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How Ricursive Intelligence raised $335M at a $4B valuation in 4 months

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The co-founders of startup Ricursive Intelligence seemed destined to be co-founders.

Anna Goldie, CEO, and Azalia Mirhoseini, CTO, are so well-known in the AI community that they were among those AI engineers who “got those weird emails from Zuckerberg making crazy offers to us,” Goldie told TechCrunch, chuckling. (They didn’t take the offers.) The pair worked at Google Brain together and were early employees at Anthropic.

They earned acclaim at Google by creating the Alpha Chip — an AI tool that could generate solid chip layouts in hours — a process that normally takes human designers a year or more. The tool helped design three generations of Google’s Tensor Processing Units.

That pedigree explains why, just four months after launching Ricursive, they last month announced a $300 million Series A round at a $4 billion valuation led by Lightspeed, just a couple of months after raising a $35 million seed round led by Sequoia.

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Ricursive is building AI tools that design chips, not the chips themselves. That makes them fundamentally different from nearly every other AI chip startup: they’re not a wannabe Nvidia competitor. In fact, Nvidia is an investor. The GPU giant, along with AMD, Intel, and every other chip maker, are the startup’s target customers.

“We want to enable any chip, like a custom chip or a more traditional chip, any kind of chip, to be built in an automated and very accelerated way. We’re using AI to do that,” Mirhoseini told TechCrunch. 

Their paths first crossed at Stanford, where Goldie earned her PhD as Mirhoseini taught computer science classes. Since then, their careers have been in lockstep. “We started at Google Brain on the same day. We left Google Brain on the same day. We joined Anthropic on the same day. We left Anthropic on the same day. We rejoined Google on the same day, and then we left Google again on the same day. Then we started this company together on the same day,” Goldie recounted.

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During their time at Google, the colleagues were so close they even worked out together, both enjoying circuit training. The pun wasn’t lost on Jeff Dean, the famed Google engineer who was their collaborator. He nicknamed their Alpha Chip project “chip circuit training” — a play on their shared workout routine. Internally, the pair also got a nickname: A&A. 

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The Alpha Chip earned them industry notice, but it also attracted controversy. In 2022, one of their colleagues at Google was fired, Wired reported, after he spent years trying to discredit A&A and their chip work, even though that work was used to help produce some of Google’s most important, bet-the-business AI chips.

Their Alpha Chip project at Google Brain proved the concept that would become Ricursive — using AI to dramatically accelerate chip design.

Designing chips is hard

The issue is, computer chips have millions to billions of logic gate components integrated on their silicon wafer. Human designers can spend a year or more placing those components on the chip to ensure performance, good power utilization and any other design needs. Digitally determining the placement of such infinitesimally small components with precision is, as you might expect, hard. 

Alpha Chip “could generate a very high-quality layout in, like, six hours. And the cool thing about this approach was that it actually learns from experience,” Goldie said. 

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The premise of their AI chip design work is to use “a reward signal” that rates how good the design is. The agent then takes that rating to “update the parameters of its deep neural network to get better,” Goldie said. After completing thousands of designs, the agent got really good. It also got faster as it learned, the founders say.

Ricursive’s platform will take the concept further. The AI chip designer they are building will “learn across different chips,” Goldie said. So each chip it designs should help it become a better designer for every next chip.

Ricursive’s platform also makes use of LLMs and will handle everything from component placement through design verification. Any company that makes electronics and needs chips is their target customer.

If their platform proves itself, as it seems likely to do, Ricursive could play a role in the moonshot goal of achieving artificial general intelligence (AGI). Indeed, their ultimate vision is designing AI chips, meaning the AI will essentially design its own computer brains. 

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“Chips are the fuel for AI,” Goldie said. “I think by building more powerful chips, that’s the best way to advance that frontier.” 

Mirhoseini adds that the lengthy chip-design process is constraining how quickly AI can advance. “We think we can also enable this fast co-evolution of the models and the chips that basically power them,” she said. So AI can grow smarter faster. 

If the thought of AI designing its own brains at ever increasing speeds brings visions of Skynet and the Terminator to mind, the founders point out that there’s a more positive, immediate and, they think, more likely benefit: hardware efficiency.  

When AI Labs can design far more efficient chips (and, eventually all the underlying hardware), their growth won’t have to consume so much of the world’s resources. 

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“We could design a computer architecture that’s uniquely suited to that model, and we could achieve almost a 10x improvement in performance per total cost of ownership,” Goldie said. 

While the young startup won’t name its early customers, the founders say that they’ve heard from every big chip making name you can imagine. Unsurprisingly, they have their pick of their first development partners, too. 

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Retrotechtacular: Mr. Wizard Jams With IBM

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You may not remember [Mr. Wizard], but he was a staple of nerd kids over a few decades, teaching science to kids via the magic of television. The Computer History Archives Project has a partially restored film of [Mr. Wizard] showing off sounds and noise on a state-of-the-art (for 1963) Tektronix 504 oscilloscope. He talks about noise and also shows the famous IBM mainframe rendition of the song “Daisy Bell.” You can see the video along with some extras below.

You might recall that the movie “2001: A Space Odyssey” paid homage to the IBM computer’s singing debut by having HAL 9000 sing the same song as it is being deactivated. The idea that HAL was IBM “minus one” has been repeatedly denied, but we still remain convinced.

Can you imagine a TV show these days that would teach kids about signal-to-noise ratio or even show them an actual oscilloscope? We suppose that’s what YouTube is for.

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At about the 17-minute mark, you can see some enormous walkie-talkies. A far cry from today’s cell phones. At the 27-minute mark, another film shows how engineers at Bell created the song using a mainframe.

We wish there were a modern version of [Mr. Wizard]. Then again, there’s no reason you can’t fill in. You might not be on TV, but you can always drop in on a few classrooms.

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Which Is The Best Makita Drill To Buy For Heavy-Duty Jobs?

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There are a few characteristics that most would consider essential for a great heavy-duty drill. Portability and adaptability make work more efficient, as does a cordless option. A modern tool and a brand name ensure at least some level of support, should you need replacement parts or repairs. However, more important than all of these is power. What qualifies as heavy duty depends on the task at hand; How often do you find yourself drilling into concrete, after all? In this case, though, we’ll assume you need seriously heavy-duty gear, just to be sure.

The crown of most powerful Makita drill is shared by two very similar tools, the two-speed and three-speed versions of the Makita 40V Max XGT 1/2-inch Hammer Driver Drill. Both have a top speed of over 2,600 rpm and a drilling action that, for one of the two, approaches 40,000 bpm, leaving the other not far behind. Torque is similarly impressive, and the price is around $250 for both of them. Neither is especially heavy, at a little below six pounds, although that’s ignoring the battery, which isn’t usually included with the tool and will add another two or three pounds of weight and some $200 to the price tag.

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So, which XGT 1/2-inch Hammer Driver Drill should you get? Either one will serve you well, so you should pick whichever one you can get a good deal on. However, if you want to ensure you make the best possible choice, these are the major differences between the two.

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Which 40V Max XGT Hammer Driver Drill should you buy?

Since talking about two similar tools with nearly identical names can be confusing, we’ll refer to them as GPH01Z and GPH03Z. Makita’s GPH01Z is the older of the two models, and a popular pick as one of the best heavy-duty drills. It’s also the one you’ll find in most hardware stores, including Home Depot. The GPH01Z is slightly faster than the newer GPH03Z and has a higher max bpm, but less torque. Still, it’s important to note that both drills are very powerful. Generally, drilling into concrete requires a minimum torque of 450 in-lbs, ideally more, and even the weaker GPH01Z more than meets this goal, with 1,250 in-lbs of max torque.

Being a new Makita product, the GPH03Z doesn’t have many professional reviews, and might be hard to find at your favorite hardware store. At the time of writing, this tool isn’t available at Home Depot, although Makita lists the store as one of the authorized online dealers for this drill. As we said before, the GPH03Z doesn’t quite meet the beats per minute/impacts per minute rate of its predecessor, with a max rating of 36,000 bpm against the 39,000 of the 1Z. 

What it lacks in this category it makes up in torque (with a max 1,590 in-lbs torque) and in adaptability, with the addition of a third speed setting. Both drills are driven by an “electronic digital clutch” that allows the user to set up the torque range quite accurately, but the GPH03Z has an extra speed between low and high, potentially making it a little more precise.

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Methodology

We approached this article looking for a single Makita drill to recommend, but ended up highlighting two very similar tools. Both are excellent, however the reason we kept both in our article is that the newer GPH03Z is not currently widely available, but might eventually replace the older GPH01Z.

Our picks of the best heavy-duty drills was based predominantly on performance stats, including speed, impacts per minute, and torque, but we also took user and professional reviews in consideration.

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Sony’s PlayStation 6 might be further away than you hoped

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If you were expecting the PlayStation 6 to arrive on the usual console timeline, it may be time to reset expectations. A new report from Bloomberg suggests Sony is considering pushing back the next PlayStation launch to 2028 or even 2029, a significant shift from the typical seven-year console cycle. Interestingly, this is something that was rumored late last year, too.

The reason is not a lack of ambition or demand. It is a global memory chip shortage driven by the rapid expansion of AI infrastructure. According to the Bloomberg report, the surge in AI data centers is consuming massive amounts of DRAM and high-bandwidth memory, leaving consumer electronics companies competing for a shrinking supply.

The AI boom is reshaping console timelines

The Bloomberg report explains that companies such as Alphabet, Amazon, Microsoft, and Meta are pouring hundreds of billions of dollars into AI data centers, buying huge numbers of AI accelerators that require enormous amounts of memory. Each new generation of AI hardware uses far more RAM than traditional PCs, and that demand is expected to keep rising through the rest of the decade.

As a result, memory manufacturers are shifting production toward high-bandwidth memory for AI workloads, leaving less capacity for consumer electronics like smartphones, laptops, and game consoles. In fact, analysts warn that this supply imbalance is not temporary and could last for years, forcing companies to rethink long-term product roadmaps.

In such a scenario, delaying the PS6 may be a strategic move from Sony. Launching a new console during a period of high component costs would likely push prices higher and risk repeating the supply shortages seen during the PS5 launch. By waiting, Sony could avoid another hardware rollout plagued by limited stock and inflated prices.

That said, if the PS6 arrives later than expected, the PS5 generation will likely enjoy a longer lifespan, giving developers more time to support existing hardware and continue releasing major titles without rushing the next transition. For now, though, Sony has not officially confirmed the delay. But if these reports hold true, the next PlayStation era may take a little longer to arrive.

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3 Lowe’s Finds That Outshine Home Depot In Price And Quality

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Home Depot and Lowe’s are some of the largest hardware stores in the U.S. In fact, the two claim to be the largest and second-largest home improvement retailers in the world, respectively. It’s only natural that they would develop a rivalry, but what does that mean for the consumer? And when does Lowe’s manage to one-up Home Depot, in terms of quality, price, or both?

We’ve already looked at how the two compare in terms of power tools and who has the best warranty. As with most questions of this kind, the answer is a resounding “it depends.” This time, we’ll highlight specific products that you can find at Lowe’s right now that outshine any alternative found at Home Depot. Sure, Home Depot might have an exclusivity deal with Ryobi, and Lowe’s doesn’t carry Milwaukee tools, but the blue hardware store has its own in-house brands and unique deals to compete with its red rival.

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Kobalt 4-volt max 1/4-in Cordless Screwdriver

Small and cheap: This is the area where Lowe’s has a bit of an edge over Home Depot, thanks to its in-house toolmaker, Kobalt. The Kobalt 4-volt Cordless Screwdriver has very similar torque and speed to the Ryobi 4V screwdriver sold by Home Depot. As the YouTube channel Test Mode Tools shows in its comparison, the two tools are quite similar. Kobalt has more LED lights, but the Ryobi driver lights stay on for longer. Kobalt is charged via USB-C, which is much more convenient than Ryobi’s mini USB, but that only makes finding a compatible cable easier, nothing else. Even the user reviews look similar: The Ryobi driver has more of them, but both products get an average score of 4.5 out of five.

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Where Kobalt takes the lead is in the included bits. Ryobi only gives you two 1/4-inch bits with the screwdriver for the price of $24.97, while the Kobalt one comes with 20 bits and costs $27.98. Some of these bits are repeats, with two Philips 0 and four Philips 1 bits, but you still get significant coverage for the price, with lots of slotted bits, star bits, and two square bits. It also comes with an extender, which narrows the front end of the driver and makes it much easier to work in cramped spaces, arguably the best use case for this kind of small, underpowered driver.

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Craftsman Portable Work Bench

Sure, Home Depot has quite a few highly regarded work benches with integrated drawers, but even the cheapest among them doesn’t come cheap. Lowe’s Craftsman 37-in x 36.5-in Portable Work Bench is still expensive, at $399, but right now, when both this and Home Depot’s Husky Mobile Workbench are on sale, the difference is a whole $149. That’s enough to buy a tool or three from Lowe’s budget-friendly catalog. The size of the two work benches is similar, the Husky being a little larger (46 inches against the 40 of the Craftsman). Home Depot’s model also has five drawers, but since both are about 37 inches high, the Craftsman’s fewer drawers are slightly larger.

The two workbenches are rated for the same work load — 1,500 pounds — and have a woodworking surface. They are both well-known, reputable work bench brands, but only Lowe’s model comes with a 10-year limited warranty. The other lists a manufacturer’s limited warranty of three years, which is not bad, but it’s seven years short of Lowe’s. Both products have mostly positive reviews — though, as usual, Home Depot has a higher number of reviews. Unless you really need the six extra inches of the Husky, Craftsman seems like the best choice for the money. Finally, it’s worth noting that Lowe’s has more workbenches on offer, many of which are quite affordable.

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Kobalt 10-in-1 Precision Screwdriver Set

For price and portability, nothing in Home Depot’s inventory beats Kobalt’s 10-in-1 Multi-Bit Screwdriver Set. What makes this find special is that the bits fit directly inside the tool. It’s not a ratcheting screwdriver, but that’s unlikely to be useful in precision work, anyway. It doesn’t come with a lot of bits, but it has all the essentials: three slotted, three Philips, and four star-shaped bits. And it costs less than $8.

The closest Home Depot gets is with the “Best Value” branded 16-Piece Precision Screwdriver and Bits Set, which comes with six more bits and a carrying case. Home Depot doesn’t specify the dimensions of the case, but it’s hard to imagine it’s pocket-sized, unless you have really large pockets. Meanwhile, the Kobalt screwdriver is four inches long, making it very portable. Plus, Kobalt might not be a titan among toolmakers, but it is certainly more of a household name than “Best Value.”

A word of advice on both these screwdrivers (and most cheap multi-bit screwdrivers): Neither the Best Quality nor the Kobalt has replaceable bit heads. Users asked if the bits could be purchased separately, and while Best Quality has not answered the question, Kobalt stated that the bits are not replaceable. This is not surprising, as a bit set probably wouldn’t be significantly cheaper than the full kit.

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Methodology

We compiled this list by manually comparing Lowe’s products in various categories to Home Depot alternatives. We focused on products where Lowe’s offering was cheaper and of comparable quality, about as expensive and more powerful or versatile, or when Home Depot simply didn’t have a comparable product. We considered user reviews, brand recognition, and listed specifications to build our list. Professional reviews were also taken into consideration, when available.

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Have money, will travel: a16z’s hunt for the next European unicorn

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Gabriel Vasquez, a partner at Andreessen Horowitz, recently revealed he took nine flights from NYC to Stockholm in one year. That wasn’t just to visit Lovable, a portfolio company, but also to look for other future Swedish unicorns before they cross the Atlantic.

This all came to light when news emerged that a16z had led a $2.3 million pre-seed round into Dentio, a Swedish startup that uses AI to help dentists’ practices with admin work. While this is a small check for a firm that just announced new funds totaling $15 billion, it confirms that U.S. VCs are actively seeking deal flow outside of the U.S., even without local offices.

Stockholm is a natural stop for a16z, which previously achieved significant returns from backing Skype, cofounded by Swedish entrepreneur Niklas Zennström. Since then, a significant number of fast-growing startups have been created in the Swedish capital, and the VC heavyweight tracked down where many of them were coming from. 

“We spend a lot of time developing a deep understanding of specific markets and knowing where innovation is emerging. In Sweden, that has meant closely tracking ecosystems like SSE Labs — the startup incubator of the Stockholm School of Economics — and the companies coming out of it,” Vasquez told TechCrunch.

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Like fintech giant Klarna, legal AI startup Legora, and e-scooter company Voi, Dentio is an alum of SSE Labs — a startup incubator that has produced several successful Swedish companies. The three former high school classmates Elias Afrasiabi, Anton Li and Lukas Sjögren joined the incubator after reconnecting as students at both the SSE (Stockholm School of Economics) and KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), then joined the incubator with additional backing from KTH’s Innovation Launch program. They tackled a problem close to home: Li’s mom, a dentist, had told them how admin work detracted from clinical care.

The trio intuited that they could leverage LLMs to help people like her — an idea that they also validated with her and her colleagues. This led them to Dentio’s initial product, a recording tool that uses AI to generate clinical notes. But it’s only a matter of time before AI scribes become a commodity product, and Dentio needs to prove its value to dentists so they aren’t tempted to switch providers when that happens, Afrasiabi said.

Potential competitors include fellow Swedish startup Tandem Health, which raised a $50 million Series A round last year to support clinicians with AI across multiple medical specialties. Dentio, by contrast, focuses exclusively on dentists, but it believes it can still reach the scale VCs expect through international expansion

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“Now we’re a team of seven people, and we think that it’s possible to build a unified way of handling administration all over Europe, and maybe even all over the world,” Afrasiabi said. While Europe’s healthcare systems are fragmented, they share similarities, and Dentio’s assumption is that what works in Sweden could work elsewhere in the EU.

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Dentio prominently features its “Made in Sweden” branding and emphasizes that “all relevant data is processed in Sweden and Finland in compliance with Swedish and EU law.” It signals data protection to privacy-conscious European customers. But it also signals potential to VCs — a callback to Sweden’s history of producing breakout companies.

“We went to zero meetups. I reached out to zero investors,” Afrasiabi said. While the team was heads down building, the word spread out. “I think it was mostly through referrals and people talking to each other that the news got all the way over to the U.S.,” he said.

This wasn’t happenstance: a16z has eyes around the world in order to spot these companies as early as local funds might, Vasquez said. “In Sweden for example, we partnered with top founders abroad like Fredrik Hjelm, founder of Voi, and Johannes Schildt, founder of Kry, by turning them into scouts and mapping the best local talent.”

For Vasquez, who focuses on AI application investments for a16z, this isn’t just about Sweden, but about “a pattern of great global companies being born abroad and scaling quickly,” from Black Forest Labs in Germany to Manus, the Singapore-based AI startup recently acquired by Meta.

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Born and raised in El Salvador, he has also been spending time in São Paulo. “I’m really excited about what’s brewing in Brazil and across Latin America in AI,” he wrote on LinkedIn at the time. “I believe AI is the great equalizer,” he added. “Most people now have access to PhD-level intelligence on a phone, and ultimately, Silicon Valley is a state of mind.”

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Apple set to unveil new iPhone, MacBooks, iPads at March 4 event

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Most expect to see Apple introduce a handful of new products at the event including the iPhone 17e. The entry-level iPhone will likely be a dialed back variant of the standard iPhone 17, but with enough bells and whistles to drum up consumer interest. The handset is said to be…
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Pentagon may sever Anthropic relationship over AI safeguards – Claude maker expresses concerns over ‘hard limits around fully autonomous weapons and mass domestic surveillance’

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  • The Pentagon and Anthropic are in a standoff over usage of Claude
  • The AI model was reportedly used to capture Nicolás Maduro
  • Anthropic refuses to let its models be used in “fully autonomous weapons and mass domestic surveillance”

A rift between the Pentagon and several AI companies has emerged over how their models can be used as part of operations.

The Pentagon has requested AI providers Anthropic, OpenAI, Google, and xAI to allow the use of their models for “all lawful purposes”.

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The Vatican introduces an AI-assisted live translation service

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The Vatican is leaning into AI. AI-assisted live translations are being introduced for Holy Mass attendees — the holy masses if you will. The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican has teamed up with Translated, a language service provider, to create live translations in 60 languages.

“Saint Peter’s Basilica has, for centuries, welcomed the faithful from every nation and tongue. In making available a tool that helps many to understand the words of the liturgy, we wish to serve the mission that defines the centre of the Catholic Church, universal by its very vocation,” Cardinal Mauro Gambetti, O.F.M. Conv., Archpriest of the Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican, said in a statement. “I am very happy with the collaboration with Translated. In this centenary year, we look to the future with prudence and discernment, confident that human ingenuity, when guided by faith, may become an instrument of communion.”

Visitors to the Vatican will have the option to scan a QR code. They will then have access to live audio and text translations of the liturgy. It doesn’t require an app and should work right on a web page.

The technology stems from Lara, a translation AI tool Translated launched in 2024. Translated claims that Lara works with the “sensitivity of over 500,000 native-speaking professional translators.”

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Spokane startup Blaze Barrier heats up with new funding for quick-deploy wildfire defense system

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Members of the Blaze Barrier team, from left: Jacob Schuler, founder and CEO; Jennifer Fanto, chief operating officer; and Cody Schuler, head of production and safety. (Blaze Barrier Photo)

Jacob Schuler is not a firefighter. But in 2021 he heard from a friend who was first on scene to a barn in flames in Stevens County, Wash. The friend described the technique firefighters use to slow or contain a brush fire when there is no access to water.

“Standard operating procedure is to grab shovels and start digging a fire line,” Schuler told GeekWire. “It removes the vegetation, and when the fire gets there it’s supposed to put out the fire because it runs out of fuel.”

That day flames were too fast for the diggers and the blaze raced into a neighboring field and off it went, Schuler said. The 30-day Ford-Corkscrew Fire burned 16,000 acres and 18 homes were lost.

“Hearing that story, that when the water is gone they grab shovels — that was a problem statement for me,” Schuler said, and he set out to find a solution.

Spokane-based Blaze Barrier was born out of Schuler’s desire to give firefighters and homeowners a quick-acting tool to fight wildfires. The technology works by connecting a series of modules which contain monoammonium phosphate, a non-toxic extinguishing powder. When fire reaches the line’s fuses, the modules ignite and knock down the flames while also creating a fire-suppressing barrier to stop the fire’s progress.

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“It’s like a fire line in a box instead of the manual labor of digging the vegetation away,” Schuler said. The line is fast and easy to deploy from its storage box, the powder is biodegradable, and unused lines or modules can be picked up and reused.

Blaze Barrier modules are connected to one another in a 25-foot line and ignite when flames reach the fuses that feed into each module full of fire extinguishing powder. (Blaze Barrier Photo)

Blaze Barrier is appropriate for certain types of wildfires and grass fires. It’s not intended to work against a massive blaze fed by powerful winds, like those that overpower firetrucks or jump between tree tops.

“We hear pretty consistently from firefighters, that giving them an extra 5-10 minutes or slowing the intensity of a fire is game-changing for them,” Schuler said. “It allows them to get into better position so they’re not being overtaken.”

Blaze Barrier recently closed a $760,000 seed funding round, with Avista Development and Barton Ventures co-leading the round and participation from 12 angel investors. The company previously raised a seed round of $300,000, and a Kickstarter campaign raised about $53,000.

The startup employs six people and is actively hiring for a 9,500-square-foot production facility where it hopes to eventually assemble 1,000 fire lines a day.

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A 25-foot Blaze Barrier sells on the company’s website for $295. A patent is pending for the system Schuler created in which the modules are strung together. And the company just got sign-off from the U.S. Department of Transportation to ship via common carrier.

The video below, showing a previous iteration of Blaze Barrier, illustrates how the system is deployed and ignites:

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Real LED TVs Are Finally Becoming A Thing

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Once upon a time, the cathode ray tube was pretty much the only type of display you’d find in a consumer television. As the analog broadcast world shifted to digital, we saw the rise of plasma displays and LCDs, which offered greater resolution and much slimmer packaging. Then there was the so-called LED TV, confusingly named—for it was merely an LCD display with an LED backlight. The LEDs were merely lamps, with the liquid crystal doing all the work of displaying an image.

Today, however, we are seeing the rise of true LED displays. Sadly, decades of confusing marketing messages have polluted the terminology, making it a confusing space for the modern television enthusiast. Today, we’ll explore how these displays work and disambiguate what they’re being called in the marketplace.

The Rise Of Emissive Displays

When it comes to our computer monitors and televisions, most of us have got used to the concept of backlit LCD displays. These use a bright white backlight to actually emit light, which is then filtered by the liquid crystal array into all the different colored pixels that make up the image. It’s an effective way to build a display, with a serious limitation on contrast ratio because the LCD is only so good at blocking out light coming from behind. Over time, these displays have become more sophisticated, with manufacturers ditching cold-cathode tube backlights for LEDs, before then innovating with technologies that would vary the brightness of parts of the LED backlight to improve contrast somewhat. Some companies even started using arrays of colored LEDs in their backlights for further control, with the technology often referred to as “RGB mini LED” or “micro RGB.” This still involves an LCD panel in front of the backlight, limiting contrast ratios and response times.

The holy grail, though, would be to ditch the liquid crystal entirely, and just have a display fully made of individually addressable LEDs making up the red, green, and blue subpixels. That is finally coming to pass, with manufacturers launching new television lines under the “Micro LED” name. These are true “emissive” displays, where the individual red, blue, and green subpixels are themselves emitting light, not just filtering it from a backlight source behind them.

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The challenge behind making pure LED TVs was figuring out how to get the LEDs small enough and to put them in scalable arrays. Credit: Samsung

These displays promise greater contrast than backlit LCDs, because individual pixels can be turned completely off to create blacker blacks. Response times are also fast because LEDs switch on and off much more quickly than liquid crystals can react. They’re also relatively power efficient, as there’s no need to supply electrons to pixels that are off. Contrast this to LCDs, which are always spending power on turning some pixels black in front of a  glowing backlight which is also drawing power. Viewing angles of emissive displays are also top-notch. Inorganic LEDs also have long lifetimes, which makes them far more desirable than OLED displays (discussed further below). Their high brightness also makes them ideal for us in bright conditions, particularly where sunlight is concerned.

Given the many boons of this technology, you might question why it’s taken true LED displays this long to hit the market. The ultimate answer comes down to cost and manufacturability. If you’ve ever built your own LED array, you’ve probably noted the engineering challenges in reducing pixel size and increasing resolution. When it comes to producing a 4K display, you’re talking about laying down 8,294,400 individual RGB LEDs, all of which need to work flawlessly and be small enough to not show up as individually visible pixels from typical viewing ranges. Other technologies like LCDs and OLEDs have the benefit that they can be easily produced with lithographic techniques in great sizes, but the technology to produce pure LED displays on this scale is only just coming into fruition.

There are very few Micro LED TVs on the market right now. The price is why. Credit: Best Buy via screenshot

You can purchase an all-LED TV today, if you so desire. Just note that you’ll pay through the nose for it. Few models are on the market, but Best Buy will sell you a 114″ Micro LED set from Samsung for the charming price of $149,999.99. If that’s a bit big for your house, condo, or apartment, you might consider the 89″ model for a more acceptable $109,999.99. Meanwhile, LG has demonstrated a 136″ model of a micro LED TV, but there have been no concrete plans to bring it to market. Expect it to land somewhere firmly in the six-figure range, too.

If you’re not feeling so flush, you can get a lesser “Micro RGB” TV if you like, which combines a fancy RGB matrix backlight with LCD technology as discussed above. Even then, a Samsung R95 television with Micro RGB technology will set you back $29,999.99 at Best Buy, or you can purchase it on a payment plan for $1,250 a month. In fact, with the launch of these comparatively affordable TVs, Samsung has gone somewhat quiet on its Micro LED line since initially crowing about it in 2024. Still, whichever way you go, these fancy TVs don’t come cheap.

But What About OLED?

OLEDs have many benefits as an emissive display technology, however the organic materials used come with limits to brightness and lifespan. Fabrication cost is, however, far cheaper than pure inorganic LED displays. Credit: author

It’s true that emissive LED displays have existed in the market for some time, but not using traditional light-emitting diodes. These are the popular “OLED” displays, with the acronym standing for “organic light emitting diode.” Unlike standard LEDs, which use inorganic semiconductor crystals to emit light, OLEDs instead use special organic compounds in a substrate between electrodes, which emit light when electricity is applied. They can readily be fabricated in large arrays to create displays, which are used in everything from tiny smartwatches to full-sized televisions.

You might question why the advent of “proper” LED displays is noteworthy given that OLED technology has been around for some time. The problem is that OLEDs are somewhat limited in their performance versus traditional inorganic LEDs. The main area in which they suffer is longevity, as the organic compounds are susceptible to degradation over time. The brightness of individual pixels in an OLED display tends to drop off very quickly compared to inorganic LEDs. A display can diminish to half of its original brightness in just a few years of moderate to heavy use. In particular, blue OLED subpixels tend to degrade faster than red or green subpixels, forcing manufacturers to take measures to account for this over the lifetime of a display. Peak brightness is also somewhat limited, which can make OLED displays less attractive for use in bright rooms with lots of natural light. Dark spots and burn in are also possible, at rates greater than those seen in contemporary LCD displays.

The limitations of OLED displays have not stopped them gaining a strong position in the TV marketplace. However, the technology will be unlikely to beat true LED displays in terms of outright image quality, brightness, and performance. Cost will still be a factor, and OLEDs (and LCDs) will still be relevant for a long time to come. However, for now at least, the pure LED display promises to become the prime choice for those looking for a premium viewing experience at any cost.

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Featured image: “Micro LED” displays. Credit: Samsung

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