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Restricting Aerosol Pollution May Worsen Impacts of Climate Change

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Federal government efforts to reduce aerosol pollutants, including the US Clean Air Act, have led to what climate scientist James Hansen has described as a “Faustian bargain,” Jake Bittle reported for Grist in February 2024. On one hand, these regulations aim to protect people from the negative health effects of aerosol pollution—including asthma, heart disease, and cancer; on the other hand, aerosol emissions have actually helped offset some of the negative consequences of climate change. Without aerosol emissions, Bittle reported, the world might have already warmed by another half a degree Celsius, because aerosols have a cooling effect that counteracts greenhouse gas emissions.

“If you remove aerosols from the air, you reduce the health impacts of pollution, saving thousands of people from lung and heart disease, but you might also make global warming worse,” Bittle wrote, citing Hansen’s assessment and findings from recent regulations on big container ships.

A decrease in aerosol emissions might intensify hurricane seasons by enabling large storms to retain additional moisture. A research report published in Nature Communications in February 2024 found that aerosols influence flooding patterns, with the presence of aerosols suppressing the impact of climate change on rainfall, thus delaying the expected surge in flood risks. The findings pose a dilemma:  If air pollution declines in the United States over the next few decades, many more Americans in regions such as the Southeast could see severe flooding and dangerous storms.

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As of March 28, 2024, the concerns raised by Jake Bittle’s report for Grist have not been widely covered by the establishment press, likely due in part to the complexity of the science and the dilemma it poses. The differing effects of aerosols on human health and the global climate have not been received the attention they deserve. This gap in coverage limits the abilities of policymakers and citizens to advocate for balanced, scientifically-informed approaches to regulation.

Source: Jake Bittle, “How Air Pollution Delayed a Surge in Extreme Rain,” Grist, February 22, 2024.

Student Researchers: Abigail Hamill, John Simonetti, and Natasha Tykulsky (University of Massachusetts Amherst)

Faculty Evaluator: Allison Butler (University of Massachusetts Amherst)

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Why Indonesia’s People Will Fail to Transition to Green Energy

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Power Plant

On August 16, 2022, Indonesian President Joko Widodo spoke at the Indonesian House of Representatives Annual Session and the House of Representatives Joint Session. He conveyed the agenda of Indonesia Maju, the Indonesian Cabinet; a transition to green energy was one of the key agendas. Widodo expressed great optimism in realizing an inclusive and sustainable Indonesia.

Previously, at the 2021 National Development Planning Conference, Widodo said that if Indonesia could implement this agenda, the country could achieve its national development. 

Indonesia has made efforts to reduce gas emissions by switching from fossil fuels to green energy. At the 2022 G20 Bali Summit in Bali, Indonesia, the country launched the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). This partnership relies on a financing scheme of $20 billion from the member countries International Partners Group (IPG) — European Union, United States, Japan, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom — and is coordinated by the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ). Each of them provided funds amounting to $10 billion.

Indonesian Minister of Foreign Affairs Retno Marsudi handled diplomacy with other countries. For example, Marsudi met with the Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs Anniken Huitfeldt by agreeing to a Memorandum of Understanding on the forestry sector; Norway is committed to assisting Indonesia with $250 million in the context of implementing JETP. According to a statement from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, the current efforts make Indonesia optimistic about reducing its greenhouse effect from 29% to 41% by 2030.

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Indonesia lacks commitment to green energy

Despite Indonesia’s optimism, the country must overcome great challenges in carrying out the energy transition. The country has repeatedly issued statements regarding clean energy, but talk isn’t enough; it must fulfill its commitments. Its primary energy remains driven by non-renewable fossil fuels. The Center of Economic and Law Studies (CELIOS) released a study in 2024 showing that Indonesia’s dependence on coal and oil is enormous. Two of the reasons are the economic price and the vast potential space for miners. This is why Indonesia still experiences an “addiction” to non-renewable energy.

The coal sector increased from 100.51 million barrels in 2018 to 167.41 million barrels just one year later. This figure shows a peak in 2022 of 299.19 million barrels. Although there is a decline in 2020 and 2021, it does not show a significant figure.

The weakness of Indonesia’s commitment is plainly obvious when looking at private and state banks, which support the non-renewable project. Take the coal mining company PT Adaro Energy Tbk as an example. In May 2023, Bank Mandiri, Bank Negara Indonesia, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Central Asia and Bank Permata contributed $1.75 billion for the construction of the Steam Electricity Power Plant (PLTU, abbreviated based on the Indonesian spelling) with 1.1 gigawatts in North Kalimantan.

According to Bhima Yudhistira, Director of the Center of Economic and Law Studies (CELIOS), this disbursement of funds shows that the rate of return for loan funds is still high. In fact, there has been a great deal of encouragement in the construction of the Adaro project to move away from coal. Several banks, such as CIMB Niaga Bank, Standard Chartered, Mizuho Bank and HSBC Bank, withdrew from the coal business.

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The green energy mix target for 2030 reaches 44%. Harryadi Mahardika, Director of the Clean Transition Program, says that Indonesia’s noncommitment toward the energy transition is also accompanied by an increase in the 35 Gigawatt Program electricity initiative. The majority of this remains dominated by coal-based PLTU.

In 2023, the publication Kompas revealed that out of Indonesia’s total energy consumption the previous year, renewable energy made up only 12.3%. This is an increase of 0.1% from 2021. The data shows that Indonesia still needs to reach the government’s target of 23% in 2025. The government even failed to meet the 15.7% target in 2022.

According to Amin Nasser, CEO of Saudi Arabia’s Aramco oil company, reducing gas emissions is just a ‘fantasy’ for the country. Naseer predicts demand for gas will increase in the next few years rather than decrease. Therefore, Indonesia and other countries clearly lack commitment to the green energy initiative.

The JETP scheme needs crucial clarification

Another issue is that the JETP scheme has yet to be clarified. The IPG’s financing will come in the form of debt. However, economists fear this could burden the fiscal sector, resulting in Indonesia entering a debt trap. In 2023, the data company Katadata found that 60% of Indonesia’s debt will be concessional loans, 17% will be in the form of guarantees from the US and UK through the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development, 14% will be non-concessional and the remaining percentage will be in the form of equity investment and grant funds. Additionally, the GFANZ group needs to share financing details. This can be dangerous if the Indonesian government is not careful.

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The launch of the Comprehensive Investment and Policy Plan for the JETP (CIPP JETP) had little impact on the situation. Before its publication, Indonesia had launched its Energy Transition Mechanism (ETM) with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) on November 3, 2021. In the CIPP JETP document, Indonesia decided that the Cirebon-1 PLTU, with a capacity of 1×660 megawatts, would retire early in 2035. The Pelabuhan Ratu PLTU would then retire in 2037.

Even though they are already in the ETM, these two PLTUs remain a priority for early retirement in the CIPP JETP document. According to the government, this pension policy is a compliance action to reduce global emissions. However, this step is repetitive — Indonesia has never been serious about solving environmental problems by diversifying other PLTUs.

Similarly, PLTU Suralaya and PLTU Paiton will be targeted for early retirement. However, Wahyudi Iwang, the Executive Director of WALHI West Java, pointed out that the early retirement schemes for PLTU Cirebon-1 and Pelabuhan Ratu do not reflect the principles of justice. Iwang stated that in the ETM scheme, the ADB did not inform the public of the decision’s consequences. One way is to use technique co-firing. Based on reports and research results from the Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air and the Institute for Essential Services Reform, this technique can only reduce emissions by around 20%. Fortunately, that will still make a positive impact on air pollution, and especially on public health.

The energy transition must (but can’t) be equally distributed

The third problem to consider is that not all regions can make an energy transition. This is a negative trend in the context of the equal distribution of green energy. Researchers Media Wahyudi Askar and Achmad Hanif Imaduddin’s study, “Indonesia’s Energy Transition Readiness Index: Mapping Current Conditions and Navigating the Future of the Energy Sector,” shows that DKI Jakarta occupies the top position with a score of 84.24, followed by Special Region of Yogyakarta (66.4), Banten (58.5), Central Java (55.22), West Java (55.19) and East Java (52.89). Simultaneously, provinces outside Java cannot follow the energy transition trend, such as Papua, Central Sulawesi, Bangka Belitung and West Papua; the majority of them score below 40.

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According to Askar and Imaduddin, provinces with high averages are supported by sufficient financial capabilities. For example, until 2020, as many as 90% of Solar Power Plants (PLTS) were still located on the island of Java. Provinces with low scores need help due to, among other things, the electrification ratio. When compared on a national scale, these provinces are below 99.2%.

Another challenge is human resources. Provinces with low scores tend to have low human resources for understanding foreign languages ​​and technology, such as computers and electronics.

We can conclude that the Indonesian government’s commitment to implementing a green energy transition needs improvement, especially when the government failed to implement mixed energy towards net zero emissions. Apart from the country’s minimal commitment, the energy transition in Indonesia still needs to be characterized by unclear JETP schemes and equal distribution in each region. Based on this, it is obvious Indonesia is not ready to carry out the green energy transition.

[Lee Thompson-Kolar edited this piece.]

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The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.

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Ryanair passenger left stranded 200 miles away from his destination – and £400 out of pocket

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Xavier de Vally was left stranded in Copenhagen after his flight to Gothenburg was diverted

A RYANAIR passenger said he was left stranded by the airline – after landing in the wrong country.

Xavier de Vally, 37, flew with his friend James from Manchester Airport to Gothenburg in Sweden on 8 August for a gig.

Xavier de Vally was left stranded in Copenhagen after his flight to Gothenburg was diverted

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Xavier de Vally was left stranded in Copenhagen after his flight to Gothenburg was divertedCredit: MEN Media
He was meant to fly to Gothenburg (pictured- but ended up in Copenhagen

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He was meant to fly to Gothenburg (pictured- but ended up in CopenhagenCredit: Alamy
Due to a curfew at Gothenburg Airport, the flight was diverted to Copenhagen, almost 200 miles away

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Due to a curfew at Gothenburg Airport, the flight was diverted to Copenhagen, almost 200 miles awayCredit: MEN Media

But he said his flight never reached its destination, as it failed to land and diverted to Copenhagen instead.

The friends were told they’d have to make their own way to Sweden, with a promise from the budget airline they would receive a refund for all reasonable expenses.

But Xavier and James, who ended up taking a train to the Swedish city, said they’re still out of pocket months on after their nightmare trip.

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Xavier told Manchester Evening News: “We actually were at the point of landing, literally coming down onto the runway, but we weren’t allowed to land.

“I don’t know why that was, there was no bad weather or anything like that.”

However, the change in landing was due to a curfew at Gothenburg Airport – so the flight was diverted to Copenhagen, almost 200 miles away.

Xavier, who was in a leg brace after recent ankle surgery, claims he was left without the assistance he had booked to exit the plane when landing in Gothenburg.

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As well as being told they’d have to make their own way to their final destination, Xavier said they received a text telling them to go to the wrong city – Venice rather than Gothenburg.

When the pair arrived through passport control in Copenhagen it was “way after midnight”, and they struggled to find a hotel for the night.

They walked to three different hotels, despite Xavier’s injury, before they found somewhere to stay.

I’ve major hack to find cheapest flights on Ryanair website – it’s a game-changer and perfect for budget travellers

The next morning they were able to catch a train to Gothenburg.

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Xavier said they did have a nice time on their trip in the end, but when they put through their claim to Ryanair for expenses, it came to just shy of £400.

Almost two months on, the pair are yet to receive a refund, despite Xavier attempting to go on nine webchats with the airline to find out its whereabouts.

A Ryanair spokesperson told Sun Travel: “This flight from Manchester to Gothenburg (8 August) was delayed ahead of take-off due to ATC ‘staff shortages’ which was outside Ryanair’s control.

“The flight was diverted to Copenhagen Airport, due to maintenance on the runway at Gothenburg Airport.

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“Despite Ryanair’s efforts to arrange accommodation for passengers, availability was limited, and passengers were advised that they could also arrange individual accommodation and that they could claim back expenses on Ryanair.com.”

However, they said that his refunds would be processed.

They continued: “This passenger submitted an EU261 expenses claim on 13 Aug and is awaiting approval.

“While we endeavour to pay valid expense claims as soon as possible, some payments are currently taking longer than usual due minor processing delays.

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“We sincerely apologise for any inconvenience caused as result of these ATC ‘staff shortages’ and maintenance at Gothenburg Airport which are entirely beyond Ryanair’s control.”

It’s not the first time a Ryanair passenger has ended up in the wrong country.

Flight compensation rules

A look at your rights if a flight is delayed or cancelled, when your entitled to compensation and if your travel insurance can cover the costs.

What are my rights if my flight is cancelled or delayed?

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Under UK law, airlines have to provide compensation if your flight arrives at its destination more than three hours late.

If you’re flying to or from the UK, your airline must let you choose a refund or an alternative flight.

You will be able to get your money back for the part of your ticket that you haven’t used yet.

So if you booked a return flight and the outbound leg is cancelled, you can get the full cost of the return ticket refunded.

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But if travelling is essential, then your airline has to find you an alternative flight. This could even be with another airline.

When am I not entitled to compensation?

The airline doesn’t have to give you a refund if the flight was cancelled due to reasons beyond their control, such as extreme weather.

Disruptions caused by things like extreme weather, airport or air traffic control employee strikes or other ‘extraordinary circumstances’ are not eligible for compensation.

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Some airlines may stretch the definition of “extraordinary circumstances” but you can challenge them through the aviation regulator the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).

Will my insurance cover me if my flight is cancelled?

If you can’t claim compensation directly through the airline, your travel insurance may refund you.

Policies vary so you should check the small print, but a delay of eight to 12 hours will normally mean you qualify for some money from your insurer.

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Remember to get written confirmation of your delay from the airport as your insurer will need proof.

If your flight is cancelled entirely, you’re unlikely to be covered by your insurance.

Earlier this year, a couple heading  to Denmark ended up nearly 800 miles away in France after boarding the wrong plane.

And another couple said they had no seats on the plane – after boarding the wrong plane, but to the same destination.

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The pair also received a text telling them to go the wrong city

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The pair also received a text telling them to go the wrong cityCredit: MEN Media

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Benjamin Netanyahu vows to keep fighting Hizbollah

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Benjamin Netanyahu said on Friday that Israel “must defeat Hizbollah in Lebanon”, as he vowed to continue fighting the militant group until Israeli citizens displaced by the conflict could return to their homes.

In a defiant address to the UN General Assembly, during which he also pledged to keep fighting in Gaza and accused the UN of anti-Israel bias, the Israeli prime minister insisted Israel would no longer tolerate Hizbollah’s presence on its border with Lebanon.

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“We won’t rest until our citizens can return safely to their homes. We will not accept a terror army perched on our northern border, able to perpetrate another October 7-style massacre,” he said.

“As long as Hizbollah chooses the path of war, Israel has no choice, and Israel has every right to remove this threat and return our citizens to our homes safely — and that is exactly what we’re doing.”

The speech came after US President Joe Biden and his French counterpart Emmanuel Macron earlier this week put forward a proposal for a 21-day truce in a last-ditch bid to prevent the hostilities between Israel and Hizbollah from spiralling into all-out war.

US officials hope the truce would allow time to negotiate a more durable ceasefire between Israel and Hizbollah, and would also put pressure on Israel and the Palestinian militant group Hamas to accept the terms of a ceasefire-for-hostages deal in Gaza.

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But during his half-hour speech, Netanyahu did not address the US-French proposal. Instead, he pledged to keep up the pressure on Hizbollah, and insisted Israel would also continue its offensive in Gaza until Hamas had been destroyed and the Israeli hostages held there had been freed.

“Israel must . . . defeat Hizbollah in Lebanon. Hizbollah is the quintessential terror organisation in the world today,” he said. “We’ll continue degrading Hizbollah until all our objectives are met.”

Israel and Hizbollah have been exchanging fire since the Lebanese militant group began launching rockets at Israel on October 8 in support of Hamas’s attack on the country the day before. 

But over the past two weeks, Israel has sharply escalated the fighting — killing a string of senior Hizbollah officials and launching intense air strikes on the south and east of Lebanon that have so far killed more than 600 people and displaced more than 90,000.

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The hostilities continued on Friday morning, with Israeli strikes reported across Lebanon, killing and injuring scores of people.

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Major energy supplier with 6.8million customers to make £150 automatic payments to thousands starting next month

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Major energy supplier with 6.8million customers to make £150 automatic payments to thousands starting next month

A MAJOR energy supplier with 6.8million customers will start issuing a £160 payment to thousands of customers from next month.

Octopus Energy is giving eligible customers extra cash through the Warm Home Discount to help reduce their bills this winter.

Octopus Energy will begin issuing the Warm Home Discount to thousands of customers next month

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Octopus Energy will begin issuing the Warm Home Discount to thousands of customers next month

The supplier has now said that it will begin issuing the payment from October.

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It added that all eligible customers will have the discount applied to their electricity bills by March 31, 2025 at the very latest.

Between now and December, the government will issue letters to households that are eligible for the scheme.

The eligibility requirements for the Warm Home Discount are the same as last year.

To qualify for the Warm Home Discount, you need to claim either the guaranteed credit element of pension credit or a different qualifying benefit form the list below:

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If you weren’t claiming any of the above benefits on August 11, 2024, you won’t be eligible for the payment.

Where someone claims a qualifying benefit, the government will assess their energy costs based on the type, age and size of property. 

Around 880,000 pensioners are eligible for pension credit but not claiming it.

As well as missing out on a £300 winter fuel payments, they won’t get the £150 Warm Home Discount payment.

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Even if you weren’t getting pension credit on August 11, thousands of pensioners who apply for the benefit now can still qualify for the £150 payment.

This is because pension credit rules allow first-time claimants to backdate their benefit entitlement by three months.

So you’ll need to launch your claim by Friday, October 11 and then successfully get it backdated to cover the August 11 Warm Home Discount qualifying date.

But if you fail to apply before this date you’ll miss out.

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What is pension credit and how do I apply?

PENSION credit tops up your weekly income to £218.15 if you are single or to £332.95 if you have a partner.

This is known as “guarantee credit”.

If your income is lower than this, you’re very likely to be eligible for the benefit.

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However, if your income is slightly higher, you might still be eligible for pension credit if you have a disability, you care for someone, you have savings or you have housing costs.

You could get an extra £81.50 a week if you have a disability or claim any of the following:

  • Attendance allowance
  • The middle or highest rate from the care component of disability living allowance (DLA)
  • The daily living component of personal independence payment (PIP)
  • Armed forces independence payment
  • The daily living component of adult disability payment (ADP) at the standard or enhanced rate.

ou could get the “savings credit” part of pension credit if both of the following apply:

  • You reached State Pension age before April 6, 2016
  • You saved some money for retirement, for example, a personal or workplace pension

This part of pension credit is worth £17.01 for single people or £19.04 for couples.

Pension credit opens the door to other support, including housing benefits, cost of living payments, council tax reductions, the winter fuel payment and the Warm Home Discount.

You can start your application up to four months before you reach state pension age.

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Find out how to claim, by visiting gov.uk/attendance-allowance/how-to-claim.

We’ve explained everything you need to know about Octopus Energy’s scheme below.

Do I need to apply for the discount?

Households in England and Wales don’t have to apply to get the cash and receive it automatically.

You should look out for a letter between October 2024 and early January 2025 telling you:

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  • You’re eligible and you’ll get the discount automatically; or
  • You might be eligible, and you need to give more information.
  • The letter will tell you to call the helpline by 29 February 2024 to confirm your details.

If you don’t get the letter by early January 2024 and you think you’re eligible, you need to call the helpline on 0800 030 9322.

If you’re eligible, your electricity supplier will apply the discount to your bill by 31 March 2025. 

Some Scottish households do have to apply for the discount.

In Scotland there’s a “core group” that’ll receive an automatic payment and a “broader group” which has to apply for the scheme with their energy provider.

You’ll need to check with your energy supplier directly to see the eligibility requirements and details on how to apply.

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The scheme will have more applicants than places, so make sure you apply as soon as possible.

Octopus Energy customers can apply by visiting octopus.energy/login/?next=/dashboard/new/accounts/warm-home-discount/.

How will I receive the discount from Octopus Energy?

If you pay by direct debit or on receipt of your bill the £150 Warm Home Discount will be added to your electricity account as a credit.

If you have a traditional prepayment meter, Octopus Energy will send you a voucher you can use to top up your meter at your nearest Paypoint kiosk.

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You can find your closest one by visiting consumer.paypoint.com/cashout.

If you’ve got a smart prepayment meter, Octopus Energy will send the discount directly to your meter as a credit.

It will then send you an email to let you know it’s on there.

What energy bill help is available?

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THERE’S a number of different ways to get help paying your energy bills if you’re struggling to get by.

If you fall into debt, you can always approach your supplier to see if they can put you on a repayment plan before putting you on a prepayment meter.

This involves paying off what you owe in instalments over a set period.

If your supplier offers you a repayment plan you don’t think you can afford, speak to them again to see if you can negotiate a better deal.

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Several energy firms have grant schemes available to customers struggling to cover their bills.

But eligibility criteria varies depending on the supplier and the amount you can get depends on your financial circumstances.

For example, British Gas or Scottish Gas customers struggling to pay their energy bills can get grants worth up to £2,000.

British Gas also offers help via its British Gas Energy Trust and Individuals Family Fund.

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You don’t need to be a British Gas customer to apply for the second fund.

EDF, E.ON, Octopus Energy and Scottish Power all offer grants to struggling customers too.

Thousands of vulnerable households are missing out on extra help and protections by not signing up to the Priority Services Register (PSR).

The service helps support vulnerable households, such as those who are elderly or ill, and some of the perks include being given advance warning of blackouts, free gas safety checks and extra support if you’re struggling.

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Get in touch with your energy firm to see if you can apply.

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Maggie Smith, Star of ‘Downton Abbey,’ Dies at 89

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Maggie Smith, Star of 'Downton Abbey,' Dies at 89

(LONDON) — Maggie Smith, the masterful, scene-stealing actor who won an Oscar for “The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie” in 1969 and gained new fans in the 21st century as the dowager Countess of Grantham in “Downton Abbey” and Professor Minerva McGonagall in the Harry Potter films, died Friday. She was 89.

Smith’s sons, Chris Larkin and Toby Stephens, said in a statement that Smith died early Friday in a London hospital.

“She leaves two sons and five loving grandchildren who are devastated by the loss of their extraordinary mother and grandmother,” they said in a statement issued through publicist Clair Dobbs.

Smith was frequently rated the preeminent British female performer of a generation that included Vanessa Redgrave and Judi Dench, with a clutch of Academy Award nominations and a shelf full of acting trophies.

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She remained in demand even in her later years, despite her lament that “when you get into the granny era, you’re lucky to get anything.”

Smith drily summarized her later roles as “a gallery of grotesques,” including Professor McGonagall. Asked why she took the role, she quipped: “Harry Potter is my pension.”

Richard Eyre, who directed Smith in a television production of “Suddenly Last Summer,” said she was “intellectually the smartest actress I’ve ever worked with. You have to get up very, very early in the morning to outwit Maggie Smith.”

“Jean Brodie,” in which she played a dangerously charismatic Edinburgh schoolteacher, brought her the Academy Award for best actress, and the British Academy Film Award (BAFTA) as well in 1969.

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Smith added a supporting actress Oscar for “California Suite” in 1978, Golden Globes for “California Suite” and “Room with a View,” and BAFTAs for lead actress in “A Private Function” in 1984, “A Room with a View” in 1986, and “The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne” in 1988.

She also received Academy Award nominations as a supporting actress in “Othello,” “Travels with My Aunt,” “Room with a View” and “Gosford Park,” and a BAFTA award for supporting actress in “Tea with Mussolini.” On stage, she won a Tony in 1990 for “Lettice and Lovage.”

Her work in 2012 netted three Golden Globe nominations for the globally successful “Downton Abbey” TV series and the films “The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel” and “Quartet.”

Smith had a reputation for being difficult, and sometimes upstaging others.

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Richard Burton remarked that Smith didn’t just take over a scene in “The VIPs” with him: “She commits grand larceny.” However, the director Peter Hall found that Smith wasn’t “remotely difficult unless she’s among idiots. She’s very hard on herself, and I don’t think she sees any reason why she shouldn’t be hard on other people, too.”

Smith conceded that she could be impatient at times.

“It’s true I don’t tolerate fools, but then they don’t tolerate me, so I am spiky,” Smith said. “Maybe that’s why I’m quite good at playing spiky elderly ladies.”

Critic Frank Rich, in a New York Times review of “Lettice and Lovage,” praised Smith as “the stylized classicist who can italicize a line as prosaic as ‘Have you no marmalade?’ until it sounds like a freshly minted epigram by Coward or Wilde.”

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Smith famously drew laughs from a prosaic line — “This haddock is disgusting” — in a 1964 revival of Noel Coward’s “Hay Fever.”

“But unfortunately the critics mentioned it, and after that it never got a laugh,” she recalled. “The moment you say something is funny it’s gossamer. It’s gone, really.”

Margaret Natalie Smith was born in Ilford, on the eastern edge of London, on Dec. 28, 1934. She summed up her life briefly: “One went to school, one wanted to act, one started to act, one’s still acting.”

Her father was assigned in 1939 to wartime duty in Oxford, where her theater studies at the Oxford Playhouse School led to a busy apprenticeship.

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“I did so many things, you know, round the universities there. … If you were kind of clever enough and I suppose quick enough, you could almost do weekly rep because all the colleges were doing different productions at different times,” she said in a BBC interview.

She took Maggie as her stage name because another Margaret Smith was active in the theater.

Laurence Olivier spotted her talent, invited her to be part of his original National Theatre company and cast her as his co-star in a 1965 film adaptation of “Othello.”

Smith said two directors, Ingmar Bergman and William Gaskill, both in National Theatre productions, were important influences.

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Alan Bennett, preparing to film the monologue “A Bed Among the Lentils,” said he was wary of Smith’s reputation for becoming bored. As the actor Jeremy Brett put it, “she starts divinely and then goes off, rather like a cheese.”

“So the fact that we only just had enough time to do it was an absolute blessing really because she was so fresh and just so into it,” said Bennett, who also wrote a starring role for Smith in “The Lady in the Van.”

However extravagant she may have been on stage or before the cameras, Smith was known to be intensely private.

Simon Callow, who acted with her in “A Room with a View,” said he ruined their first meeting by spouting compliments.

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“I blurted out various kinds of rubbish about her and she kind of withdrew. She doesn’t like that sort of thing very much at all,” Callow said in a film portrait of the actress. “She never wanted to talk about acting. Acting was something she was terrified to talk about because if she did, it would disappear.”

Smith was made a Dame Commander of the British Empire, the equivalent of a knight, in 1990.

She married fellow actor Robert Stephens in 1967. They had two sons, Christopher and Toby, and divorced in 1975. The same year she married the writer Beverley Cross, who died in 1998.

___

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Associated Press writer Robert Barr contributed biographical material to this obituary before his death in 2018.

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The Booker Prize 2024

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Our coverage of this year’s award, due to be announced on November 12, including reviews of the shortlisted titles

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