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Humanoid robotics is advancing rapidly, yet engineers continue to face formidable barriers in locomotion stability, real-time perception, safe human interaction, and power-constrained hardware design. As the industry approaches a projected shift from small-scale prototyping to mass commercialisation in the late 2020s, understanding the component-level decisions that affect system reliability, cost, and performance is becoming critical. This guide examines the technical landscape across sensing, motion, control, and battery subsystems — outlining the design trade-offs, modular architecture trends, and supply chain considerations that will shape the next generation of deployable humanoid platforms.

A North Carolina man was found guilty of extorting a D.C.-based technology company while still being employed as a data analyst contractor.

While a Justice Department press release published on Thursday doesn’t name the victim, court documents reveal that he targeted Brightly Software, a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) company previously known as SchoolDude, which Siemens acquired in August 2022.

Brightly has been in business for more than 20 years, employs over 700 people, and provides intelligent asset management and maintenance software to over 12,000 clients worldwide, mainly in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia.

As revealed in the indictment, 27-year-old Cameron Curry (also known as “Loot”) took advantage of his access to Brightly’s payroll information and corporate data to steal sensitive documents, which he used as leverage in an extortion scheme after learning that his six-month contract wouldn’t be extended.

One day after his contract ended on December 10, Curry began sending over 60 extortion emails to Brightly employees using the lootsoftware@outlook.com Microsoft email address and the Loot alias, threatening to leak sensitive information stolen between August and December 2023 unless he was paid a $2.5 million ransom.

With the extortion messages, Curry also attached screenshots of spreadsheets listing the personal identification information (PII) of Brightly employees, including names, dates of birth, home addresses, and compensation information. He also threatened to report the company to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for failing to disclose the breach as required by law.

“We will commence the process of disseminating salary information starting January 1,2024 in phases to all employees and will report you to the SEC after for not reporting the breach,” Curry threatened in one of the extortion emails.

“If you wish to reclaim your data, we recommend doing so promptly at 2.5 million USD in order to save your company and stocks, as each subsequent month will incur a $100,000 USD increase. Discrepancies in your books are currently over 16 million USD, posing a potential risk for retention issues, a hostile work environment, resentment, and more.”

​Following Curry’s numerous extortion emails, Brightly paid $7,540 in Bitcoin, which was transferred to a cryptocurrency wallet controlled by Curry.

The FBI searched Curry’s residence on January 24 after the company reported the incident and seized various electronic devices containing evidence of his extortion scheme.

Curry was released on bond in January 2024 and now faces up to 12 years in prison for six counts of transmitting or willfully causing interstate communications with the intent to extort a victim company.

Brightly also notified customers of a data breach unrelated to this case in May 2023 after attackers gained access to the database of its SchoolDude online platform and stole credentials and personal data (including names, email addresses, account passwords, phone numbers).

Information filed with the Office of the Maine Attorney General revealed that the intrusion was discovered 8 days after the attackers breached Brightly’s systems on April 20, and that the data breach affected nearly 3 million SchoolDude customers and users.

Malware is getting smarter. The Red Report 2026 reveals how new threats use math to detect sandboxes and hide in plain sight.

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Wicked: For Good, the second and final movie of the Wicked franchise, is an adaptation of the 2003 Broadway musical. Starring Ariana Grande and Cynthia Erivo, the film was released in mid-November 2025 and was a huge hit, with an impressive opening of $147M, going on to gross $532M.

Now that it has finally left theaters, Wicked: For Good is set to stream on Peacock from March 20, 2026 – and we’ve found a sneaky way to watch it for just $1.

The future of AI isn’t just agentic; it’s deep personalization. 

Rather than simple recommender systems that correlate user behavior to identify patterns and apply those to individual workflows, large language models (LLMs) and AI agents can analyze users directly to create deeply personalized experiences. 

It’s this kind of aggressive customization users are increasingly demanding — and the savviest enterprises who provide it (and soon) will win. 

The goal is: “Don’t try to randomize, or guess who I am. I tell you, this is what I care about,” Lijuan Qin, head of product, at Zoom AI, explains in a new Beyond the Pilot podcast.  

How Zoom is incorporating personalization

Zoom is one company that has adapted to this trend: Its generative assistant, AI Companion, goes beyond basic summarization, smart recordings, and after-meeting action items to opinion divergence and user alignment tracking. 

Users can customize meeting summaries based on their specific interests, and create targeted templates for follow-up emails to different personas (whether it be a salesperson or account executive). The AI assistant can then automatically populate these documents post-call. Meanwhile, a custom dictionary in Zoom AI Studio can process unique enterprise terminology and vocabulary for more relevant AI outputs, and a deep research mode can quickly deliver comprehensive analyses based on “internal expertise and external insights.”

Control is key here; the human can be “very specific [and] nail down” agent permissioning, Qin explained. They have “very clear controls” on follow-up actions, such as: Can the agent automatically send emails to specific recipients? Or will it trigger a verification step when it recognizes transcripts contain sensitive information (as dictated by the user)? 

Knowing that AI can go off the rails at times, human users can track agent behavior in Zoom, enable and disable features, and control data access. This can help prevent outputs that are inaccurate or off-target.  

“The most important thing is we do not assume AI is smart enough to get everything right,” Qin emphasized. 

Getting context right

In this new agentic AI age, there is essentially a “land grab for context,” Sam Witteveen, co-founder of Red Dragon AI and Beyond the Pilot host, explains in the podcast. 

“Definitely knowing your users is the big thing, right? Knowing what apps they are living in, what day-to-day tasks are they constantly doing?,” he said. “Companies realize the more they have about you, the better the [AI] memory can get, the better they can customize.”

Claude Cowork is one app that is “really shining” at this, Witteveen says; OpenClaw is another. Models are good enough that they can begin to make decisions for users and respond to directions like: “You know a bunch of things about me. You’ve got all this context. Go and generate the skills that are going to help me do a better job.”

“With something like OpenClaw, you can customize it in any way you want, right? You can chat with it, you can tell it, ‘Hey, at 4 o’clock I want you to do this,’” Witteveen said. 

However, token usage and security must always be taken into account, he advised. OpenClaw has been plagued by security issues since its launch. This has prompted many enterprises to uninstall the autonomous agent or outright ban its use; however, these uninstalls must be done correctly so that IT leaders don’t inadvertently delete their entire enterprise stack. 

Meanwhile, in terms of token budget, personalization can run up costs. “You need to think about the metrics you are tracking,” Witteveen said. “This is very different from product to product, but metrics around these things are gonna be key.”

Watch the podcast to hear more about: 

• Why the companies that don’t experiment with AI skills right now “may be toast”

• How Zoom built an AI companion that tracks opinion divergence — not just action items — in your meetings

• Why the build vs. buy question just got a lot more urgent for enterprise software

• Why “skills” may matter more than MCP for the future of enterprise AI

You can also listen and subscribe to Beyond the Pilot on Spotify, Apple or wherever you get your podcasts.

Alphabet’s life sciences business Verily is restructuring and raising money as a new corporate entity. Verily announced that with its $300 million investment round, it will change from an LLC to a corporation and rename itself Verily Health Inc. As a result, Alphabet now has a minority stake rather than a controlling one in the business.

Similar to every other tech business, this chapter for Verily will be focused on AI. “From research to care, our customers need solutions that bring the best of clinical and scientific rigor together with AI to deliver the next generation of healthcare – one that is as precise as it is personal,” Chairman and CEO Stephen Gillett said.

Google Life Sciences was renamed Verily in 2015, around the same time as Google also rebranded to Alphabet. It has worked on a wide range of projects over the years, such as using eye scans to predict heart disease and an opioid addiction center. In 2025, it closed its medical device division, a move that may have signaled its shift toward AI.

One morning in May 2019, a cardiac surgeon stepped into the operating room at Boston Children’s Hospital more prepared than ever before to perform a high-risk procedure to rebuild a child’s heart. The surgeon was experienced, but he had an additional advantage: He had already performed the procedure on this child dozens of times—virtually. He knew exactly what to do before the first cut was made. Even more important, he knew which strategies would provide the best possible outcome for the child whose life was in his hands.

How was this possible? Over the prior weeks, the hospital’s surgical and cardio-engineering teams had come together to build a fully functioning model of the child’s heart and surrounding vascular system from MRI and CT scans. They began by carefully converting the medical imaging into a 3D model, then used physics to bring the 3D heart to life, creating a dynamic digital replica of the patient’s physiology. The mock-up reproduced this particular heart’s unique behavior, including details of blood flow, pressure differentials, and muscle-tissue stresses.

This type of model, known as a virtual twin, can do more than identify medical problems—it can provide detailed diagnostic insights. In Boston, the team used the model to predict how the child’s heart would respond to any cut or stitch, allowing the surgeon to test many strategies to find the best one for this patient’s exact anatomy.

That day, the stakes were high. With the patient’s unique condition—a heart defect in which large holes between the atria and ventricles were causing blood to flow between all four chambers—there was no manual or textbook to fully guide the doctors. The condition strains the lungs, so the doctors planned an open-heart surgery to reroute deoxygenated blood from the lower body directly to the lungs, bypassing the heart. Typically with this kind of surgery, decisions would be made on the fly, under demanding conditions, and with high uncertainty. But in this case, the plan had been tested in advance, and the entire team had rehearsed it before the first incision. The surgery was a complete success.

Such procedures have become routine at the Boston hospital. Since that first patient, nearly 2,000 procedures have been guided by virtual-twin modeling. This is the power of the technology behind the Living Heart Project, which I launched in 2014, five years before that first procedure. The project started as an exploratory initiative to see if modeling the human heart was possible. Now with more than 150 member organizations across 28 countries, the project includes dozens of multidisciplinary teams that regularly use multiscale virtual twins of the heart and other vital organs.

This technology is reshaping how we understand and treat the human body. To reach this transformative moment, we had to solve a fundamental challenge: building a digital heart accurate enough—and trustworthy enough—to guide real clinical decisions.

A father’s concern

Now entering its second decade, the Living Heart Project was born in part from a personal conviction. For many years, I had watched helplessly as my daughter Jesse faced endless diagnostic uncertainty due to a rare congenital heart condition in which the position of the ventricles is reversed, threatening her life as she grew. As an engineer, I understood that the heart was an array of pumping chambers, controlled by an electrical signal and its blood flow carefully regulated by valves. Yet I struggled to grasp the unique structure and behavior of my daughter’s heart well enough to contribute meaningfully to her care. Her specialists knew the bleak forecast children like her faced if left untreated, but because every heart with her condition is anatomically unique, they had little more than their best guesses to guide their decisions about what to do and when to do it. With each specialist, a new guess.

Then my engineering curiosity sparked a question that has guided my career ever since: Why can’t we simulate the human body the way we simulate a car or a plane?

At a visualization center in Boston, VR imagery helps the mother of a young girl with a complex heart defect understand the inner workings of her child’s heart. Dassault Systèmes

I had spent my career developing powerful computational tools to help engineers build digital models of complex mechanical systems, using models that ranged from the interactions of individual atoms to the components of entire vehicles. What most of these models had in common was the use of physics to predict behavior and optimize performance. But in medicine today, those same physics-based approaches rarely inform decision-making. In most clinical settings, treatment decisions still hinge on judgments drawn from static 2D images, statistical guidelines, and retrospective studies.

This was not always the case. Historically, physics was central to medicine. The word “physician” itself traces back to the Latin physica, which translates to “natural science.” Early doctors were, in a sense, applied physicists. They understood the heart as a pump, the lungs as bellows, and the body as a dynamic system. To be a physician meant you were a master of physics as it applied to the human body.

As medicine matured, biology and chemistry grew to dominate the field, and the knowledge of physics got left behind. But for patients like my daughter, that child in Boston, and millions like them, outcomes are governed by mechanics. No pill or ointment—no chemistry-based solution—would help, only physics. While I did not realize it at the time, virtual twins can reunite modern physicians with their roots, using engineering principles, simulation science, and artificial intelligence.

A decade of progress

The LHP concept was simple: Could we combine what hundreds of experts across many specialties knew about the human heart to build a digital twin accurate enough to be trusted, flexible enough to personalize, and predictive enough to guide clinical care?

We invited researchers, clinicians, device and drug companies, and government regulators to share their data, tools, and knowledge toward a common goal that would lift the entire field of medicine. The Living Heart Project launched with a dozen or so institutions on board. Within a year, we had created the first fully functional virtual twin of the human heart.

The Living Heart was not an anatomical rendering, tuned to simply replicate what we observed. It was a first-principles model, coupling the network of fibers in the heart’s electrical system, the biological battery that keeps us alive, with the heart’s mechanical response, the muscle contractions that we know as the heartbeat.

The Living Heart virtual twin simulates how the heart beats, offering different views to help scientists and doctors better predict how it will respond to disease or treatment. The center view shows the fine engineering mesh, the detailed framework that allows computers to model the heart’s motion. The image on the right uses colors to show the electrical wave that drives the heartbeat as it conducts through the muscle, and the image on the left shows how much strain is on the tissue as it stretches and squeezes. Dassault Systèmes

Academic researchers had long explored computational models of the heart, but those projects were typically limited by the technology they had access to. Our version was built on industrial-grade simulation software from Dassault Systèmes, a company best known for modeling tools used in aerospace and automotive engineering, where I was working to develop the engineering simulation division. This platform gave teams the tools to personalize an individual heart model using the patient’s MRI and CT data, blood-pressure readings, and echocardiogram measurements, directly linking scans to simulations.

Surgeons then began using the Living Heart to model procedures. Device makers used it to design and test implants. Pharmaceutical companies used it to evaluate drug effects such as toxicity. Hundreds of publications have emerged from the project, and because they all share the same foundation, the findings can be reproduced, reused, and built upon. With each application, the research community’s understanding of the heart snowballed.

Early on, we also addressed an essential requirement for these innovations to make it to patients: regulatory acceptance. Within the project’s first year, the U.S Food and Drug Administration agreed to join the project as an observer. Over the next several years, methods for using virtual-heart models as scientific evidence began to take shape within regulatory research programs. In 2019, we formalized a second five-year collaboration with the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health with a specific goal.

That goal was to use the heart model to create a virtual patient population and re-create a pivotal trial of a previously approved device for repairing the heart’s mitral valve. This helped our team learn how to create such a population, and let the FDA experiment with evaluating virtual evidence as a replacement for evidence from flesh-and-blood patients. In August 2024, we published the results, creating the first FDA-led guidelines for in silico clinical trials and establishing a new paradigm for streamlining and reducing risk in the entire clinical-trial process.

In 10 years, we went from a concept that many people doubted could be achieved to regulatory reality. But building the heart was only the beginning. Following the template set by the heart team, we’ve expanded the project to develop virtual twins of other organs, including the lungs, liver, brain, eyes, and gut. Each corresponds to a different medical domain, which has its own community, data types, and clinical use cases. Working independently, these teams are progressing toward a breakthrough in our understanding of the human body: a multiscale, modular twin platform where each organ twin could plug into a unified virtual human.

How a digital twin of the heart is constructed

A cardiac digital twin starts with medical imaging, typically MRI, CT, or both. The slices are reconstructed into the 3D geometry of the heart and connected vessels. The geometry of the whole organ must then be segmented into its constituent parts, so each substructure—atria, ventricles, valves, and so on—can be assigned their unique properties.

At this point, the object is converted to a functional, computational model that can represent how the various cardiac tissues deform under load—the mechanics. The complete digital twin model becomes “living” when we integrate the electrical fiber network that drives mechanical contractions in the muscle tissue.

Each part of the heart, such as the left ventricle [left], is superimposed with a detailed digital mesh to re-create its physiology. These pieces come together to form an anatomically accurate rendering of the whole organ [right].Dassault Systèmes

To simulate circulation, the twin adds computational models of hemodynamics, the physics of blood flow and pressure. The model is constrained by boundary conditions of blood flow, valve behavior, and vascular resistance set to closely match human physiology. This lets the model predict blood flow patterns, pressure differentials, and tissue stresses.

Finally, the model is personalized and calibrated using available patient data, such as how much the volume of the heart chambers changes during the cardiac cycle, pressure measurements, and the timing of electrical pulses. This means the twin reflects not only the patient’s anatomy but how their specific heart functions.

Building bigger cohorts with generative AI

When the FDA in silico clinical trial initiative launched in 2019, the project’s focus shifted from these handcrafted virtual twins of specific patients to cohorts large enough to stand in for entire trial populations. That scale is feasible today only because virtual twins have converged with generative AI. Modeling thousands of patients’ responses to a treatment or projecting years of disease progression is prohibitively slow with conventional digital-twin simulations. Generative AI removes that bottleneck.

AI boosts the capability of virtual twins in two complementary ways. First, machine learning algorithms are unrivaled at integrating the patchwork of imaging, sensor, and clinical records needed to build a high-fidelity twin. The algorithms rapidly search thousands of model permutations, benchmark each against patient data, and converge on the most accurate representation. Workflows that once required months of manual tuning can now be completed in days, making it realistic to spin up population-scale cohorts or to personalize a single twin on the fly in the clinic.

Second, enriching AI models’ training sets with data from validated virtual patients grounds the AI simulations in physics. By contrast, many conventional AI predictions for patient trajectories rely on statistical modeling trained on retrospective datasets. Such models can drift beyond physiological reality, but virtual twins anchor predictions in the laws of hemodynamics, electrophysiology, and tissue mechanics. This added rigor is indispensable for both research and clinical care—especially in areas where real-world data are scarce, whether because a disease is rare or because certain patient populations, such as children, are underrepresented in existing datasets.

Enabling in silico clinical trials

On the research side, the FDA-sponsored In Silico Clinical Trial Project that we completed in 2024 opened a new world for medical innovations. A conventional clinical trial may take a decade, and 90 percent of new drug treatments fail in the process. Virtual twins, combined with AI methods, allow researchers to design and test treatments quickly in a simulated human environment. With a small library of virtual twins, AI models can rapidly create expansive virtual patient cohorts to cover any subset of the general population. As clinical data becomes available, it can be added into the training set to increase reliability and enable better predictions.

The Living Heart Project has expanded beyond the heart, modeling organs throughout the body. The 3D brain reconstruction [top] shows major pathways in the brain’s white matter connecting color-coded regions of the brain. The lung virtual twin [middle] combines the organ’s geometry with a physics-based simulation of air flowing down the trachea and into the bronchi. And the cross section of a patient’s foot [bottom] shows points of strain in the soft tissue when bearing weight. Dassault Systèmes

Virtual twin cohorts can represent a realistic population by building individual “virtual patients” that vary by age, gender, race, weight, disease state, comorbidities, and lifestyle factors. These twins can be used as a rich training set for the AI model, which can expand the cohort from dozens to hundreds of thousands. Next the virtual cohort can be filtered to identify patients likely to respond to a treatment, increasing the chances of a successful trial for the target population.

The trial design can also include a sampling of patient types less likely to respond or with elevated risk factors, thus allowing regulators and clinicians to understand the risks to the broader population without jeopardizing overall trial success. This methodology enhances precision and efficiency in clinical research, providing population-level insights previously available only after many years of real-world evidence.

Of course, though today’s heart digital twins are powerful, they’re not perfect replicas. Their accuracy is bounded by three main factors: what we can measure (for example, image resolution or the uncertainty of how tissue behaves in real life), what we must assume about the physiology, and what we can validate against real outcomes. Many inputs, like scarring, microvascular function, or drug effects are difficult to capture clinically, so models often rely on population data or indirect estimation. That means predictions can be highly reliable for certain questions but remain less certain for others. Additionally, today’s digital twins lack validation for predicting long-term outcomes years in the future, because the technology has been in use for only a few years.

Over time, each of these limitations will steadily shrink. Richer, more standardized data will tighten personalization of the models. AI tools will help automate labor-intensive steps. And the collection of longitudinal data will improve the model’s ability to reliably predict how the body will evolve over time.

How virtual twins will change health care

Throughout modern medicine, new technologies have sharpened our ability to diagnose, providing ever-clearer images, lab data, and analytics that tell physicians what is presently happening inside a patient’s body. Virtual twins shift that paradigm, giving clinicians a predictive tool.

This “Living Lung” virtual-twin simulation shows strain patterns during breathing. Mona Eskandari/UC Riverside

Early demonstrations are already appearing in many areas of medicine, including cardiology, orthopedics, and oncology. Soon, doctors will also be able to collaborate across specialties, using a patient-specific virtual twin as the common ground for discussing potential interactions or side effects they couldn’t predict independently.

Although these applications will take some time to become the standard in clinical care, more changes are on the horizon. Real-time data from wearables, for example, could continuously update a patient’s personalized virtual twin. This approach could empower patients to understand and engage more deeply in their care, as they could see the direct effects of medical and lifestyle changes. In parallel, their doctors could get comprehensive data feeds, using virtual twins to monitor progress.

Imagine a digital companion that shows how your particular heart will react to different amounts of salt intake, stress, or sleep deprivation. Or a visual explanation of how your upcoming surgery will affect your circulation or breathing. Virtual twins could demystify the body for patients, fostering trust and encouraging proactive health decisions.

A new era of healing

With the Living Heart Project, we’re bringing physics back to physicians. Modern physicians won’t need to be physicists, any more than they need to be chemists to use pharmacology. However, to benefit from the new technology, they will need to adapt their approach to care.

This means no longer seeing the body as a collection of discrete organs and considering only symptoms, but instead viewing it as a dynamic system that can be understood, and in most cases, guided toward health. It means no longer guessing what might work but knowing—because the simulation has already shown the result. By better integrating engineering principles into medicine, we can redefine it as a field of precision, rooted in the unchanging laws of nature. The modern physician will be a true physicist of the body and an engineer of health.

A growing number of Nigerian companies are turning to kit-based assembly to bring electric vehicles to market in Africa. Lagos-based Saglev Micromobility Nigeria recently partnered with Dongfeng Motor Corporation, in Wuhan, China, to assemble 18-seat electric passenger vans from imported kits.

Kit-based assembly allows Nigerian firms to reduce costs, create jobs, and develop local technical expertise—key steps toward expanding EV access. Fully assembled and imported EVs face high tariffs that put them out of reach for many African consumers, whereas kit-based approaches make electric mobility more affordable today. Saglev’s initiative reflects a broader trend: CIG Motors, NEV Electric, and regional players in Cote D’Ivoire, Ghana, and Kenya are also leveraging imported kits to build local EV ecosystems, signaling that parts of West Africa are intent on catching up with global electrification efforts.

Expanding the Local EV Ecosystem

CIG Motors operates a kit-assembly plant in Lagos producing vehicles from Chinese automakers GAC Motor and Wuling Motors. These vehicles include the Wuling Bingo, a compact five-door electric hatchback, and the Hongguang Mini EV Macaron, a microcar with roughly 200 kilometers of range aimed at ride-share operators looking for ultralow-cost urban transport. NEV Electric focuses on electric buses and three-wheelers for urban transit and last-mile delivery.

Saglev’s CEO, Olu Faleye, emphasizes that Nigeria’s EV transition addresses both practical economic needs in addition to environmental goals. Beyond passenger transport, electric vehicles could help reduce one of Nigeria’s persistent agricultural challenges: post-harvest spoilage. Nigeria loses an estimated 30–40 million tonnes of food annually because of weak logistics and limited refrigeration infrastructure, according to the Organization for Technology Advancement of Cold Chain in West Africa.

Electric vans, mini-trucks, and three-wheel cargo vehicles could help close this gap because their batteries can power refrigeration systems during transport without relying on costly diesel fuel. As EV adoption grows and charging infrastructure expands, temperature-controlled transport could become more affordable, reducing spoilage, improving farmer incomes, and helping stabilize food supplies, the organization says.

“I don’t believe that the promised land is making a fully built EV on the ground here.”
–Olu Faleye, Saglev CEO

Beyond Nigeria, Mombasa, Kenya–based Associated Vehicle Assemblers has begun assembling electric taxis and minibuses from imported kits, and Ghana’s government is spurring kit-car assembly there under its national Automotive Development Plan. In Ghana, assemblers benefit from import-duty exemptions on kits and equipment, corporate tax breaks, and access to industrial infrastructure. Saglev is already availing itself of those benefits, at its kit-assembly plant in Accra. The company says it also plans to expand its assembly operations to Cote D’Ivoire.

Infrastructure Challenges and Workarounds

Despite these signs that West Africa’s EV ecosystem is gaining traction, limited grid reliability and sparse public charging infrastructure remain major barriers to widespread EV adoption. Urban households in Nigeria experience roughly six or seven blackouts per week, each lasting about 12 hours, according to Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics. That’s more downtime each day than the average U.S. household experiences in a year. More than 40 percent of households rely on generators, which supply about 44 percent of residential electricity, according to research by Stears and Sterling Bank.

Many early EV adopters therefore charge vehicles using gasoline or diesel generators. Faleye notes that Nigerians have long relied on such workarounds and expects fossil fuels to remain part of the EV charging equation for the foreseeable future—at least until falling costs for solar panels and battery storage make cleaner charging viable.

He acknowledges that charging EVs using hydrocarbons is fraught from an environmental perspective, but he points out that the practice at least brings other benefits of EVs, including lower maintenance costs and the EVs’ synergies with refrigeration and transportation logistics. And he points to a 2020 peer-reviewed study in the journal Environmental and Climate Technologies that compared the overall efficiency of internal combustion vehicles and electric vehicles across the full well-to-wheel energy chain. The study’s conclusion: Even after accounting for conversion losses, generating electricity with a diesel or gasoline generator to power an electric vehicle can remain just as efficient overall as burning the same fuel directly in a vehicle’s internal combustion engine.

Scalable EV Adoption in Nigeria

The approach taken by Saglev and other Nigerian kit-car builders shows how local assembly can advance EV adoption even where infrastructure remains unreliable. By starting with kits, companies can deploy practical electric mobility solutions now while building the supply chains and technical expertise needed for more resource-intensive localized production.

Still, when asked whether Saglev plans to eventually move beyond kit assembly to independent design and manufacturing of EVs, Faleye calls such a move impractical.

“I don’t believe that the promised land is making a fully built EV on the ground here,” he says. “For me to do efficient vehicle manufacturing, I’d need a lot of robotics and 3D printing. That expense is unnecessary—it would just increase costs and make EVs more expensive.”

In a country where electricity can disappear for days, Nigeria’s kit-based EV strategy highlights a practical truth: incremental progress and ingenuity may matter more than perfect infrastructure. For Saglev, every kit-based vehicle rolling off the line is not just a van or bus—it’s a step toward an EV ecosystem that works for Nigeria’s realities today.