As a result, creating a guide to Venetian cuisine that reflects its timelessness and cultural heritage while also being attuned to its contemporary changes is an interesting challenge. Here, I chose three key ingredients — eel, mallard and artichokes — with each serving as a doorway into a slice of Venetian history, geography and food culture from past to present, while also providing an opportunity to explore lesser-known flavours within this ever-changing and often-simplified liminal territory.

Eel

For centuries, the Venice Lagoon was a particularly favourable habitat for eels, given the abundance of food and the relatively calm environment. Fortunately, Venetians have long had a fondness for them and invented some extraordinary ways to cook eel. One of the oldest recipes hails from Murano, the island famous for its glass-blowing tradition. With the locals embracing a “waste not, want not” attitude, the furnaces used for glassmaking would often double as cooking ovens. Bisato sull’ara, as the dish is called, was made by placing pieces of eel and a host of bay leaves inside a clay pot and leaving it for hours to cook in a cooling glass furnace.

Eels on sale at the Rialto fish market
Eel can be bought at the famed Rialto fish market © Camilla Glorioso

Today, it’s nearly impossible to taste this dish in its original form. Not just because glass furnaces cannot be used as health and safety-approved cooking facilities, but also because eel is now much rarer in the Lagoon due to overfishing and climate change. “There have been restrictions put in place on fishing for eels,” Domenico Rossi, a fisherman from Burano, told me. “This year, for example, it was forbidden to fish for them from January to June. This is because there are so few of them, and they want to ensure that any repopulation programmes in the rivers have time to take effect. And then, even when the season is right, there just aren’t many to catch.” Most eels found at the market these days are reared in the valleys of Comacchio, further down the Adriatic.

Tastes have changed, too. Fewer people, local or otherwise, seem to appreciate eel. This is confirmed by empirical evidence: as I searched for restaurants in Murano offering not just bisato sull’ara, but any eel-based dish, I was met with a “Sorry, no”. “We wanted to update our offering,” said a restaurateur at a contemporary osteria near Murano Colonna, while the owner of a very traditional restaurant nearby said: “It’s a hard sell, so we decided to favour other species.” Back in central Venice, however, a handful of restaurants still stubbornly serve eel, mostly chargrilled so as to reduce the natural oiliness and add some beneficial smokiness to its rich white meat.

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Vini da Gigio

Calle Stua Cannaregio 3628A, 30121 Venice
The facade of Vini da Gigio restaurant, in a pink-orange-hued corner building
The family-run Vini da Gigio in Cannaregio . . .  © Camilla Glorioso
Grilled eels with vegetables on a square plate at Vini da Gigio
. . . does grilled eel with vegetables © Camilla Glorioso

This cosy, family-run place in the Cannaregio district is the perfect go-to for all things traditional, including eel. “What we serve is a reflection of what we like to eat,” said Nicolò Lazzari, the restaurant manager and son of the owner, Paolo. “Eel is something we enjoy very much and we like making it available to anyone who wants to try it. That is, whenever the season is right — we only source local eel. We serve it smoked and grilled alongside polenta, and our guests love it.” Website; Directions

Osteria Giorgione da Masa

Calle Larga dei Proverbi 4582/A, 30121 Venice

Masahiro Homma, the Japanese chef at the head of Osteria Giorgione da Masa, in Cannaregio, has a knack for creating original dishes that blend Japanese and Venetian flavours, ingredients and techniques. On his menu, eel is a year-round feature in his signature and much-loved eel cirashi, where a base of sushi rice is topped with amiyaki-grilled eel glazed with concentrated soy sauce. Website; Directions

Wild duck (mallard)

Male and female mallards swimming in the water off the island of Sant’Erasmo
Mallards are widespread in the Lagoon © Camilla Glorioso

When it comes to Venetian cuisine, one instinctively thinks of fish dishes. However, the Lagoon ecosystem provides an ideal environment for another protein that has been a favourite since the time of the Doges: wild duck. In the past, fishermen would pick up a rifle the moment fishing paused, with the marshlands doubling as hunting grounds. Today, the vast majority of “fishing valleys” in the northern Lagoon are used less for rearing fish and more for hunting feathered game, or selvadego in the local idiom. 

Among the many species populating the Lagoon, wild duck (mallard) or masorin is perhaps the most widespread and appreciated. They are so numerous that they are categorised as being of “Least Concern” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s list of threatened species, and it’s not uncommon to see them in their thousands flying above the serpentine landscape of the barene, the marshland islands. Even though they are present year round, the best time to hunt duck is in the autumn and winter, which, incidentally, is also the best time to enjoy them in a ragù sauce scented with hints of cinnamon and orange. This intensely flavoured condiment is used to season pasta such as bigoli (thick fresh spaghetti from the Veneto region), tagliatelle or, more typically, potato gnocchi. 

Villa 600

Fondamenta dei Borgognoni 12, 30100 Venice
A black and white photograph of a waiter in profile at Villa 600, looking out of a window
A waiter at Villa 600, which appeared in Stanley Tucci’s TV series ‘Searching for Italy’ © Camilla Glorioso
A plate of wild-duck gnocchi at Villa 600
The restaurant is one of the best places to try wild-duck gnocchi © Camilla Glorioso

Opposite the celebrated Locanda Cipriani, set at the centre of a peaceful garden on the island of Torcello, is this elegant restaurant that recently gained fame precisely for its wild-duck gnocchi. Stanley Tucci prepared the dish and ate it here after a Hemingway-esque hunting session across the marshlands in the Venice episode of his TV series, Searching for Italy. Villa 600 is possibly one of the best places to try this dish, though everything else on the menu is just as tasty. Website; Directions

Trattoria Alla Maddalena

Fondamenta di Santa Caterina 7b, 30142 Venice

Set in an unassuming house facing the tranquil waters of Canale di Mazzorbo, this family-run trattoria offers traditional seafood dishes and, in season, some of the most delightful wild-duck primi. Choose between fresh tagliatelle ribbons or pillowy gnocchi, topped with a generous ladleful of dark, shiny ragù. In good weather, sitting on the waterfront or under the leafy pergola is a treat. Website; Directions

Violet artichokes

Young violet artichokes
Sant’Erasmo’s violet artichokes are grown under tight regulations by a consortium of local producers © Alamy Stock Photo
The leaves of young violet-artichoke plants on the island’s I Sapori di Sant’Erasmo farm
Young violet-artichoke plants on the island’s I Sapori di Sant’Erasmo farm © Camilla Glorioso

Setting foot on Sant’Erasmo after a 30-minute vaporetto ride feels like landing in a parallel universe of open fields, vineyards, sputtering Piaggio tricycles, sparse inhabitants and little else. Sant’Erasmo is the Lagoon’s largest island and also one of the most fertile, serving as the garden of Venice since the 16th century. Over time, this generous strip of land, located at the edge of the Lagoon, showed a special talent for producing flavoursome vegetables, particularly artichokes of the prized, tulip-shaped variety called carciofo violetto (violet artichoke). 

Today, the carciofo violetto di Sant’Erasmo is grown under strict regulations dictated by the local consortium of producers. Among them is Fiorella “Cosetta” Enzo, who is at the helm of her family farm, I Sapori di Sant’Erasmo. “It’s not the plant that is unique,” she told me when I asked her why these artichokes are so much tastier. “Anyone could take this variety and try to grow it elsewhere. But only here have these plants found this soil — with clay and salt in perfect proportions. It’s the soil that creates the plant; this is how the plant becomes one of a kind.” 

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Fiorella ‘Cosetta’ Enzo of I Sapori di Sant’Erasmo with her family
Fiorella ‘Cosetta’ Enzo (centre) of I Sapori di Sant’Erasmo with her family © Camilla Glorioso

The artichoke plant is generous, both in yield and in versatility. Flowers grow year round and offer different characteristics depending on when they’re harvested. Production starts in mid-April with the main head, castraura, the most precious and tender and often eaten raw, followed by botoi and massete, which are typically braised. The remaining artichokes, larger and more fibrous, will become fondi (bottoms) by the end of season. 

In May, visitors from all over the region pour into Forte Massimiliano for the Sagra del Carciofo (artichoke fair). They queue patiently to taste this exceptional treat at its prime, prepared in all manner of ways, from braised to raw, thinly sliced and topped with Grana Padano. 

During the spring months, violet artichokes also make a show-stopping appearance at the market and on the menus of all the restaurants worth your while, from fine-dining establishments to frugal osterie, all the way down to the convivial bàcari (small bars) and their array of cicchetti. Some of them might even be part of the commendable Osti in Orto project, in which a group of restaurateurs joined forces to rehabilitate a farm on Sant’Erasmo, growing fresh produce — including artichokes — for their restaurant kitchens. Here, they make for springy antipasti, primi and main courses, in which the precious thistle is paired with anything from prawns, as at Antiche Carampane, to bottarga, as at Trattoria Anzolo Raffaele, where owner Luigi Secchi has a passion for sprucing up Venetian ingredients with touches from his native Sardinia.

Other chefs also make preserves and liqueurs with them. This is the case for Silvia Rozas, chef of Birraria La Corte, a contemporary pizzeria in Campo San Polo; Bacàn, a Latin-American restaurant; and the newly opened Salso, a Lagoon-inspired, water-facing eatery on the island of Certosa. Rozas says: “We usually harvest the artichoke buds when the season starts in April, and we preserve them so that we can use them in the following months — especially for pizza.”

She adds: “We also make use of the trimmings to make our house amaro, which, in addition to artichokes, contains samphire, dill, rosemary, thyme, cinnamon, pepper, cinchona, gentian, anise, and a citrus syrup. We serve it as our house aperitif with Angostura tonic.”

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Tell us about your favourite Venetian dishes and restaurants in the comments below. And follow FT Globetrotter on Instagram at @FTGlobetrotter

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Hew Locke’s subversive interrogation of the British Museum collection

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From a secret door concealed in the British Museum’s oak-panelled Enlightenment Gallery, staff or VIPs occasionally appear as if out of thin air, a Harry Potter moment spooking visitors engrossed in this haven of classical antiquities. It’s typical of Hew Locke’s quietly subversive approach that he begins his remarkable exhibition what have we here? with carnivalesque fabric and papier-mâché figures stepping out through this door, their brilliant colours and ornamental costumes disrupting the monochrome orderly space. Gaze up and more Locke revellers — gold masks, rainbow hats — surge into view, waving from the top of the colossal antique Piranesi Vase.

What have we here? Such gaudy characters originally turned up in Locke’s 2022 installation “The Procession” at Tate Britain. This new crop, called “The Watchers”, are as exuberant in their densely layered allusive outfits, each different and absorbing: helmets or horned headdresses, appliquéd with colonial share certificates or skulls, sprouting flowers or feathers. Led by a child bearing an outsize replica of an East-West Africa war medal, they are joyous emblems of individuality and survival first, history puzzles second.

Invited to interrogate the British Museum collection, what it means, where it comes from, Locke — Scottish-born, Guyana-raised, and a British Museum visitor for 40 years — has paired dramatically contrasting installations: interventions in the long rectangular Enlightenment space, and a jumble of mostly unfamiliar African, Asian and South American artefacts colliding with his own quirky mixed-media sculptures in the semicircular Great Court gallery upstairs. Here some dozen further “Watchers” perch above the displays, warily surveying us and the strange, incongruous gathering of objects.

The immediate impression is of being at sea among a flotilla of Locke’s exquisite wooden and brass model boats. “Windward” is a gorgeous 18th-century galleon with images of pre-Columbian art on its sails. “Armada”, based on the USS Constitution, a civil war vessel, is decked with African masks and cut-out gunmen. “Wine Dark Sea Boat BB” is a ghost ship, draped with a mesh of translucent fabric embroidered with warriors, skeletons, a sunburst Roman god. For Locke, “boats symbolise the journey from life to death or are containers of the soul”. Myth holds sway with politics.

Alongside the boats sound the bells: two dozen bronze forms, some anthropomorphic or carved as animal heads, others geometric abstractions, cast across a thousand years — 900-1900 — in Nigeria. They are anthems to the past, summoning ancestors; also warnings, calls to action.

Locke’s way is to question through visual enchantment. Beauty glints everywhere: bright, eerie Caribbean necklaces made from green beetles and stuffed hummingbirds; an Indian ruby and emerald tiger’s head from Tipu Sultan’s throne; a heart-shaped Yotoco gold breast plate, embossed with a human face, earrings, nose ornaments, 200BC-1200, from Colombia.

A tiger’s head in gold and precious gems
A tiger’s head set with rubies and emeralds from the throne of Tipu Sultan © David Brun/National Trust Images
Intricate designs on a round, gold plate
Silver-gilt dish set with a gold Asante pendant in the centre (1850-74) © Trustees of the British Museum

Locke’s glittery faux-memorabilia are comic intruders. In “Souvenir 20”, his flamboyant bust of Queen Victoria, synthetic braids from a Brixton hair shop explode out of the brass filigree of imperial regalia, medals, jewels, snakes, swamping the face — the freight of the past. “She was the head of an empire,” runs the caption, “she’s not innocent.”

So from the dazzle emerge dark or complex stories connecting sovereignty, trade, conflict, the treasures that end up in museums. An engraved Akan drum with antelope skin crossed the Atlantic from Ghana to Virginia, used en route to force enslaved people to exercise by “dancing”. Intensely vital 13th century Taino sculptures “Boinayel the Rainman” and a birdman spirit figure, rare tropical hardwood survivors of Caribbean heat, “are Jamaica’s Elgin Marbles, symbol of collective memory”. A 15th-century copper-gold “Buddha from Dolpo” was stolen from a Tibet monastery by British soldiers in 1904. Much here is “raw loot”, Locke concludes.

Museums categorise by chronology and geography. Locke’s collage across time and place distils a bigger picture: the entire collection a story of the flow of goods, ideas, people, multicultural avant la lettre, beneficiary and witness of the empire’s grand reach. William Daniell’s prints of London’s West India and East India Docks, 1802-08, the river at its magnificent bend, quays neatly arranged, a calm view bathed in morning sun, beams across the gallery. It’s breathtakingly far from the site today, Canary Wharf’s skyscrapers. “These two docks encapsulate the whole Empire,” Locke says, but in a “sanitised” rationalist depiction: where, for instance, is the quay nicknamed “Blood Alley” because heavy sugar sacks carried along it tore the skin off workers’ backs?

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A model of a sailing ship
Locke’s ‘Armada 6’ (2019) © Hew Locke/Hales London and New York

A St Kitts sugar merchant brought the Piranesi Vase from Rome to England. Slavery is as indissolubly part of the museum collection as it is of British trading history. Locke chooses not to show broken black bodies, but there are centuries of documents — from Charles II’s slavery charter in 1663 to 19th-century post-abolition “compensation” claims, chilling for the brute legality of lives priced (£100 for “inferior field labourers”, £33 for those “aged, diseased or otherwise ineffective”). Borrowed from Merseyside’s Maritime Museum, William Jackson’s “A Liverpool Slave Ship” (1780) depicts a splendidly rigged vessel, sails billowing; only close-up comes the shock: ventilation holes below deck, small boats with enslaved people about to be thrown into the hold.

Occasionally I felt hectored by the captions. Why should Charles II be primarily remembered for having “kick-started something truly horrendous” — slavery is not Britain’s only history. Are Maria Sibylla Merian’s sparkling watercolours “Muscovy duck wrestling with a snake” and “Toucan eating a small bird” made in 1700s Surinam really metaphors for the violence of slavery? Merian was a zoologist explorer, concerned to document the natural world.

But mostly Locke allows objects to tell their own tangled tales. A bronze jug engraved with falcons, stag and lions, made for Richard II around 1390, became a precious trophy in the 18th-century Asante court — today’s Ghana — until British soldiers snatched it after the 1895 Anglo-Asante war. A Sanofa gold weight bird, turning to look back, was collected by Britain’s “Inspector of Mines in the Gold Coast” in the 1920s-30s; it illustrates a Ghanaian proverb that it’s never too late to look back and correct mistakes.

The British Museum knows it must examine the past in order to move forward. The Black Lives Matter movement, restitution claims, especially Unesco’s recommendation for the Parthenon Marbles’ return to Athens, the broader need to retell global history, will transform the museum in the next decade.  

A carved mask of a man’s head
An ivory mask of Idia, the first Queen Mother of the 16th-century Benin empire © Simon Ackerman/WireImage

Among Locke’s most gripping exhibits are replicas of great Nigerian art of the 1300s-1500s, cast by craftsmen in London in the 1940s: an Ife head sculpture, slightly elongated, with almond shaped eyes and lines of holes around the mouth, a triumph of stylised naturalism, and a Queen Mother Idia mask, “the African equivalent of the Mona Lisa”. Today, sophisticated reproductions and virtual art are shifting fetishes about authenticity. Locke’s show is installed in packing crates, suggesting precariousness. The tide of history that brought objects here is changing direction; not everything will stay forever.

Locke modestly calls what have we here? a trip “down a rabbit hole”. Actually it is an unruly off-track companion to the multicultural highway of the museum’s current Silk Roads exhibition: a wise balance of pleasure, protest and constructive hope.

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To February 9, britishmuseum.org

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Yen resumes decline on doubts over Japan interest rate rises

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Line chart of ¥ per $ showing Yen resumes its slide

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The Japanese yen has fallen sharply in recent weeks, hitting levels not seen since before a sudden surge in the summer that reverberated across global markets.

The yen last week sank below ¥150 to the US dollar, and has lost about 5 per cent over the past month as investors bet on a slower pace of interest rate rises from the Bank of Japan, at a time when the US Federal Reserve is also expected to cut rates more slowly than previously thought. Dovish comments from Japan’s new prime minister, who had previously been critical of the BoJ’s very loose monetary policy, have helped the currency resume a slide that carried it to 34-year lows earlier in the year.

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The shift, investors said, has rekindled interest in the so-called yen carry trade, where investors borrow in yen to fund bets in higher-yielding currencies, a bet that blew up spectacularly in August after the BoJ raised borrowing costs.

Hiroki Hashimoto, a senior fund manager at Royal London Asset Management, said the recent weakness could “likely be explained by the recent widening interest rate differentials between the US and Japan”. He said the risk that the governing party loses its lower-house majority at a snap election this month “could have led to the less hawkish comments” from new Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba. 

Line chart of ¥ per $ showing Yen resumes its slide

This month, Ishiba said that the economy was “not in an environment” for further interest rate rises by the BoJ.

The central bank raised interest rates this year for the first time since 2007. Its benchmark rate now stands at 0.25 per cent, and traders in swaps markets are putting a low probability on a further increase at the BoJ’s two remaining meetings this year.

Recent declines in inflation have already raised questions over how much further Japanese borrowing costs are likely to rise, according to Tomasz Wieladek, chief European economist at asset manager T Rowe Price. “It will become increasingly difficult for the BoJ to keep hiking without risking undershooting the [2 per cent] inflation target,” he said.

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Strong economic data in the US have also piled pressure on the yen by boosting the dollar.

Mark Dowding, chief investment officer at RBC BlueBay Asset Management for fixed income, said the “big move in yen has really come from a big move in US rate expectations”, coupled with investors pushing back the timing of expected rate cuts by the Bank of Japan. Yen carry trades had been making a “small comeback”, he added.

The currency’s renewed decline last week prompted Japan’s top currency official to warn that he was monitoring “speculative moves” in the market “with a high sense of urgency”. Japan spent a record ¥9.8tn ($65bn) from late April to May to boost the yen.

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Israel, Lebanon and the mirage of a new Middle East

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A plume of smoke rises high into the air from a town where there are red roofed houses and a belltower

Throughout history, leaders have sought to reshape the Middle East. From the heights of my village on Mount Lebanon, I can contemplate the passage of successive empires: the beautiful remnants of a Roman temple, a Byzantine church or a (much less charming) French military bunker, there to remind me of the region’s magnetic pull and the fleeting nature of power. 

The area stretching from the Taurus Mountains to Arabia Deserta and from Shatt al-Arab to the Mediterranean is strategically located, symbolically intense, socially diverse and, therefore, politically unstable. Imposing some kind of order on its vulnerable states and uncertain, volatile identities has been a temptation for conquerors and politicians alike. Cyrus of Persia and Alexander of Macedonia tried; so, more recently, did George W Bush. 

As the 20th-century colonial empires receded and the era of independence bloomed, a largely arbitrary political map took shape, distributing among the new (non-nation) states mountains and plains, plateaus and deserts stretched around the Jordan, Orontes and Euphrates rivers. These modern creatures proved to be fragile, permanently threatened by ethnic strife and political mismanagement. 

A plume of smoke rises high into the air from a town where there are red roofed houses and a belltower
Smoke rises from the site of an Israeli air strike near the ruins of the Roman temple of Bacchus in Baalbek in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley on October 6 © Getty Images

State-building is a desperately difficult endeavour in plural societies, never accomplished, always reversible and often viewed as a mere cover used by one group or another (Alawi, Tikriti, Maronite) to impose its will. It is rendered even more difficult when emerging regional hegemons keep attempting to transform these fragile units into obedient satellites. 

The Middle East has of late experienced many such episodes. Gamal Abdel Nasser’s Egypt used a fervent wave of Arab nationalism in the 1950s and 1960s to try to impose its primacy, only to be brutally contained in its ambition by Israel’s superior arms, conservative Arab regimes’ machinations and active western hostility. Khomeinist Iran, promoting Shia emancipation and political Islam, engaged in a similar project from the very first days of the revolution, leading among other effects to a horrible eight-year war with Iraq, and the sponsoring of non-state armed groups such as Lebanon’s Hizbollah, Iraq’s Hashd al-Shaabi and Palestine’s Hamas. Tehran tried to organise that network into an “Axis of Resistance”, which looked very much on the ascendant until recently. Not to be outdone, Turkey under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has tried its hand at reasserting Ankara’s influence, through subtle means as well as less subtle ones, over an area that had lived under Ottoman rule for some four centuries. 

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Two soldiers in battle fatigues and helmets watch as troops advance up a sandy incline
Israeli troops on the outskirts of Rafah on the first day of the Six Day War in June 1967 © Polaris/eyevine
Two tanks drive through clouds of dust as they advance across sandy territory
Israeli tanks near the country’s southern border with the Gaza Strip this October © Getty Images

The latest to be tempted is Israel’s Benjamin Netanyahu. He talks about his ambition and demonstrates, one tactical victory after another, that he means what he says. Following the brutal Hamas eruption of October 7 2023, he transformed Gaza into a huge field of ruins, displacing, bombing, starving and dehumanising its population at will. Then he moved north to put an end to the low-intensity warfare Hizbollah had engaged in against Israel in support of Gaza, and he did it alla grande

He bombed the port of Hodeidah in Yemen to punish the Houthis, who had considered it their duty to help Gaza by disrupting international navigation and firing missiles at Israel. He kept hitting arms depots and, of course, Iranian and pro-Iranian militants in dismembered, disabled Syria. At the time of writing, he is preparing to bomb Iran, a response to the missile attacks of October 1 that not only entails overflying a few neighbouring countries but also drawing the US into providing support.  

Meanwhile, Netanyahu has never let anybody forget that his most cherished aim remains the annexation of the occupied West Bank (and therefore the extinguishing of any possible Palestinian state), where assassinations of militants, destruction of whole villages and expropriations of land are, if anything, redoubled. His finance minister Bezalel Smotrich is busy altering the legal system of “Judea and Samaria” in anticipation of what many fear will be full-fledged annexation and possibly the transfer of some 3mn Palestinians east of the River Jordan; recently he has been ruminating publicly about a Jewish state that could extend from Iraq to Egypt. 

A silver-haired man stands at a lectern, pointing to a map with a stick
Ariel Sharon points to a map of the region as he briefs the press on Israel’s military objectives during the 1982 Lebanon war © Getty Images
A grey-haired man in dark suit and tie stands at a podium, holding up two small placards, both with maps. One says ‘The Curse’ and the other says ‘The Blessing’
Benjamin Netanyahu speaking at the UN General Assembly in September © Getty Images

Militarily, Israel’s behaviour in Gaza has looked instinctive, chaotic, a retribution rather than a war (Isaac Herzog, the Israeli president, has accused all the Strip’s inhabitants of being accomplices of Hamas and therefore legitimate targets). During the year that followed October 7, Israel kept bombing hospitals and schools, mosques and churches, villages and camps, without stating, without probably knowing, what to make of the “day after”.  

In Lebanon, its war has been, by contrast, a meticulously planned one: the most recent confrontation with Hizbollah in 2006 was inconclusive, and Israeli cognoscenti have believed since then that a new confrontation with Hassan Nasrallah’s fighters was inevitable. Hence the implementation of a war plan that has been refined down to its smallest details and regularly updated during the past 18 years. The result is a campaign that combines almost sci-fi intelligence with relentless bombing from a dominating air force and state-of-the-art drones, all areas where Israel has a clear superiority, not to say supremacy. By the end of last month, in the wake of Nasrallah’s assassination, Netanyahu was half declaring victory, hailing Israel’s success in “changing the balance of power in the region for years”.

Israel’s cascade of tactical successes on both fronts is indisputable — still more so following the news this week that its troops had killed Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar in Gaza. Military experts are feverishly anticipating the next Israeli innovations. Many pro-Israeli observers are in a state of awe, if not euphoria, and all this has inevitably encouraged Netanyahu to start thinking of a new Middle East, re-engineered by Israeli arms and reflecting the new hegemon’s will. Israeli cartographers are regularly asked to equip their prime minister with maps to show from the UN lectern in which a flourishing and prosperous Middle East is on the verge of replacing a tenebrous, barbaric one. 

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Map showing the range of conflicts involving Israel across the Middle East, including Israeli offensives in Gaza and the West Bank, missile exchanges with Iran, strikes in Syria, clashes with Hizbollah in Lebanon, and military engagements involving Iranian-backed militias in Iraq and Yemen

There indeed is no doubt that Israel has altered the balance of power, substantially crippling Hamas and Hizbollah, and putting itself in a position where its government thinks it can dictate the new regional configuration — helped as it is by its victorious army, by Arab passivity, American generosity (in weapons, dollars and diplomatic support) and a broken international system. How to remain rational, let alone modest, under such a constellation of stars? 

The question is not that of this substantial change’s reality but of its durability. If anything, past attempts to reshape the Middle East have generally ended in failure: Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin entered a deep depression when examining the results of his attempt in 1982, and Bush might be ruminating still over the US-led initiative, proclaimed in 2003, to export democracy across the region through regime change. 

Starting the re-engineering of the region with an incursion in Lebanon has, in particular, been a curse for Israeli politicians: Begin and his defence minister Ariel Sharon had to resign after their 1982 large-scale invasion of their northern neighbour, which had been justified in terms very similar to Netanyahu’s now. Shimon Peres was defeated in the elections that followed his “grapes of wrath” campaign of 1996 and Ehud Olmert’s misadventure there in 2006 combined with corruption cases to bring about his downfall. The repeated promise of a “new Middle East” after each of these invasions has naturally not seen daylight. 

A grey-haired man in casual jacket stands on a rocky outcrop talking to a small group of soldiers
Ariel Sharon meeting troops in southern Lebanon during the 1982 war  © Getty Images
A soldier sits holding a rife on concrete block painted with the Star of David
A soldier in Zaura, northern Israel, in July 2006 © Polaris/eyevine

Could the present Israeli prime minister do better? There are a few good reasons for scepticism. First, aspiring hegemons need to be ready to redraw borders and promote regime change. Some application of force is indispensable and that’s why only countries with substantial military resources (Saddam Hussein was under the illusion that he possessed them) engage in such endeavours. 

However successfully they are pursued, these goals usually exact a heavy price in human lives and material resources. Netanyahu has gone so far as to predict regime change in Iran “a lot sooner than people think”. But grabbing more land while imposing obedient leaders on a few neighbouring countries is probably a tall order; Israel can hardly do both at the same time, as each objective (and sometimes both) will be vigorously opposed by other players. 

The second reason for scepticism is that Arab regimes’ passivity during the past year is very much linked to the identity of Israel’s main targets, two pro-Iranian champions of political Islam. By destroying them, Israel is also hitting what most Arab regimes consider their most serious adversaries. If and when Israel’s activism goes beyond this fortuitous convergence of interests, Arab passivity could suddenly disappear. Attempts to transfer Palestinians into neighbouring countries would in particular be opposed as a major source of political instability. Israeli attempts to impose a form of political hegemony in the Levant would not be acceptable to Egypt or Saudi Arabia and other would-be regional hegemons.  

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A man stands next to a small child. He holds up one banner and a framed picture. Behind him are apartment blocks and a large area of rubble
In the Beirut suburb of Dahiyeh in August 2006, a man stands amid buildings damaged by Israeli attacks, holding pictures of Hizbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran © Getty Images
A large banner of a smiling grey-haired man with a beard next to some bushes, damaged buildings and what looks like a fallen crane
A portrait of Hizbollah’s Hassan Nasrallah surrounded by wreckage in the Dahiyeh neighbourhood this month © Adrien Vautier

A third reason is that the excessive use of force will keep Israel’s adversaries in a state of anger: Israel can accumulate tactical wins but it cannot translate them into a stable hegemony. With the fundamental issues remaining unresolved, Hamas (or a successor group) and Hizbollah can reinvent themselves any time in the coming years, their most recent humiliation playing as an incentive rather than a deterrent (there are reasons to believe that, while being pounded like hell, both groups have been able to attract new recruits). 

Fragile states in the region, when not accomplices of anti-Israeli movements, can hardly prevent the re-emergence of groups with deep cultural roots and what they consider a legitimate cause. It seems likely that the Palestinian cause will continue to play the role of the Bible’s burning bush, extinguished only to be reignited immediately after. 

Fourth, an Israeli hegemony would be built on sheer, naked, arrogant power. All Israel’s neighbours are presently on the defensive: Syria is effectively occupied; Iraq has not recaptured its national unity since its “liberation”, nor been organised by strong, transparent institutions; Jordan fears the annexation of the West Bank and its own transformation into an alternative Palestinian state (something that had been part of the programme of Netanyahu’s Likud party for decades and has recently risen up the agenda in Tel Aviv and possibly in Mar-a-Lago as well). 

Badly damaged apartment blocks, with piles of rubble between the street between them
A street in a Beirut suburb damaged in an Israeli raid targeting Hizbollah’s television station, Al-Manar, in July 2006 © Getty Images
A pile of rubble and a dust-covered car in smoky street. One figure is walking along in the distance, wearing a hi-vis jacket
Smoke and dust filling the streets of Al-Hadath, a southern suburb of Beirut, after a night of bombing at the beginning of this month © Sylvain Rostaing

As for my country, Lebanon, it is financially bankrupt, politically paralysed (with no president, a government with limited powers and a dormant parliament) and threatened by the recurrence of civil war. Israel’s hegemony, if it is established, would be an easy victory but in an unstable, frustrated, angry environment that could hardly be pacified. Even if the war stopped today, Lebanon would still need years to recover. Israel might find informants in such an environment but would search desperately for allies and proxies. 

This is more so because the kind of regional hegemony Israel is attempting to build is totally non-Gramscian: it does not seek to integrate the defeated but, on the contrary, keeps excluding him. Its expansionist messianism is unpalatable even to the least bellicose of the region’s populations simply because they could have no part in it. They consider themselves utterly removed from the Holocaust inflicted by Europeans on the Jews and are therefore unwilling to pay, yet again, for Europe’s misdeeds. Integration of the weak into the powerful’s domain, as analysed by Antonio Gramsci or, long before him, by the great Ibn Khaldūn (who wrote of a process by which the weak accept a lesser standing as long as they are part of the ruler’s network, probably a precondition for sustainable hegemony), is impossible in these circumstances. 

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In this respect, the domestic evolution of the country is a mirror. Since its victory in the 1967 war, Israel has changed. This can be seen in the Druze community, traditionally a disproportionate source of recruits to the Israeli military, where there is growing unease about a redefinition of Israel that solidifies their standing as second-class citizens. It was evident too in the protests throughout the spring and summer of 2023, when liberal Israelis demonstrated in hundreds of thousands against the Netanyahu government’s “reforms” of the judiciary, meant to constrain its autonomy.  

In other words, a reconfiguration of Israel as a religious entity (as illustrated by the settlers’ increasing influence on politics or the large increase of religious militants in the officer corps) makes it even more exclusivist: liberal Jews and — certainly — Arab citizens of the state are not welcome. This transformation of the Israeli polity (not its mere “slide to the right”, as often reported) has been going in parallel with the attempt at regional hegemony, a combination that can hardly reassure large segments of the Israeli population or the country’s neighbours in the region. 

Those the gods afflict with hubris free themselves from reason. UN secretary-general António Guterres was declared persona non grata only because he reminded Israel that international humanitarian law also applies to it. Emmanuel Macron was promised hell because he suggested that arms deliveries to Israel should be halted. The International Criminal Court was demonised when it spoke of war crimes being committed; we do not know whether it will issue arrest warrants for Israeli leaders. Even countries that have normalised their relations with Israel are disoriented by its elastic definition of its security and contempt for others’ concern for theirs.  

A street crowded with mostly young people, many waving Israeli flags
Protesters gather in Tel Aviv in July 2023 to demonstrate against the Netanyahu government’s judicial reforms © Getty Images
The ruins of an ancient temple and, beyond it, a range of slopes with crops planted on them
The Faqra Roman temple in Mount Lebanon © Alamy

Similarly, the idea of Israel as a bulwark of civilisation against barbarism is a pretension that finds an echo in the west (certainly in the US Congress) but can hardly describe the region’s ancient civilisations nor adequately reflect the Israeli army’s behaviour in Gaza. Closer to reality is Israel’s attempt to be an advanced military fort for the west, and many in the west are happy with that role. But an advanced military fort cannot be a regional hegemon, much less a beacon of civilisation. 

In this tortured, agitated, broken region, there still is a way to avoid the worst. It is by bringing back to the forefront the heart of the matter, the issue that has been around for a century and a half of conflict, the issue that many Israelis want to forget: the Palestinians’ basic political rights. Israel’s regional adventures often look like a flight from that ever-present, painful fact. Unless the Palestinians’ right to a state of their own alongside Israel is recognised and materially implemented, they will not cease to be a source of (fully legitimate) disruption, making their life and that of their neighbours impossible. 

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The aspiring hegemon has concluded that if force does not pacify the Palestinians and those who, sincerely or cynically, support their cause, the remedy is in the application of even more force. If history is of any use, it teaches us that the use of force to settle complex political issues is always sterile and often counter-productive. In any case, the ruins left by Israel’s present pounding of Lebanon have none of the charm left by Romans and Byzantines in my village: they are instead the mark of an unconstrained, unbearable hubris.

The writer is a professor of international relations emeritus at Sciences-Po (Paris) and a former senior adviser to the United Nations secretary-general

Find out about our latest stories first — follow FT Weekend on Instagram and X, and subscribe to our podcast Life & Art wherever you listen

   

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Money

Exact date thousands can apply for £200 extra payment to help with winter energy bills – check if you’re eligible

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Exact date thousands can apply for £200 extra payment to help with winter energy bills - check if you're eligible

THOUSANDS of brits could pocket an extra £200 to help with soaring winter energy payments – check if you’re eligible.

The Household Support Fund offers families a helping hand when they may need it most, whether it’s with the food shop, school uniform or paying essential bills.

Thousands of brits could pocket an extra £200 to help with winter energy bill payments - check if you're eligible

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Thousands of brits could pocket an extra £200 to help with winter energy bill payments – check if you’re eligibleCredit: Getty

In September, the Department for Work and Pensions announced the HSF in Birmingham will be extended from October 2024 to March 2025.

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Thousands may be eligible to claim the cash boost from Birmingham Voluntary Service Council (BVSC).

The £200 grant can be put towards household essentials including energy and food bills.

It won’t have an effect on any other benefits you may be receiving or be entitled to.

The payment is usually transferred directly into a bank account in the applicant’s name.

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Who is eligible

According to Birmingham City Council, you must meet the following requirements to be eligible:

  • be a Birmingham resident
  • be experiencing financial hardship, particularly with covering costs linked to food and energy
  • not have received a £200 grant payment in the last 12 months

Each household is only eligible to receive one £200 grant payment in a 12 month period.

How to apply

To apply, those eligible need to complete the Hardship Grant Community Fund expression of interest form.

This can be accessed on the Birmingham City Council website under Cost of Living Support, Household Support Fund 2024 to 2025.

All applicants will be contacted via email with details of the next steps should they be accepted.

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If you’re invited to apply, you will likely need to provide proof of your address and proof that you’re receiving means-tested benefits, if applicable.

Further support

Information can be accessed through these websites

What is the Household Support Fund?

Households in need can claim support to help with the cost of living via the Household Support Fund.

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The funding is supplied from a £421million pot by the Department for Work and Pensions.

It was first introduced in October 2021 and has been extended five times.

Councils up and down the country get a portion of the cash to allocate to vulnerable households.

For example, Medway Council in Kent, South-East England, is offering thousands of households supermarket vouchers worth up to £225.

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Some could qualify for electronic energy cards or e-vouchers to cover water bills worth £100 too.

Get in touch with your local council to see if you might be eligible for help.

You can find what council area you fall under by using the Government’s council locator tool on its website.

The help you can get varies depending on who your local council is, as well as your personal situation.

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But you may be able to get free cash and vouchers to help pay for things like heating your home or to cover costs of your weekly grocery shop.

If an applicant is already receiving benefits, these will not be affected by the HSF.

And, you do not need to be getting benefits to receive vouchers or funds from the HSF.

Check with your local council to find out what support is available and the eligibility criteria.

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Household Support Fund explained

Sun Savers Editor Lana Clements explains what you need to know about the Household Support Fund.

If you’re battling to afford energy and water bills, food or other essential items and services, the Household Support Fund can act as a vital lifeline.

The financial support is a little-known way for struggling families to get extra help with the cost of living.

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Every council in England has been given a share of £421million cash by the government to distribute to local low income households.

Each local authority chooses how to pass on the support. Some offer vouchers whereas others give direct cash payments.

In many instances, the value of support is worth hundreds of pounds to individual families.

Just as the support varies between councils, so does the criteria for qualifying.

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Many councils offer the help to households on selected benefits or they may base help on the level of household income.

The key is to get in touch with your local authority to see exactly what support is on offer.

And don’t delay, the scheme has been extended until April 2025 but your council may dish out their share of the Household Support Fund before this date.

Once the cash is gone, you may find they cannot provide any extra help so it’s crucial you apply as soon as possible.

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Travel

Greek island set to be the next big thing in 2025 – with much quieter beaches and new hotels

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Paphos has been named a trending destination for 2025

GREEK island are aplenty, with Santorini and Mykonos some of the most popular holiday destinations in the world.

But a new study has named the island of Paros as a trending destination for next year.

Paphos has been named a trending destination for 2025

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Paphos has been named a trending destination for 2025Credit: Getty
Paphos is often overlooked in favour of the nearby Mykonos

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Paphos is often overlooked in favour of the nearby MykonosCredit: Getty

American Express Travel included the island in their 2025 Trending Destinations list.

Analysing travel bookings as well as working with global travel consultants, the island was one of the few European destinations to make the list.

The website states: “Laid-back Paros has become the Greek island of choice for many.

“The cultural scene is vibrant here, and the rocky coastline is studded with beaches, secluded coves, and sea caves.

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“A mere 40-minute flight from Athens—or three hours on a ferry—this windblown retreat is also easy to get to.”

Around 200,000 people visit a year – just 10 per cent of the annual tourists that go to Santorini.

This means you can expect the island to be much quieter, and off-the-beaten track.

Its famous for a few things. This includes its marble, which was considered to be the best in ancient times, but there are other attractions too, including its many beaches.

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The town of Naoussa is the second largest town on the island and has been called a “smaller version of Mykonos”.

Expect amazing seafood when there too, with most of it caught at fresh before being served up

How to do two Greek islands in one holiday – with stunning private-pool rooms

However, it is also undergoing some new changes.

The island’s airport is expanding its terminal and runway, which will allow better infrastructure for travel.

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The €41million project hopes to be complete by 2026.

New hotels are popping up too.

This includes the boutique Andronis which opened earlier this year and a new Canaves Collection resort following success in Santorini.

You can fly there from Athens or get a ferry from the islands

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You can fly there from Athens or get a ferry from the islandsCredit: Alamy
The streets are similar to those in Santorini

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The streets are similar to those in SantoriniCredit: Alamy

Last year, professional travel planer Jennifer Greene said Paros was on the up.

She added: “The lack of an international airport tends to keep it that way, but a gentle ebb of chic new hotels is attracting more tourists.”

American Express also named Brittany in France as a trending hotspot.

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They included the destination because of its “distinctive culture, coastal scenery and miles of seaside walking paths like the GR34 trail”.

Mont-Saint-Michel is one of the region’s most famous attractions, located in the bay shared by Normandy and Brittany.

One beach that’s proven popular among holidaymakers because of its long stretch of sandy beach, stunning views, and tranquil waters is Plage de Tahiti.

Ferry is a popular option for travelling to Brittany from the UK – with routes from Plymouth and Poole.

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American Express Travel’s 2025 Trending Destinations

  • Brisbane, Australia – located between the Gold and Sunshine Coasts, Brisbane offers excellent museums as well as vibrant dining and nightlife.
  • Brittany France – Distinctive culture, coastal scenery and miles of seaside walking paths like the GR34 trail top the list of reasons to visit the Brittany region.
  • Franschhoek, South Africa – Franschhoek, the mountain-ringed gem in the Cape Winelands region, is an ideal add-on to a safari vacation with nearly 50 wineries, farm-to-table restaurants and hiking.
  • Koh Samui, Thailand – 88-square-mile Koh Samui offers a dreamy combo of lush jungle, white sand beaches, and turquoise waters, perfect for active travelers or those looking to relax. The island will be featured on a popular TV show scheduled to air next year and is sure to inspire set-jetting travelers.
  • Macau, China – Though The Historic Centre of Macau enjoys UNESCO World Heritage status, and the local Cantonese-Portuguese fusion cuisine is a must-try for foodies, the supersized casinos are the reason this densely populated peninsula, known as the “Las Vegas of the East,” boasts a number of award-winning restaurants.
  • Moab, United States – As the gateway to Utah’s “Mighty Five” national parks, Moab is a perfect starting point to explore the American Southwest. Travelers come for world-class rafting, mountain biking, and canyon hiking – or simply to bask in the red rock scenery.
  • Nikko, Japan – This tucked away mountain retreat in mostly rural Tochigi prefecture blends elements of Kyoto and Mt. Fuji, with photogenic waterfalls and abundant hiking trails.
  • Paros, Greece – Laid-back Paros has become the Greek island of choice for many with a vibrant cultural scene and rocky coastline studded with beaches, secluded coves, and sea caves.
  • São Paulo, Brazil – This multi-ethnic city is one of the great cultural destinations of South America and home to rich architectural heritage and some of the continent’s best museums, street art, and homegrown fashion.
  • Sun Valley, Idaho, United States – With fewer crowds than other Western ski resorts, Sun Valley appeals to premium travellers and everyday outdoor enthusiasts alike. During the summer months travellers can enjoy trout fishing, whitewater rafting, mountain biking and more.

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Business

HTSI editor’s letter: the wisely issue

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HTSI editor Jo Ellison

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HTSI editor Jo Ellison
HTSI editor Jo Ellison © Marili Andre

What is wise in 2024 remains a much-debated topic: but the value of a great education is something about which few would argue. For this week’s cover story, we followed Oxford student Grace Clover as she enjoyed her final days as an undergraduate at Wadham College, in a university recognised by many as being the world’s most prestigious. Grace writes about her experiences in a piece to accompany the pictures, and captures the strange contradictions, exhilarations and adventures that come with student life. In particular, she notes the peculiar isolation that comes with fulfilling the weekly essay deadlines, the “constant socialising” and the tremendous privilege of being surrounded by so much history and beauty.

As someone who has just delivered their child to university (though not Oxford), I found Grace’s essay especially pertinent. I also felt a huge nostalgia for that short moment where one stands on the precipice of “grown-up” life. The undergraduate experience is emotionally intense, confusing and wonderfully liberating. The pictures capture the great gift it is to be a student. Side note: it also bears testimony to the many friendships forged in adolescence – the shoot’s photographer, Tom Craig, and I were both in the same graduating year at Edinburgh.

Reading and studying are two ways of grasping the branches of universal wisdom. Other stories in this issue look at different ways to live intelligently. Grace wears predominantly vintage and pre-loved fashion, a business that has transformed with the rise of sites such as Depop and eBay, but one that can be somewhat overwhelming for those who prefer a more boutique-curated browse. Rosanna Dodds has compiled a list of the world’s best vintage dealers, most of whom have online and in-person concessions as well as areas of specialisation. The guide is designed to sort the jewels from the jumble and, in a crowded and largely ungoverned market, help steer a more productive search.

Can sustainable cutlery be sustainable and satisfactory?
Can sustainable cutlery be sustainable and satisfactory? © Morwenna Parry

Next, a personal obsession: since the ban of single-use plastic cutlery in England in 2023, restaurants and fast-food outlets have had to introduce a range of sustainable alternatives. There are now dozens of options when it comes to compostable cutlery, but most make for an unpleasant eating experience – there are few things more revolting than eating one’s lunchtime soup from a “cringey” and rough-sided wooden spoon. Ajesh Patalay investigates the state of eco cutlery, the issues of trying to make something both satisfactory and sustainable, and whether the current composting options are even viable. He finds that few options are especially compliant: I’ve vowed therefore to try to keep a real spoon around the desktop. 

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Polentina restaurant and staff canteen in east London
Polentina restaurant and staff canteen in east London © David Post

On the subject of the working lunch, how many of you have a kitchen or catering facilities in your office? You’ll probably enjoy Grace Cook’s piece about some of the world’s great staff canteens. From Polentina, an Italian restaurant set in a garment factory in east London, to Kantine, the kitchen restaurant that feeds the staff – and visitors – of David Chipperfield’s Berlin headquarters, Grace has looked at the new wave of cooks and forward-thinking employers who are rehabilitating this much-derided catering genre. I am rather envious of the folk at On Labs in Zürich, who have a dining room designed to mimic a living space where they get to enjoy a “vegan buffet”. Thankfully, many of these kitchens are open to non-staffers: you don’t need a visitor’s pass to try them for yourselves. 

@jellison22

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