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How F1’s top teams have evolved their brake solutions during 2024

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 The changes made to Formula 1’s regulations were extensive for 2022. While much of the discussion since their introduction has revolved around the design of the sidepods and how teams have best managed the shift to more powerful floors, there’s been plenty of other design aspects that were affected.

These other design aspects have been steadily maturing over that time to improve the overall performance of each machine. One such design feature is the braking system, with several overlapping design disciplines required to extract maximum performance from them.

After all, it’s not only about providing optimal mechanical performance, the brake ducting also needs to provide enough cooling to support it, while also limiting the aerodynamic impact it has on surfaces.

Furthermore, the thermal interaction between the brakes and wheel rim has an impact on both the performance and degradation of the tyres, as the bulk temperature of the tyre can be affected by the transfer of heat between them.

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As you’d expect, the general approach taken by the teams is the same, as they’re all constrained by the same regulations, but there’s more than enough scope left over for each team to have their own design DNA, with various solutions emerging even a few seasons on from the inception of these regulations.

And, to recap, the changes made for 2022 were primarily about controlling how heat and airflow escape the assembly, with teams using various design tactics in the previous regulatory era to improve the passage of flow around the wheel assembly.

This included items such as blown axles and crossover pipework within the brake duct assembly that served primarily as a means to improve its aerodynamic output, rather than being required as a means to cool the braking system.

Red Bull Racing RB18 extra brake cooling detail

Red Bull Racing RB18 extra brake cooling detail

Photo by: Giorgio Piola

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To prohibit these aerodynamic solutions, the regulations no longer permit airflow to escape out of the brake duct’s outer face and out through the wheel rim. Instead, there’s a designated region on the brake duct’s end fence where the hot air is ejected (see the solution on the RB18, above).

This has led to teams creating multiple layers within their brake duct assembly in order that the airflow and heat can be better managed before being expelled from the system.

This nesting system usually consists of pipework that delivers cool air to the calliper and delivers it to the outlet after it has cooled the calliper, at least one internal drum, with various contours to baffle the airflow’s trajectory and a final external drum, which unlike in the past mustn’t have any holes or apertures with which to transfer airflow or heat to the external air stream.

McLaren MCL38 F B duct
Mercedes W15 first drum

Comparing the pipework delivering cool air to the calliper on the McLaren and Mercedes, for example, provides insight into the differing design conventions, with Mercedes selecting a more traditional short, single tract between the inlet and calliper, whilst McLaren has opted for an arrangement with two channels, feeding each side of the calliper independently.

And, while it has become common for teams to enclose the brake disc within its own fairing during this regulation set, to help better manage heat as it dissipates, some of the teams have now created windows within the fairing and the inner drum to allow passage for some of the heat being generated to find its way between the various stages of the nest.

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Mercedes W15 brake drum detail
Red Bull Racing RB20 brake and drum detail

As can be seen here, both Mercedes and Red Bull have designs with those features, albeit very different in their approach, as the former has opted for small elliptical apertures on the upper surface and outboard face of the inner drum.

Meanwhile, Red Bull has opted for a larger window, which is surrounded by a metal insert that will likely act as a heatsink too.

As you’d expect, there’s still plenty of performance to be found from changes here too, given it’s a performance intersection between numerous design fields. Teams are constantly updating the size of their inlet and outlet scoops to suit the given circuit’s characteristics, while also finding ways to better manage the airflow and heat internally to leverage the heat exchange from the brakes to the tyres, via the wheel rims.

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Does van der Linde’s potential Lamborghini LMDh test hint at his future?

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Kelvin van der Linde has insisted he wants to join a manufacturer that has a Hypercar and GT3 programme so he can continue in the DTM when his Abt contract is up, with a Lamborghini LMDh test a possibility.

The DTM championship contender’s future has been the subject of much speculation in 2024, with his two-year contract with Abt Sportsline expiring after this weekend’s final round at Hockenheim, where he will be battling Lamborghini driver Mirko Bortolotti for his maiden title.

Van der Linde has spent much of his professional career racing for Audi, but split with the German marque in 2023 following its decision to terminate its under-development Hypercar programme.

Since then he has become ‘brand neutral’, remaining with Abt Audi in the DTM while adding a new programme in the World Endurance Championship’s LMGT3 class with ASP Lexus.

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However, he continues to harbour aspirations of racing in top-level prototype machinery, a goal he first set out when Audi announced plans to return to the WEC with an LMDh car. This would most certainly require him to land a factory deal with a manufacturer.

When asked about his future, van der Linde told Motorsport.com’s sister title Motorsport-Total.com: “Nothing has been signed, and there are currently a few offers.

“My wish was always to go to a manufacturer that has a Hypercar and a GT3 program because I want to continue to be active in the DTM.

“You can think about which manufacturers there are that have both programs: BMW, Cadillac, Lamborghini, and I don’t think any others.”

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Abt is ending a long-term association with Audi to join forces with Lamborghini in 2025, which could open up new opportunities for van der Linde.

#63 Iron Lynx Lamborghini SC63: Matteo Cairoli, Andrea Caldarelli, Romain Grosjean

#63 Iron Lynx Lamborghini SC63: Matteo Cairoli, Andrea Caldarelli, Romain Grosjean

Photo by: Jake Galstad / Motorsport Images

Motorsport.com has learned that the 28-year-old may get an opportunity to sample the Lamborghini SC63 LMDh in next month’s Bahrain WEC rookie test, which would mark his first prototype appearance since a pair of outings in an LMP2 car in the 2021 Asian Le Mans Series.

It’s unlikely this will result in him joining the team in WEC next year, but it would at least mean that a Hypercar programme would be on the table for the future.

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This would also allow him to remain in the DTM with Abt, the team he has been racing with since the series switched to GT3 rules in 2021.

Other than Lamborghini, it is understood that van der Linde has two more options. One of those is BMW, whose factory roster already includes his younger brother Sheldon.

Kelvin van der Linde shares a manager with three-time DTM champion Rene Rast, who was also a long-time factory Audi driver prior to his move to BMW in 2023.

When asked about the BMW rumor, Rast grinned and said: “Kelvin at BMW? No idea. We’ll have to talk to [our manager] Dennis [Rostek] about what he’s up to.”

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However, Motorsport.com understands that the likelihood of van der Linde moving to BMW is low at the moment.

Similarly, while Cadillac will have an expanded two-car programme with Jota next year, the prospect of sister marque Corvette joining the DTM is implausible.

Toyota could also have been an option as van der Linde races for Lexus in the LMGT3 division, but the Japanese marque has no vacant spots on its Hypercar line-up for 2025.

That leaves Lamborghini as his best bet for a factory programme in 2025.

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2024 F1 United States Grand Prix session timings and preview

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Max Verstappen leads the drivers championship by 52 ponts as F1 returns from a month-long break, while McLaren has extended its advantage over Red Bull to 59 points in the manufacturers’ standings.

Event Date

12:30  

FP1

SPRINT QU

SPRINT

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QU

Race

2024 Formula 1 United States Grand Prix session timings in different timezones

Session

GMT

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BST

CEST

ET

PT

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AEDT

JST

IST

FP1

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17:30

18:30

19:30

13:30

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10:30

04:30¹

02:30¹

23:00

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Sprint quali

21:30

22:30

23:30

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17:30

14:30

08:30¹

06:30¹

03:00¹

Sprint

18:00

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19:00

20:00

14:00

11:00

05:00¹

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03:00¹

23:30

Quali

22:00

23:00

00:00¹

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18:00

15:00

09:00¹

07:00¹

03:30¹

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Race 

19:00

20:00

21:00

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15:00

12:00

06:00¹

04:00¹

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00:30¹

2024 Formula 1 United States GP session timings in the UK/Portugal 

Friday 18th October 2024

  • Free Practice 1: 18:30 – 19:30 BST
  • Sprint qualifying: 22:30 – 23:14 BST

Saturday 19th October 2024

  • Sprint: 19:00 BST
  • Qualifying: 23:00 – 00:00 BST

Sunday 20th October 2024

2024 Formula 1 United States GP session timings in Europe

Friday 18th October 2024

  • Free Practice 1: 19:30 – 20:30 CEST
  • Sprint qualifying: 23:30 – 00:14 CEST

Saturday 19th October 2024

  • Sprint: 20:00 – 21:00 CEST

Sunday 20th October 2024

  • Qualifying: 00:00 – 01:00 CEST
  • Race: 21:00 CEST

2024 Formula 1 United States GP session timings in the US (Eastern Time) 

Friday 18th October 2024

  • Free Practice 1: 13:30 – 14:30 ET 
  • Sprint qualifying: 17:30 – 18:14 ET 

Saturday 19th October 2024

  • Sprint: 14:00 ET 
  • Qualifying: 18:00 – 19:00 ET 

Sunday 20th October 2024

2024 Formula 1 United States GP session timings in the US (Central Time)

Friday 18th October 2024

  • Free Practice 1: 12:30 – 13:30 CT
  • Sprint qualifying: 16:30 – 17:14 CT

Saturday 19th October 2024

  • Sprint: 13:00 CT 
  • Qualifying: 17:00 – 18:00 CT

Sunday 20th October 2024

2024 Formula 1 United States GP session timings in the US (Pacific Time)

Friday 18th October 2024

  • Free Practice 1: 10:30 – 11:30 PT
  • Sprint qualifying: 14:30 – 15:14 PT

Saturday 19th October 2024

  • Sprint: 11:00 PT
  • Qualifying: 15:00 – 16:00 PT 

Sunday 20th October 2024

2024 Formula 1 United States GP session timings in Australia

Saturday 19th October 2024

  • Free Practice 1: 04:30 – 05:30 AEDT
  • Sprint qualifying: 08:30 – 09:14 AEDT

Sunday 20th October 2024

  • Sprint: 05:00 AEDT
  • Qualifying: 09:00 – 10:00 AEDT

Monday 21st October 2024

2024 Formula 1 United States GP session timings in Japan

Saturday 19th October 2024

  • Free Practice 1: 02:30 – 03:30 JST
  • Sprint qualifying: 06:30 – 07:14 JST

Sunday 20th October 2024

  • Sprint: 03:00 JST 
  • Qualifying: 07:00 – 08:00 JST

Monday 21st October 2024

2024 Formula 1 United States GP session timings in Africa

Friday 18th October 2024

  • Free Practice 1: 19:30 – 20:30 SAT / 20:30 – 21:30 EAT
  • Sprint qualifying: 23:30 – 00:14 SAT 

Saturday 19th October 2024

  • Sprint qualifying: 00:30 – 01:14 EAT 
  • Sprint: 20:00 SAT / 21:00 EAT

Sunday 20th October 2024

  • Qualifying: 00:00 – 01:00 SAT / 01:00 – 02:00 EAT
  • Race: 21:00 SAT / 22:00 EAT

2024 Formula 1 United States GP session timings in India

Friday 18th October 2024

  • Free Practice 1: 23:00 – 00:00 IST

Saturday 19th October 2024

  • Sprint qualifying: 03:00 – 03:44 IST 
  • Sprint: 23:30 IST

Sunday 20th October 2024

  • Qualifying: 03:30 – 04:30 IST

Monday 21st October 2024

Can’t find your country or region in the list? Check the Formula 1 schedule page for the broadcast times in your local timezone.

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Attack Charge technology “is working”, key Valencia test to determine fate

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Formula E’s Attack Charge concept will finally be trialled in a mock race during pre-season testing next month, with the FIA claiming the “technology is working”.

One of the longest-running sagas of Formula E’s Gen3 era has surrounded fast-charging pitstops, which could appear later this season, having already been tested extensively during the off-season by teams.

The concept, where drivers would be required to pit during a race for approximately 30 seconds and receive a charge of power equal to 10% of the battery, was initially slated for the start of the Gen3 era in 2023.

This was pushed back by a year due to the introduction of the new machines, which put a strain on available parts and the general Formula E infrastructure, with testing of the technology taking place at various points last season in official practice sessions.

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The fast-charging, which could eventually have a huge impact for electric vehicle consumers if successful, was never implemented in a race due to reliability concerns that have since been addressed ahead of the Gen3 Evo era.

“It came with big challenges; it’s not only pushing boundaries on the charger side but also on the battery side,” FIA Head of Championship for Formula E, Pablo Martino, told Motorsport.com.

“Through all the summer period this year, the manufacturers have had access to this technology, so they have been testing with that technology in place.

“They have performed quite a relevant amount of charging already. The technology is there, the technology is working.

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“There are just a few operational corrections that need to be addressed, but nothing related to the technicality.

“On how the system is operated, that part is something that is currently in the last phase of sign-off, let’s say, in terms of technology.”

Pablo Martino, FIA Head of Sporting Matters

Pablo Martino, FIA

Photo by: Simon Galloway / Motorsport Images

Teams have been able to use the charge boosters during testing to work on the procedure from an operational perspective, with further running now set to take place at pre-season testing in Valencia.

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The four-day test, which gets under way on 4 November, will include a mock race with the fast-charging pitstops set to feature, giving teams and the FIA the chance to see the technology used in a dynamic race situation.

Teams simulated pitstops during the same mock race in pre-season last year, but the technology was not used due to unreliability and safety concerns at the time.

“From an operational point of view, we’re pretty close,” adds McLaren chief engineer Albert Lau.

“But we just haven’t had, I guess, the volume of boost charges that would for me sign it off to the point where we’re happy that it’s all OK.

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“You’re talking about a boost charge per race, per car, and you add that up; you need hundreds of boost charges signed off before you’re going to go into a season.

“You don’t go to Le Mans and do a 24-hour test. You’ve done a 36-hour test beforehand and it’s the same thing for this.”

However, even if the technology proves reliable and teams are up to speed with it operationally, there’s no guarantee that it will be implemented for the upcoming season.

Martino admits that further simulation and research will need to take place to ensure that adding the procedure into a race won’t diminish the spectacle or create any additional issues.

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“There is also an exercise that needs to be understood, which is how this attack charge affects the race,” he said.

“This is something that needs to be captured, so even if the technology is there, we need to understand what’s going to happen in races. That will also be taken into account for a final decision.”

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“Aggressive” Marquez now has more respect for rivals on track

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Former MotoGP star Jorge Lorenzo believes Marc Marquez now displays more respect towards rivals while battling with them on track, having initially found his antics to be “very aggressive”.

Lorenzo was one of Marquez’s main rivals during his golden period in the 2010s, with the pair even becoming team-mates at Honda in the former’s final season in 2019.

Their careers have taken different turns since then, with Lorenzo going on to become a commentator for Spanish broadcaster DAZN and Marquez joining the Gresini Ducati team in 2024 after being saddled with injuries and an uncompetitive bike in his final years at Honda.

Lorenzo admitted that he wasn’t a fan of Marquez’s style of racing when the latter graduated to the premier class in 2013 as the reigning Moto2 champion, but feels his countryman has changed the way he rides against other riders over the years.

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“In 2013, I didn’t accept his [Marc’s] way of racing, which was very aggressive,” the three-time champion said at Festival dello Sport in Italy. “Now he has a bit more ‘respect’ towards his rivals. It must be said that the rules are stricter than ten years ago.”

Marc Marquez, Repsol Hond and Jorge Lorenzo, Yamaha

Marc Marquez, Repsol Hond and Jorge Lorenzo, Yamaha

Photo by: Gold and Goose / Motorsport Images

Marquez won six titles in his first seven years in MotoGP, with Lorenzo – then at Yamaha – the only rider to break his run when he triumphed in the controversial 2015 season.

Things started going downhill for Marquez after Lorenzo retired from MotoGP, with a horrific crash at the 2020 season opener in Jerez leaving him with career-altering injuries.

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It took multiple surgeries and prolonged layoff periods to put the accident behind, but by the time he was close to full fitness the Honda RC213V had slumped to become the slowest bike on the grid.

Lorenzo believes Marquez would have been able to win several additional titles had his arm not been broken at Jerez four years ago.

“He is a beast on a sporting level,” he said of the 31-year-old. “Since 2020, he has had very bad luck in terms of his physical condition. Without those problems, he would have won at least two or three more world championships.”

Marquez’s struggles at Honda prompted him to leave the Japanese manufacturer with a year left on his contract and join Gresini at the start of the 2024 season.

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Marc Marquez, Gresini Racing

Marc Marquez, Gresini Racing

Photo by: Gold and Goose / Motorsport Images

He will move up to the factory Ducati team next year, partnering Francesco Bagnaia, and will be in a position to challenge for the championship for the first time since 2019.

Lorenzo himself spent two seasons with Ducati in 2017-18 as part of a multi-million deal with the aim of leading the Borgo Panigale marque to its first title since 2007.

Although the Spaniard did hit his stride in his second season after a slow adaptation, the partnership ultimately ended with just three wins to boot.

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He ended up moving to Honda for what turned out to be his final year in the premier class, while Ducati slowly turned the Desmosedici into a dominant bike.

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Hailing Ducati’s general manager Gigi Dall’Igna, Lorenzo said he would have been able to achieve the target set out by Ducati had he stayed with the team for a few more seasons.

“We met in 2004, in my last year in 125cc. Fate brought us together at Ducati,” he said of Dall’Igna. “I was very sorry not to have won a title with the Italian brand. I am convinced that, if I had stayed two more years, we would have won it.

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“Now it is the best bike. It has no weak points.”

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The Crazy Science Behind the Reliability of an F1 Car | Safe and Secure x CrowdStrike

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The First Ever F1 Crash Helmet!? | Safe and Secure x CrowdStrike

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