The rain-affected Brazilian Grand Prix delivered what was perhaps the biggest shock podium of the Formula 1 season so far.

Max Verstappen‘s charge from 17th on the grid to the front had been anticipated by very few people, and it marked his first triumph since the Spanish Grand Prix back in June.

Right behind the Dutchman were the two Alpine cars of Esteban Ocon and Pierre Gasly, who scored more points for the squad in a single afternoon than they have all season so far.

The joy of the top three was in contrast to the struggles that other teams faced in the wet conditions, with recent benchmark squads McLaren and Ferrari struggling with a lack of pace.

World championship contender Lando Norris was fighting front-locking problems, while Ferrari’s Charles Leclerc described his SF-24 as pretty horrendous to drive.

“We were just not fast enough,” declared the Monegasque after the race. “The car was extremely difficult to drive and very, very pointy, very digital, very oversteery.”

While Verstappen and the two Alpines were certainly given a helping hand to their result by the red flag that handed them a free tyre change, it would be wrong to say that this was a fluke result won by a roll of the dice.

Even after the red flag resumption, the trio were the fastest cars on track, showing that the end result was certainly more down to how the relative cars performed in the wet.

It is a well-known phenomenon that some cars are more suitable for wet conditions than dry, as multiple elements come together to help drivers overcome deficiencies that are exposed in the dry.

Pierre Gasly, Alpine

Photo by: Alpine

One factor that almost certainly helped Alpine was the fact that the wet masked one of its main weaknesses: engine performance. With the tricky conditions more about managing throttle input than simply having the most power, the squad was on a much more level playing field than it is in the dry.

But one other interesting element popped up as a factor that could explain the shuffling of the order in the wet – and that is the aero impact of wet-weather tyres.

The current generation of ground-effect cars are very sensitive to ride height, and just a couple of millimetres of difference in ground clearance can have a pretty big impact in terms of downforce levels, with all the juicy performance coming as close to the track as possible.

So with the diameter of the inter tyre that most teams use being 5mm greater with its tread pattern than the slick (725mm compared to 720mm), there is a direct impact on where the car platform is running compared to where it sits on a slick.

And it must be remembered that teams were already finding that they could not run as close to the ground as they would have liked in Brazil because of the Interlagos bumps, so those cars already falling out of the ideal window will have been further pushed away by running on inters.

But it is not just the minuscule ride-height impact that can make a difference when it comes to the aero impact of the tyres, because sidewall stiffness is perhaps an even more important element.

How the tyre deforms under cornering load, and when downforce is applied, has a big impact on the car’s aerodynamics, which is why teams put a lot of effort into ensuring that their cars are optimised to take the changing shape of tyres into account.

That is why wind tunnel tyres are designed to replicate in perfect scale the sidewall deformation that real-life tyres have.

A change of sidewall stiffness and a subtle impact on ride height is certainly more than enough to alter the aero map of a car, potentially shifting the balance and making what is a benign car in the dry quite pointy in the wet.

Haas team principal Ayao Komatsu, whose own team seemed to be worse off on the inter than the slick, said it was not a new phenomenon for his squad – as Spa earlier this year had exposed problems of his car losing rear downforce when put on to rain-weather tyres.

Pirelli tyres on the car of Oscar Piastri, McLaren MCL38

Photo by: Steven Tee / Motorsport Images

“The amount of aero balance we need to take out just shows the rear of the car is weak on the intermediate tyres, which is a new problem this year,” he said.

“You design the car with your wind tunnel tyres for dry conditions, obviously. Then, I can’t remember when we first ran the inters or wet, but straight away we lost so much stability.”

On the flip side, the Red Bulls and Alpine certainly seemed to be a step ahead of the opposition in the wet.

What the data says

While teams do not yet have answers as to whether the aero influence of the tyres was decisive in Brazil, analysis of lap times definitely points to some shift in trends.

Most interesting is that the Brazilian GP weekend, with its dry sprint event and wet rain race, offered us a snapshot of performance differences across the two conditions.

And while qualifying comparisons are not totally indicative, because some cars did not show their full potential in the same conditions as others, they do at least show how some teams moved around in the pecking order – with Alpine and RB certainly looking relatively better in the wet and Ferrari dropping back.

The below results show the fastest car from each team in Q3.

Sprint qualifying result – Dry

Qualifying – Wet

But a more accurate gauge of the pace of the cars, and how things moved around from the dry to the wet, comes from race pace.

Looking at the fastest car from each team, based on clean racing laps – so not including pitstops nor restarts – we get the following data set.

Sprint – Dry

Race – Wet

Red Bull and Mercedes’ pace was certainly much improved in the wet relative to its rivals, while McLaren and Ferrari fell back.

And Ferrari’s was perhaps the biggest drop-off, as Alpine and RB proved to be quicker over the stints.

“They’ve turned that around quickly” an impressed colleague said to this writer on entering the media centre at the Jarama Circuit on Tuesday morning, as a banner reading “2024/25 Madrid Official Testing” was being erected.

While the sight of a banner might seem like one of the least impressive feats at a race track, the quick turnaround of the wording perfectly encapsulated the mighty effort and great lengths at which Formula E has gone to in order to ensure pre-season testing takes place this week and, at the time of writing at least, without issue.

The all-electric championship’s announcement to cancel its pre-season test in Valencia last Thursday and move to another location inside just 72 hours was both ambitious but also completely the right decision.

With more than 200 killed, many still missing, and infrastructure ravaged by flash flooding, the championship had a moral obligation not to go ahead with four days of running at the Ricardo Tormo Circuit.

“The test was kind of a second thought. We were there to try to help the community, to try to serve them and trying to get back to normality as soon as possible. That was the top priority of Formula E,” championship co-founder, Alberto Longo, told Motorsport.com.

“There was no chance that [testing] could have happened. I believe that operationally, it was doable, but it was more on the sense of we couldn’t be taking resources out of that city, at that particular moment where there are still people missing.”

Decision to cancel made, attention immediately turned to whether an alternative could be found at such short notice and “how do we get approximately 100 tonnes of equipment from Valencia to any track in the south of Europe and within a time frame of 72 hours”, adds Longo.

Despite the events of the past week, Formula E has been able to deliver a pre-season test to schedule

Photo by: Simon Galloway / Motorsport Images

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With its relatively close connections to Valencia, being only 350km (or an approximately four-hour drive) away, on-site infrastructure and a FIA Grade 2 homologation, Jarama was the first and realistically only choice, and an agreement was quickly reached with the circuit operators.

While teams had avoided getting equipment stuck in the Valencia region and able to relocate relatively easily, this was not the case for Formula E as its entire logistical base is situated at the Ricardo Tormo Circuit.

Questions arose over whether it would even be possible to get supplies out of the city given the battered road connections, let alone whether it would be feasible in the short time available given the trouble in sourcing transport. In the end, some eight trucks made nearly 40 trips ferrying equipment through Spain to the country’s capital, the first only arriving at 11pm on Friday and the last at 3pm on Monday.

“At some point, even [last] Thursday, I was telling Jeff [Dodds, CEO] that we might not even do the first race because we have all the equipment there in Valencia” Formula E co-founder Alberto Longo

“We have a very positive attitude in Formula E, we have a lot of people that are fully committed to the company and they have worked 24/7 for three days, and the spirit was always very positive,” says Longo.

“If you talk to the people in the ecosystem, they will all tell you that there is no chance that we will ever make it. Not because they don’t have trust in us, because I actually believe that they do, but because of the whole situation.

“You could just watch the TV and say how on earth are these guys going to get all the equipment to Madrid and have enough time to provide services to the level that we’re providing services today.”

Even with the infrastructure now in place at Jarama, another issue arose in the form of making sure the extra equipment which is needed to host a race was going to be available, without which the season-opener in Sao Paulo on 7 December would be at risk.

Championship co-founder Longo with Zane Maloney and Lucas Di Grassi at Jarama

Photo by: Andrew Ferraro / Motorsport Images

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“We needed to bring absolutely every piece of equipment that we have in Valencia here in order to organise all the logistic for the races,” says Longo.

“At some point, even [last] Thursday, I was telling Jeff [Dodds, CEO] that we might not even do the first race because we have all the equipment there in Valencia and obviously that equipment is absolutely critical for Sao Paulo and Mexico.”

Formula E has been criticised over the last decade on its direction with regards to its racing and for various other aspects, some often warranted, but what has been achieved over the last few days has been nothing short of impressive, while at the same time not forgetting those who have suffered because of the floods in Valencia.

A minute’s silence was held before any running on Tuesday in honour of the victims, while a donation of €50,000 has been made by the championship to offer support, with a fundraising page created for others to make offerings.

Perhaps somewhat ironically, Formula E’s DNA of trying to put on world championship races in the heart of cities across the globe has prepared it for the events of last week, allowing it to be fluid in how it deals with crisis maybe unlike any other championship.

“Operationally speaking, we have [dealt with] worse things than this one, there have been miracles in many other places in the world,” adds Longo. “Normally we race in the heart of the biggest cities of the world, with a lot of impact politically. You have seen some cancellation of events, all that is because of a political issue or challenge.

“We have never seen an issue in terms of operation. Why? Because we have an amazing team that can really deliver and this is the perfect example again.”

As Formula E commences pre-season testing, it hasn’t forgotten the victims of the Valencia flooding

Photo by: Andrew Ferraro / Motorsport Images

After an extended period of mulling over its driving options for Formula 1’s 2025 season and beyond, Sauber had found itself in a binary choice between experience and youth. The Swiss outfit, which becomes Audi in 2026, has opted for the latter; Valtteri Bottas will leave the team at the end of the year, and F2 championship leader Gabriel Bortoleto will join in the Finn’s place.

Sauber’s hiring of the promising Bortoleto gives Brazil one of its own full-time F1 drivers to support since Felipe Massa left the grid at the end of 2017. Bortoleto joins an illustrious cast of names to hail from the South American nation: Emerson Fittipaldi, Ayrton Senna, Nelson Piquet, Carlos Pace, Rubens Barrichello, et al, and will hope to have the chance to thread his own legacy into F1’s rich tapestry – if he’s able to get up to speed and impress, of course.

This is the culmination of a whirlwind few years for Bortoleto, who scarcely featured on the radar of most in the F1 paddock until he started winning races in Formula 3 – and, eventually, the title – in his debut season. McLaren promptly snapped him up for its junior team, but was adamant that it would not stand in his way if an F1 seat became available. Thanks to his impressive performance in F2 this year, his first season in the second-tier category, that eventuality became more likely; should the Brazilian complete the F2-F3 double, he’ll join the likes of Charles Leclerc, George Russell and Oscar Piastri to achieve that feat in recent years.

With Sauber, a team which is expected to remain towards the back in 2025 as it focuses on its preparation for the new ’26 formula as Audi, Bortoleto has a low-pressure environment to learn his trade and a well-known benchmark in Nico Hulkenberg alongside him at the team. 

Who is Gabriel Bortoleto?

Gabriel Bortoleto, Trident

Photo by: Formula Motorsport Ltd

For those less familiar with the Paulista, let’s start with his oeuvre in motorsport thus far. After racing in karts in both Brazil and Europe, he first stepped into the world of single-seaters with Prema for the 2020 Italian F4 season. He finished fifth that year in a season won by Alpine junior Gabriele Mini, but earned an immediate step up to the Formula Regional European Championship for its first year after merging with the Formula Renault Eurocup series.

His first year in a more powerful car was a trying one, joining Fernando Alonso’s FA Racing team – then in a partnership with MP Motorsport – and finished 15th overall. The highlight of that year was his second-place finish at the Red Bull Ring, where he crossed the line within three seconds of champion Gregoire Saucy. Bortoleto remained in touch with Alonso through his A14 management stable, but switched to the more competitive R-ace GP squad to finish sixth overall in his sophomore campaign – claiming two wins at Spa and Barcelona.

Trident signed Bortoleto for the 2023 F3 season, but he was a relative outsider when it came to the pre-season title discourse; Prema was well-stocked with talent with a three-pronged front line of Paul Aron, Zak O’Sullivan and 2022 FRECA champion Dino Beganovic, MP Motorsport had future Williams driver Franco Colapinto on its books, Campos had second-year driver Pepe Marti, while Hitech had Mini, Sebastian Montoya and GB3 champion Luke Browning all vying for a title win.

Gabriel Bortoleto, Trident

Photo by: Formula Motorsport Ltd

In a competitive season, Bortoleto’s consistency won out. He picked up second on the grid for the opening round in Bahrain, from which he took victory in the feature race when polesitter Mini was slapped with a five-place penalty for a starting grid infringement. Next, Bortoleto took pole at the following Melbourne round; in the reversed-grid sprint he rose to sixth, but held his nerve from the front in Albert Park’s feature race to complete a lights-to-flag victory and take an early 20-point lead in the championship after four races.

Bortoleto did not win again in 2023, but never once relinquished the championship lead; the other title contenders took points off each other, while the Trident driver scored in every race between his Bahrain feature win in March and Hungary’s feature race in July. The streak ended with his retirement from the bizarre Spa-Francorchamps sprint, in which there were no consecutive laps of green-flag racing in damp conditions, as Dino Beganovic locked up at La Source and knocked Bortoleto’s left-rear tyre to cause a race-ending puncture. He only finished 11th in the feature race, entering the Monza finale 38 points clear of Aron in the title race.

He subsequently wrapped the title up qualifying for the Monza round as Aron failed to get pole, and an impressive sprint race served as his victory lap after finishing second behind Colapinto. Aron’s Vitantonio Liuzzi tribute act into Turn 1 collected Jonny Edgar and Marti in the process, as the Estonian narrowly missed Bortoleto. From eighth, the newly-crowned champion carved his way through the field in the following 18 laps. The final pass on second-placed Mari Boya was a test of bravery; the Spaniard had him on the grass through Curva Grande, but Bortoleto held the line through the Variante della Roggia to complete the move. 

Race winner Gabriel Bortoleto, Trident

Photo by: Formula Motorsport Ltd

Earning McLaren support for his first year in F2, Bortoleto signed with the Invicta Racing outfit – formerly known as Virtuosi – to join Kush Maini at the squad. Perhaps needing more time to get its head around the new Dallara chassis, Invicta started the year more slowly versus the likes of Campos and Rodin. Bahrain was a solid first outing for Bortoleto, yielding points finishes in both races after the Sao Paulo native took pole for the feature race, but a four-race stretch of no points seemed to put his hopes of a first-year title on ice, starting with a crash in qualifying at Jeddah that set him out of contention in Saudi Arabia.

Two weeks later, and starting second in the Melbourne sprint, Bortoleto was collateral in the clash between Red Bull juniors Isack Hadjar and Marti, when Hadjar swiped across the pair of them off the line. Hydraulic issues then yielded another retirement in the feature race Down Under.

Bortoleto stalled the poor luck with a feature race pole at the Imola round in May, taking second in Sunday’s race, and repeated that position in Monaco’s sprint race a week later. It took until the end of June for him to record his first F2 win, which emerged through victory in the Red Bull Ring feature race. He was now just 32 points off the championship lead, held by Paul Aron.

But the most impressive aspect of his season so far was victory from 22nd on the grid in the Monza feature race. Bortoleto failed to get a competitive lap in during qualifying after a spin, and had already achieved the nearly-impossible feat of tying with Dennis Hauger for eighth during the sprint to earn both drivers a point. Bortoleto was up to 14th by the end of lap five, and then cycled into the front while his fellow soft-tyre starters ahead all pitted early doors. When Hauger was pitched into a spin at Turn 1 by a slight touch from Ritomo Miyata to bring out a safety car, Bortoleto could pit cheaply and returned to the circuit in sixth, and immediately threw together a series of quick-fire passes to take the lead – and, ultimately, a famous victory.

Gabriel Bortoleto, Invicta Racing

Photo by: Invicta Virtuosi Racing

How did Bortoleto get the Sauber seat?

When Nico Hulkenberg was signed early doors for Sauber in 2025, very much a decision taken with the view of becoming an Audi works driver in 2026, the team had turned its attention to wooing Carlos Sainz for the other car. But Sauber had been gazumped by Williams, as Sainz bought into James Vowles’ vision for the team and wanted to become part of a project that returned Williams to the front of the grid.

This put Sauber into a protracted decision-making process for the other seat, one that remained dynamic as it essentially waited to see how the market would fall. It knew that, if all else failed, it could retain Valtteri Bottas; Zhou Guanyu looked to be out of luck, as the Chinese driver has paled in comparison his more experienced team-mate. Sauber also chased Esteban Ocon, but the Frenchman was dead set on joining Haas when his departure from Alpine was announced. 

With options among the established drivers starting to run out, Bottas had moved ahead in the race to retain his seat – although Bortoleto’s gathering momentum in F2 was starting to mark him out as an attractive candidate.

Liam Lawson had been another option, particularly once it looked like Daniel Ricciardo had worked his way through the early threats to his RB drive, and the Kiwi was understood to be a free agent if Red Bull could not grant him a drive in either of its two teams by the end of 2024. Ricciardo’s place then became more tenuous and was ousted after Singapore, taking Lawson out of the equation as he was promoted from his reserve role.

The form of newcomer Franco Colapinto threw another spanner in the works. The Argentine had come into F1 with little expectation placed upon his shoulders as Logan Sargeant’s replacement, but immediately made an impression in his opening outings with Williams. With no seat available at 2025 with the Grove team, Vowles wanted to sound out an opportunity at Sauber and help Colapinto remain on the grid, but the alleged interest from Red Bull’s Helmut Marko appears to have complicated things.

Zhou Guanyu, Stake F1 Team KICK Sauber C44, Valtteri Bottas, Stake F1 Team KICK Sauber C44

Photo by: Andrew Ferraro / Motorsport Images

Either way, Sauber likely wanted a driver with no strings attached; Williams would have presumably kept Colapinto on a bungee cord in case Albon or Sainz were unavailable or casting their nets elsewhere. McLaren had no such qualms over Bortoleto; although the team presumably would like to keep tabs on the Brazilian, it knew that it had Norris and Piastri under lock and key for the next few years and thus could not make spurious promises to keep him.

Sauber also suggested Mick Schumacher was an option, given Mattia Binotto’s previous relationship with the ex-Haas driver through the Ferrari Driver Academy. Whether this was seriously mooted remains unknown, but Binotto admitted that he was at least “evaluating” Schumacher. 

Bottas seemed confident that a deal could be done, but months have since passed and the team appeared no closer to doing a deal with the Nordic mullet-owner for 2025. Although the championship positions do not show this, Bottas has been well clear of Zhou in terms of overall pace – but the Swiss team’s penchant for weird strategies in the vague hope of scoring its first point has masked overall race performance.

As such, Bottas appears to be out of time. Sauber has seen the performances of Colapinto, Lawson, and Haas driver-elect Oliver Bearman and figured it might be best to introduce a rookie to the party. Next to Hulkenberg, Bortoleto has a clear yardstick to measure up to; if he can keep pace with the veteran German in his first year, it will be symbolic of a driver with a bright future in F1.

What have people said about Bortoleto?

Fernando Alonso spoke highly of his protege, noting that he was not afforded the same opportunities as some of his F2 and F3 counterparts. Although largely hidden from view, it is known that multiple junior series drivers undertake testing in old machinery to gain experience of F2/F3-level cars, which Bortoleto has not been able to do.

“He’s an incredible talent and a very humble person as well – I think that’s the biggest thing that we need to work on,” Alonso explained in September. “He’s a hard worker aside from his talent, and I think that’s why in Formula 3 and Formula 2 he had this much progress. I think also he’s someone that is taking things very seriously as well, which at that age is never a guarantee. 

Fernando Alonso, Aston Martin F1 Team, Race winner Gabriel Bortoleto, Trident

Photo by: Mark Sutton / Motorsport Images

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“On budgets and things like that, he won the championship as a rookie in Formula 3, and he’s fighting for the championship as a rookie in Formula 2, but without the testing of many other rookies. So he’s probably the only ‘rookie rookie’ in the championship. So this was an amazing achievement so far. And let’s see what the future brings. But it’s a matter of time that he gets to F1.”

McLaren team boss Andrea Stella reckoned that Bortoleto’s success made it “very normal and natural” that other teams would be interested, and explained that “McLaren will not stop the possibility for Gabriel to drive in Formula 1”. But perhaps the biggest endorsement came from reigning champion Max Verstappen, who stated that “if I was Sauber, I would have signed him already” – and used 2025 as a preparation season. This, he added, would afford Bortoleto the chance to get mistakes out of his system before Audi comes in for the following year.

“That’s the future with young drivers. And ‘26, a big rule change, it’s always good to get used to a team already for a year, make your mistakes here and there, get integrated well, and understand the car a bit. You always feel much more prepared and comfortable when you then start in ‘26.”

Valtteri Bottas will leave Sauber after the 2024 Formula 1 season but is understood to already be close to signing back with Mercedes as its reserve driver from next year.

In what has been an awful year for Sauber – still 2024’s only point-less team – Bottas’s place beyond the deal he struck when leaving Mercedes at the end of the 2021 season, when Sauber was branded as Alfa Romeo, was threatened as plans for Audi’s 2026 arrival accelerated.

First, Sauber hired Haas driver Nico Hulkenberg in a deal covering the 2025 season ahead of the Audi rebrand for the following year, with Bottas’s team-mate Zhou Guanyu not in contention to keep the sole remaining racing seat with the team.

Sauber then entered a turbulent period of management change, with previous bosses – former CEO Andrea Seidl and chairman Oliver Hoffmann – axed and ex-Ferrari team boss Mattia Binotto hired as chief operating and chief technical officer. Red Bull sporting director Johnathan Wheatley also joined to be Sauber team principal from 2025.

In Brazil last weekend Bottas said doing a new deal with Sauber was still “what I’m pushing for with Mattia”.

But over the Sao Paulo Grand Prix weekend Motorsport.com reported that Formula 2 championship leader Gabriel Bortoleto has agreed a deal to race for the Swiss team for next year after it missed out on signing Williams-bound Carlos Sainz, its long-held target.

Valtteri Bottas, Stake F1 Team KICK Sauber C44

Photo by: Lubomir Asenov / Motorsport Images

“A situation like this is never easy for anyone,” Bottas said. “But after all the good and in-depth discussions we had in the past weeks, we realised that the conditions to grow this project together were not met.

“These past years with the team have been an incredible journey, full of growth, challenges, and unforgettable moments. I’m grateful for the joint experiences as well as the trust and support I’ve felt every step of the way.

“Though it’s time to move on, I’ll always carry a piece of this team with me, and I look forward to seeing what the future holds for us both.”

Mattia Binotto, COO & CTO, Sauber Motorsport AG: “We extend our deepest gratitude to Valtteri for the past three years together. He has been the embodiment of professionalism, using his vast experience to support the team’s growth. Valtteri’s dedication and approach have been invaluable during a pivotal time in our history, and the memories of these years will stay with us for a long time. In considering our driver line-up for the coming seasons, Valtteri was unquestionably a key candidate. With his fighting spirit, he frequently pushed the car beyond its performance limits. However, a decision had to be made. After open and constructive discussions, we mutually concluded that final conditions could not be met so we agreed that it is time to part ways. Valtteri will always have an open door here in Hinwil.”

Sauber’s decision means Bottas’s current F1 racing career will likely be capped at 10 wins from 246 races, come the end of the current campaign in Abu Dhabi next month.

But he could yet see more action with his former team, after saying returning to what he called the “Mercedes family” at Interlagos was “for sure one option and I would consider it”.

Motorsport.com understands that discussions between Mercedes and Bottas have been going on for several weeks, with the squad set to field a team made up of drivers it has supported all the way to F1 – George Russell and Andrea Kimi Antonelli – in 2025.

Although the path back to the full-time racing driver from a reserve role is difficult, F1 has had a surge in super-sub appearances in recent years.

This was turbocharged by the COVID-19 pandemic, with Hulkenberg, in particular, gaining a series of unexpected appearances for what is now Aston Martin after leaving Renault at 2019’s end.

Injury replacements have been required elsewhere and this year Williams axed Logan Sargeant well before the end of the current campaign, although opted to replace him with its junior driver, Franco Colapinto.

But Hulkenberg’s story is one particularly relevant to Bottas, as it was his regular place in the F1 paddock as Aston’s reserve that helped him stay in regular contact with then Haas team principal Guenther Steiner and eventually to a deal to rejoin the grid as a full-time racer with the American squad in 2023.

It is not currently known when any deal for Bottas to return to Mercedes might be announced, but Sauber is predicted to be confirming the deal for Bortoleto – currently a McLaren junior – this week.

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