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Is Reza Pahlavi Iran’s Key to Democracy?

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Reza Pahlavi

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ruled Iran as the Shah from 1941 to 1979. While his regime had Western support, it was not democratic. The Pahlavi regime’s authoritarian behavior led to the alienation of many Iranians and resulted in the 1979 Revolution of 1979 and its takeover by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a Shia religious leader living in exile in Paris at the time. After the revolution, many of the Shah’s wealthy supporters emigrated to California and formed an influential community on the West Coast of the United States.

For years, followers of Reza Pahlavi, the Shah’s son and the former Iranian crown prince, have advocated for a transition from an Islamofascist dictatorship to a monarchy for Iran, almost similar to what happened in Spain. They compare Pahlavi to Juan Carlos, who ascended the throne and abolished the dictatorship with the support of Franco’s military.

Pahlavi followers claim he can achieve the same with the support of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC). Pahlavi himself has stated many times that he is in touch with the Iranian regime and has been open to IRGC overtures.

Spain’s transition from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a constitutional monarchy under King Juan Carlos I was a pivotal moment in Spanish history. Franco ruled Spain as a right-wing military dictator following his overthrow of the left-wing republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Ultranationalism, authoritarianism and repression and persecution of political opposition characterized his regime. Before his death in 1975, Franco designated the exiled Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón as his successor, hoping that he would perpetuate the ultranationalist regime.

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Contrasting Iran and Spain’s political landscapes

Juan Carlos dismantled the authoritarian regime and moved Spain towards democracy instead of following in Franco’s footsteps. The first step was the Political Reform Act of 1976, which allowed for the dismantling of Francoist institutions and paved the way for democratic elections. In 1977, the legalization of political parties led to the first free elections since the 1930s. Subsequently, a new democratic constitution was drafted and approved by a popular referendum in 1978, establishing Spain as a democratic parliamentary monarchy and guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms for all citizens.

However, Iran today is far from Spain, and there are fundamental differences between the two countries. The most significant is that the IRGC is not a regular military like Spain’s army was towards the end of Franco’s rule. The Guards are more akin to the SS in Nazi Germany and the Red Army in the Soviet Union, created with the specific purpose of enforcing the ideological agenda of their totalitarian regime. This makes them dependent on the regime’s core belief system, values and interests to stay relevant.

Even today, the Islamist regime’s warmongering across the Middle East and crimes against humanity in Iran and around the world deeply involve the IRGC, a US- and Canadian-designated “state terrorist organization” that is also likely to be designated by the EU. It is bent on the defeat of the United States, the destruction of Israel and the conquest of the Arab world. As such, the IRGC cannot possibly provide the building block for a democracy or even a normal regime in Iran.

The general behavior of Pahlavi’s Iranian supporters has not proved promising for democracy, either. His associates and followers have started a regime of oppression in exile even before getting to power in Iran. They have assaulted non-Pahlavist protesters during anti-regime demonstrations abroad, ran campaigns of harassment and intimidation against journalists and democracy activists, pushed IRGC talking points about political prisoners and Iran’s ethnic minorities and welcomed all kinds of nefarious regime affiliates, including antisemitic IRGC members, among their ranks.

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The reality of Iran’s political transition

To cap it all, Pahlavi himself recently rejected democracy and instead suggested that he roots for some kind of an authoritarian regime. By erroneously comparing Iran to Afghanistan and putting forward a fallacious essentialist argument, Pahlavi claimed that Iran’s society, like Afghanistan, has its own “traditions, norms and means of governance” and imposing an “inauthentic Western construct” like “democracy” on it will lead to anarchy similar to Afghanistan. While the West and most of the free world widely praised the recent nationwide “Woman, Life, Freedom Revolution” in Iran for its progressive values, Pahlavi boldly made that argument to the contrary.

Pahlavi’s willingness to blatantly distort the truth about Iran and what most Iranians want explains why he and his supporters were disturbed by the Woman, Life, Freedom Revolution in the first place. Not only did they not fully support it, but they also took issue with many aspects of it because the progressive nature of that revolution nullified the Pahlavist narrative regarding the “backwardness” of Iranian society to legitimize an authoritarian regime, most likely in the form of an absolutist monarchy with Reza Pahlavi as its Shah.

Unlike Spain, Iran would not transition from fascism to democracy even if they put the prince on the throne and allowed the IRGC to continue to exist. The Guards are unlikely to relinquish power and become a regular army subordinated to a constitutional system. Instead, they would exploit their newfound legitimacy as Pahlavi’s praetorians to continue their campaign of terror in Iran and abroad.

Pahlavi himself would serve as a figurehead to legitimize the existence of the new fascist order. His advocacy for what inherently goes against American values, his dynasty’s historical hostility to democracy and his followers’ reactionary rhetoric and anti-democratic bent will further empower the Guards and their Russian allies to prevent Iran from shifting towards the West once the current Islamofascist regime falls.

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As we have seen in the past decade, Moscow has learned that promoting far-right positions and politicians worldwide helps keep the world divided. At the same time, it continues to push for conquest and global domination. Iran is already within the Russian sphere of influence. Still, if the Islamist regime were to fall, the Kremlin would prefer to have an ultranationalist junta run the country rather than a Western-friendly liberal democracy. In other words, the Russians don’t want to see Iran as a powerful pillar of Western security strategy like the post-WWII Germany and Japan.

As things stand, Iran risks passing from one totalitarian regime to another. If things unfold in that direction, the country will remain a hotbed of tyranny and radicalism, oppressing its people while continuing to threaten its neighbors and the wider world. The democratic world needs to intervene to help the Iranian people establish a liberal democracy and bring Iran back to the West.

[Liam Roman edited this piece.]

The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.

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Northern seaside town nicknamed the ‘Lakeland Riviera’ thanks to its warm microclimate

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Grange-over-Sands had its heyday in the 19th century

THE charming seaside town of Grange-over-Sands has been attracting holidaymakers for 175 years.

Located on the north side of Morecambe Bay in Cumbria, Grange-over-Sands benefits from its own microclimate, making it slightly warmer than other nearby tourist destinations.

Grange-over-Sands had its heyday in the 19th century

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Grange-over-Sands had its heyday in the 19th centuryCredit: Alamy
The Ornamental Gardens is one of the town's top attractions

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The Ornamental Gardens is one of the town’s top attractionsCredit: Alamy

Grange-over-Sands has this microclimate to thank for its moniker as the “Lakeland Riviera”.

The seaside town was a fashionable seaside resort town in the 19th century thanks to its pleasant temperatures and the arrival of the railroad in the 1850s.

Steeped in charm with promenade walks, lush gardens and sweeping views over Morecambe Bay, Grange-over-Sands is an ideal autumn break for Brits.

One of the main attractions in the town is its Ornamental Gardens, which has been affectionately nicknamed the “Duck Pond” by locals.

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Constructed on an area of marshland that was cut off from the shore when the railway was built in the 1800s, the pond is fed by a stream that gives the pond a constant flow of water, meaning it never runs dry.

The pond also has a fountain and several paths and benches surround the pond.

Another popular attraction in the English town is the Promenade Walk – a level walkway along the edge of Morecambe Bay.

A playground is located on the southern end of the promenade equipped with swings, a slide and a climbing frame.

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Despite being set on the coast, Grange-over-Sands doesn’t technically have a beach.

However, it is home to a saltmarsh that’s part of nearby Morecambe Bay.

Discovering UK’s Most Picturesque Towns

Why does Grange-over-Sands have a microclimate?

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THE microclimate in Grange-over-Sands is milder and sunnier than the rest of the Lake District.

Grange-over-Sands has a microclimate because of its location on the edge of the Lake District and the coast.

Factors such as the Gulf Stream, the nearby mountains and its south-facing position also contribute to its slightly warmer temperatures.

There are plenty of other things to do just outside Grange-over-Sands like a visit to Holker Hall and Garden – an award-winning stately home with beautiful gardens, woodland walks and a deer park.

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Cartmel Village is known for its famous sticky toffee pudding and it’s also a short drive away from Grange-over-Sands.

Other neighbouring attractions include The Lakeland Motor Museum, Yewbarrow House Garden and Sizergh Castle and Garden.

For visitors who want to stay overnight there’s The Commodore Inn – a pub and restaurant with six en-suite rooms.

There are several restaurants in Grange-over-Sands like Thyme Out Coffee House & Restaurant, The Estuary Bistro and the Akhi indian restaurant.

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Grange-over-Sands is a 35-minute drive from Morecambe, and it’s a 26-minute drive from Kendal.

Direct trains operate from Grange-over-Sands to Manchester Airport and Lancaster.

While you’re there….

If you’re paying a visit to Grange-Over-Sands, it’s also worth checking out the charming town of Ambleside, which features England‘s best restaurant – The Old Stamp House.

At the AA‘s 2023 Hospitality Awards, the Lake District dining room was named England’s Restaurant of the Year and got a 3 Rosette Award for Culinary Excellence.

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Ambleside’s dining options may be fancy, but its outdoors are rugged and adventurous.

Included in that are the two waterfalls, Stock Ghyll Force and Rydal Falls.

The former is just a short walk from the town centre, where it drops 70ft into a plunge pool before continuing on its journey downstream into Lake Windermere.

The lake is the largest in England and is surrounded by mountain peaks and villages, with Ambleside sitting to the north.

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For those who aren’t so keen on getting wet, the likes of Wray Castle offer dry options.

The National Trust-owned gothic revival castle sits on the shores of Lake Windermere and has turrets, towers, informal grounds and miles of lakeshore paths.

The Trust say it offers church-like interiors and panoramic Lake District views. 

It also played an important part in UK literary history, as it’s where Beatrix Potter holidayed in the Lakes for the first time as a child.

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Three little-known attractions to visit in the Lake District

HERE are three little-known places to visit in the Lake District.

Rydal Cave
Located near Rydal Water, this man-made cavern was originally a quarry. However, it’s now a serene and somewhat mystical place to explore. The cave is large enough to walk into and features a small pond inside, adding to its enchanting atmosphere.

St. Catherine’s Church, Boot
Nestled in the picturesque Eskdale Valley, St. Catherine’s Church is a charming, isolated, church with a peaceful riverside setting.

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Muncaster Castle Gardens and Hawk & Owl Centre
While Muncaster Castle itself is relatively well-known, the extensive gardens and the Hawk & Owl Centre often don’t get the attention they deserve. The gardens cover 77 acres and feature a range of beautiful plants, including rhododendrons and azaleas. The Hawk & Owl Centre offers daily flying displays and the opportunity to learn about various birds of prey in a stunning setting.

A UK city has recently been praised for having the friendliest people in the country.

And an amazing train route offers some of the best views in the UK.

Grange-over-Sands is located in Cumbria

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Grange-over-Sands is located in CumbriaCredit: Alamy

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Vanguard strategist on saving for retirement and spending when you get there

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Vanguard strategist on saving for retirement and spending when you get there

Beach bonfires, sunrise sound-bath meditation, and yoga sessions mixed with high-level financial discussions on everything from bitcoin to bonds: That’s the Future Proof Festival, which took place last month in Huntington Beach, Calif.

More than 4,000 wealth advisers and vendors from across the country came to talk about investment strategies, learn about buzzy fintech, and scarf down tacos and ice cream while singing along with Third Eye Blind and the X Ambassadors.

One afternoon I popped into the Vanguard Investments tent to sit down with Colleen Jaconetti, a senior investment strategist for Retirement Solutions at Vanguard. Jaconetti’s focus for the past two decades has been financial planning and digging into the balance between spending on immediate needs and saving for the future.

Here’s what Jaconetti had to say, edited for length and clarity:

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Kerry Hannon: You’re known for your behavioral coaching. What is a key driver to saving for retirement?

Colleen Jaconetti: The most important thing is recognizing that if you want to have enough to live on in retirement, you have to start saving early and have a portfolio with low costs.

For a lot of the young people, it’s hard to take money out of their current paycheck for retirement. They’re focused on paying their bills right now. The discipline and the understanding that foregoing something in your early years can pay huge dividends is hard to get your hands around. That discipline helps you hold steady when markets get shaky, which is a key to long-term investment success.

Some of it is just people’s personality. I have one nephew who likes to spend his money as soon as it’s in his hands. It’s his natural inclination. He’s very generous. I’m not criticizing people who spend more. They want to enjoy their life. But it’s harder to get someone like that to understand the value of savings.

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Then the second part is education. While you really want to spend now, if you understand that if you save it now that means you can maybe retire three years earlier. That makes it a more tangible thing for younger people.

It helps to understand the trade-offs of small sacrifices. You need to see where in your budget you can consider trimming.

Read more: Retirement planning: A step-by-step guide

What advice would you give a young person just starting to save for retirement?

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Set enough aside in your employer-provided retirement plan to at least get the employer match. Many employers contribute anywhere from 50 cents to $1 for every $1 an employee contributes, up to 3% or 4% of their salary. Ideally, workers should aim to save 15% of their pre-tax income each year, including any match. Giving up the employer match would be a huge disservice to yourself.

Did you have an issue with saving when you were starting out?

No, but I remember exactly how much I made every other week when I started as a senior auditor at Ernst & Young in 1994. I was paying for my apartment and insurance all for the first time, and I was like, wait, where is my money going?

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Once you are aware of where all your money goes, you realize that a little bit over here in retirement savings actually will make a huge difference later.

Vanguard has been at the forefront of the movement to help people roll over their 401 (k) savings to an IRA and not cash out when they change jobs — a mistake I made as a 30-year-old. Can you elaborate on that issue?

People say, ‘oh, it’s not that much money, so it’s okay if I just take the cash now because I want to buy a house.’ But you can’t put that money back, and you’re giving up that tax-deferred investment and the compounding for two decades or more, and that’s a lot. When you show people what it would be worth in the future, they usually say, ‘oh wow, I didn’t realize that that amount today would accumulate to be so much down the road.’

If you’re not in retirement yet, but you’re edging up to it, what should you be doing?

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This is the time to put together the big picture of what you want to do, and then how much do you need, and what’s the best way to minimize taxes.

The biggest thing is what do you envision doing in retirement? Some people want to be gardening and reading books, and some people are going to be taking two or three trips a year.

It’s figuring out how much do you need to retire and live the life that you want to live. How much Social Security will you get? Can you afford to delay receiving your benefit? Then you need to consider whether you should spend from your taxable or tax-free accounts.

colleen

Colleen Jaconetti, a senior investment strategist for Retirement Solutions at Vanguard. (Photo courtesy of Vanguard) (Vanguard)

Let’s talk about the angst people have about spending in retirement.

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A lot of people get to retirement with a number in mind. I need a million dollars to retire. Whatever it is, they decide to have a number.

Then when they have that, they don’t want to spend from their principal in retirement. So they’re going into retirement with a broadly diversified, low-cost portfolio. They’re all set and then when they look at current yields, all of a sudden, they don’t want to spend their principal.

So they overweight their portfolio in dividend-paying stocks and high-yield bonds to get the income that they desire. But what they don’t realize is that you could actually be putting the principal value at risk more than if you just spend from it.

When you think about spending in retirement, don’t be so narrowly focused on preserving principal that you forgo diversification.

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Have a question about retirement? Personal finances? Anything career-related? Click here to drop Kerry Hannon a note.

What’s a spending solution that can ease people’s concerns about running out of money?

Dynamic spending. It’s responsive to annual market performance but the year-over-year spending amount is kept within a set range to provide a level of stability.

For many retirees, our dynamic strategy offers the best of both worlds. It’s responsive to market changes without causing significant fluctuations in annual spending.

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This strategy allows them to set controlled maximum (ceiling) and minimum (floor) spending limits. Retirees can spend more when markets perform well or cut spending when they don’t — within limits.

Say a retiree starts with $1 million in a 60% US stocks, 40% US bonds portfolio. You’d start with $40,000 a year in income with a 4% initial withdrawal rate as the basis for comparison and an expected 30-year retirement.

Dynamic spending allows retirees to receive more, say 5%, or $42,000 in income. In practical terms, this could translate to enjoying a higher quality of life, however they define it: more travel, greater ability to donate, or perhaps having greater means to help family members financially.

If there’s a period of prolonged underperformance — especially early in retirement — year-over-year real spending could decline each year. In other words, real spending could drop to $39,000 in year one, $38,200 in year two … down to say $35,000 in year five.

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Having the flexibility to make small spending decreases in down markets, and the desire to spend more in a positive market is a compelling strategy for many retirees.

Take a short survey and get matched with a vetted financial adviser.

Take a short survey and get matched with a vetted financial adviser.

Kerry Hannon is a Senior Columnist at Yahoo Finance. She is a career and retirement strategist, and the author of 14 books, including “In Control at 50+: How to Succeed in The New World of Work” and “Never Too Old To Get Rich.” Follow her on X @kerryhannon.

Click here for the latest personal finance news to help you with investing, paying off debt, buying a home, retirement, and more

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Four design-led destinations to inspire autumn getaways

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Bargain supermarket with over 300 branches closes store for GOOD today – with shoppers left disappointed

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Bargain supermarket with over 300 branches closes store for GOOD today - with shoppers left disappointed

A BARGAIN supermarket has closed its doors for good, as residents mourn the loss to their local highstreet.

The branch is part of a major chain with more than 300 stores across the nation.

Supermarket chain Farmfoods has closed a branch in south London

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Supermarket chain Farmfoods has closed a branch in south LondonCredit: Getty
The Sutton branch closed its doors on October 5

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The Sutton branch closed its doors on October 5Credit: Getty

Farmfoods sells frozen food and fresh groceries at bargain prices.

The closure of the Sutton branch in south London was announced last month, with the supermarket finally shutting up shop yesterday (October 5).

It was prompted by the landlord’s decision to redevelop the site, according to MyLondon.

After news broke of the closure, locals took to a residents’ Facebook group to voice their disappointment.

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One wrote: “That’s really sad, I love Farmfoods, soon there shall be no shops left in Sutton.”

Another praised the branch, saying it was a “useful shop, especially in COVID times”.

Others were unhappy about yet another loss to Sutton highstreet.

One said: “Sutton could end up a dormitory town as Crawley was, no services, or many shops in town, but plenty of places to live and good transport to get to and from it.”

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Another echoed: “Another one gone.”

A third wrote :”There will be nothing left except for flats. No shops anywhere.”

Proud mum nabs a freezer full of food for just £12, but trolls say it’s ‘rubbish’ they ‘wouldn’t feed to their dogs’

However, the chain does have plans to reopen the site at some point in the future, according to a spokesperson.

Property Director Alistair Kay said: “The closure is due to our landlord intending to redevelop the land the building sits on. No other Farmfoods shops are affected.

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“We’re grateful to all our customers for their loyalty shopping with us at the site over the years and will continue to look for suitable opportunities to reopen in Sutton in future.”

Before the closure, the supermarket launched a huge closing down sale – with 50% off all stock.

Why are retailers closing stores?

RETAILERS have been feeling the squeeze since the pandemic, while shoppers are cutting back on spending due to the soaring cost of living crisis.

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High energy costs and a move to shopping online after the pandemic are also taking a toll, and many high street shops have struggled to keep going.

The high street has seen a whole raft of closures over the past year, and more are coming.

The number of jobs lost in British retail dropped last year, but 120,000 people still lost their employment, figures have suggested.

Figures from the Centre for Retail Research revealed that 10,494 shops closed for the last time during 2023, and 119,405 jobs were lost in the sector.

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It was fewer shops than had been lost for several years, and a reduction from 151,641 jobs lost in 2022.

The centre’s director, Professor Joshua Bamfield, said the improvement is “less bad” than good.

Although there were some big-name losses from the high street, including Wilko, many large companies had already gone bust before 2022, the centre said, such as Topshop owner Arcadia, Jessops and Debenhams.

“The cost-of-living crisis, inflation and increases in interest rates have led many consumers to tighten their belts, reducing retail spend,” Prof Bamfield said.

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“Retailers themselves have suffered increasing energy and occupancy costs, staff shortages and falling demand that have made rebuilding profits after extensive store closures during the pandemic exceptionally difficult.”

Alongside Wilko, which employed around 12,000 people when it collapsed, 2023’s biggest failures included Paperchase, Cath Kidston, Planet Organic and Tile Giant.

The Centre for Retail Research said most stores were closed because companies were trying to reorganise and cut costs rather than the business failing.

However, experts have warned there will likely be more failures this year as consumers keep their belts tight and borrowing costs soar for businesses.

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The Body Shop and Ted Baker are the biggest names to have already collapsed into administration this year.

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Four Lives Lost and Over 30 Injured in Recent Russian Strikes on Ukraine

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Four Lives Lost and Over 30 Injured in Recent Russian Strikes on Ukraine

Deadly Consequences

The attacks had deadly consequences in other regions. In Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, two individuals — a 50-year-old woman and a 56-year-old man — sustained injuries due to rocket strikes in the Synelnykove district, damaging several houses and vehicles.

Donetsk Oblast faced its own tragedies, with two fatalities and eight injuries reported. Specific incidents included a deadly attack in Velyka Novosilka and another in the town of Toretsk.

In Kharkiv Oblast, a 49-year-old man died when a Russian drone struck his car, while an 87-year-old man was injured in a subsequent airstrike in the same area.

In Kherson Oblast, a 55-year-old man was killed, with 15 others injured across the region. Additionally, the southern city of Odesa was targeted, resulting in injuries and damage to civilian infrastructure.

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While Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Kirovohrad, Poltava, Vinnytsia, Khmelnytskyi, Luhansk, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhzhia, and Zhytomyr oblasts also faced attacks, no casualties were reported there.

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Haiti seeks ‘urgent’ reinforcement of Kenya-led force to fight gangs

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A drastic increase in funding and personnel for a Kenyan-led international mission is needed to wrest control of much of Haiti’s capital from the violent grip of gangs, the Caribbean nation’s acting prime minister has said.

“It’s a two-pronged issue, not enough people [and] insufficient equipment of our police forces and the structures in Haiti,” Garry Conille, the country’s interim leader, told the Financial Times.

“As we attack one major neighbourhood, gangs then spread out and attack us in other places, so our police chief has to make a very difficult decision of redeploying his assets,” said Conille, a former UN development worker.

“You can understand why four months into this, we’re not yet finished with one neighbourhood.”

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Conille’s call for increased funding was given added urgency by a massacre on Thursday in Pont-Sondé, a town 100km north of the capital, which left at least 70 people dead and displaced more than 6,200, according to the UN.

The attack was carried out by the Gran Grif gang, which swept through the town in the country’s rice-growing heartland, firing at residents with automatic rifles. It is the worst massacre in Haiti since at least 2018, when 71 people were killed by gangs in a slum in Port-au-Prince, the capital.

The UN’s Human Rights Office on Friday called for “increased international financial and logistical assistance” to the Kenyan-led mission after the “horrifying” attack.

Several nations have pledged in recent weeks to send police officers to Haiti to build up the faltering UN-backed mission.

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Visiting Port-au-Prince last month, Kenya’s President William Ruto pledged to augment the country’s existing 400-strong contingent with another 600 officers. Reinforcements from Jamaica and Belize have arrived, while Guatemala has promised to send 150 officers.

When the UN approved the mission a year ago, the force was expected to total about 2,500 officers from nations including Bangladesh, Barbados and Chad, providing a significant boost to Haiti’s outmatched police.

But progress has been slow since Kenyan officers first arrived in June.

They secured the country’s main airport but have done little to beat back some 200 gangs that are estimated to control about 80 per cent of Port-au-Prince.

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“Every house is transformed into a trap, and you have the gangs putting holes in walls and shooting from these tight holes,” Conille said.

“It’s really a house-to-house operation for the police with high-risk engagement. And then once you finish this engagement, you need to consolidate, which means that you need to bring in the state very quickly.”

Kenyan police forces patrol a neighbourhood in Port-au-Prince in September
Kenyan police forces patrol a neighbourhood in Port-au-Prince in September © Ralph Tedy Erol/Reuters

Haitians are becoming exasperated with the mission’s slow progress, even as joint operations between international and Haitian police intensify in neighbourhoods under gang control.

“People are angry because they expected more, and they are starting to lose hope,” said Dimitry St Juste, who abandoned a small bar he ran in Port-au-Prince’s violent Solino neighbourhood, and is now living nearby.

“The situation is very bad, people are dying, and houses are burnt down,” said Mélissa Joseph, a Haitian police officer in Solino.

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Unable to stem a wave of violence which has displaced about 600,000 people, the government of Ariel Henry collapsed in April and was replaced by a transitional presidential council — led by Conille — tasked with convening Haiti’s first elections since 2016.

The council’s legitimacy was challenged this week when investigators accused three members of corruption.

But the security crisis, which has deepened since President Jovenel Moïse was assassinated in 2021, remains a major hurdle for a vote scheduled to be held next year.

According to Conille, up to 80 per cent of the country’s 7,000-strong force have administrative or other functions, highlighting the migration of some frontline officers and budget restrictions that limit operational roles, while gangs have increasingly cultivated connections with transnational criminal groups.

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Map showing a detailed view of part of Haiti, focusing on Port-au-Prince and its neighboring regions

Conille said funding was the mission’s biggest problem.

The US, which has declined to send personnel but remains the mission’s main financial backer, has contributed $300mn in equipment and support to the mission — including armoured vehicles, communications equipment and the construction of an operating base in Port-au-Prince.

It is estimated the force’s operating costs will total $600mn a year. The UN has only received pledges worth $85mn for the Kenyan-led mission.

The UN Security Council renewed the current force’s mandate on Monday.

A US proposal to upgrade the force to a peacekeeping operation, enabling it to be financed through designated UN funds rather than voluntary contributions, appears unlikely to win support from veto-wielding Russia and China.

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The two allies abstained from the vote that established the current mission.

A senior US official said: “The fact that we are pushing for a peacekeeping operation is a clear signal that we want to make the gains that the [international mission] has been able to achieve in its relatively short time on the ground, durable and sustainable.”

Conille said a peacekeeping force “would add value” but as chaos continues to engulf the country it should not be considered “in lieu of the urgent need to reinforce the mission now”.

People wait for a food distribution in a displaced persons camp at the Lycée Marie Jeanne school in Port-au-Prince on October 2
The World Food Programme estimates almost half of the country’s 11mn population faces acute food shortages © larens Siffroy/AFP/Getty Images

Land access to the capital’s port was closed last week during a spate of attacks, while gangs are expanding beyond the city.

In August, violent gangs retook Ganthier, a town east of Port-au-Prince, after Kenyan and Haitian officers retreated, and have expanded their presence north-west to Cabaret and Arcahaie.

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Police fired tear gas at protests that broke out in August in Solino, which is prized by gangs for its strategic location on the road to the airport, and is a stronghold of Jimmy Cherizier, a notorious warlord known as Barbecue.

Joseph, the officer, has not taken part in joint operations with the Kenyans and expressed frustration about their effectiveness.

“The Kenyans and the Haitian police use armoured vehicles, but they continually break down,” Joseph said. “They need more weapons and a lot of ammunition.”

William O’Neill, the UN’s expert on human rights in Haiti, last month said the “humanitarian consequences [of gang violence] are dramatic”, with marauding gangs continuing to receive weapons smuggled from the US despite an international arms embargo.

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The World Food Programme estimates almost half of the country’s 11mn population faces acute food shortages.

“The world has a lot of other priorities,” Conille said. “But the case we’re desperately trying to make is that Haitian children are not less deserving than children in Ukraine or Gaza.”

Additional reporting by Andres Schipani in New York

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