The race to advance conversational AI in the living room is heating up, with YouTube being the latest to expand its tool to smart TVs, gaming consoles, and streaming devices.
This experimental feature, previously limited to mobile devices and the web, now brings conversational AI directly to the largest screen in the home, allowing users to ask questions about content without leaving the video they’re watching.
According to YouTube’s support page, eligible users can click the “Ask” button on their TV screen to summon the AI assistant. The feature offers suggested questions based on the video, or users can use their remote’s microphone button to ask anything related to the video. For instance, they might ask about recipe ingredients or the background of a song’s lyrics, and receive instant answers without pausing or leaving the app.
Currently, this feature is available to a select group of users over 18 and supports English, Hindi, Spanish, Portuguese, and Korean.
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YouTube first launched this conversational AI tool in 2024 to help viewers explore content in greater depth. The expansion to TVs comes as more Americans now access YouTube through their television than ever before. A Nielsen report from April 2025 found that YouTube accounted for 12.4% of total television audience time, surpassing major platforms like Disney and Netflix.
Other companies are also making significant strides with their conversational AI technologies. Amazon rolled out Alexa+ on Fire TV devices, enabling users to engage in natural conversations and ask Alexa+ for tailored content recommendations, hunt for specific scenes in movies, or even ask questions about actors and filming locations.
Meanwhile, Roku has enhanced its AI voice assistant to handle open-ended questions about movies and shows, such as “What’s this movie about?” or “How scary is it?” Netflix is also testing its AI search experience.
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Another way YouTube has tried to improve its TV experience with AI is the recent launch of a feature that automatically enhances videos uploaded at lower resolutions to full HD.
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Additionally, the company continues to launch other AI features, like a comments summarizer that helps viewers catch up on video discussions and an AI-driven search results carousel. In January, the company announced that creators will soon be able to make Shorts using AI-generated versions of their own likeness.
Last week, YouTube launched a dedicated app for the Apple Vision Pro, too, letting users watch their favorite content on a theater-sized virtual screen in an immersive environment.
Fewer bad actors are targeting Google Play with malicious apps, the company says, a shift that the tech giant credits with its increased investments in proactive security systems and AI technology.
The annual report offers a look at how Google is keeping Android users safe by reviewing and monitoring apps to protect against malware, financial fraud, privacy invasions, sneaky subscriptions, and other threats.
For instance, Google says it banned more than 80,000 developer accounts in 2025 that had tried to publish these types of bad apps. That figure is also down year-over-year from 158,000 in 2024, and 333,000 in 2023.
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Google touted how its investments in AI and other real-time defenses have helped fight these sorts of threats, but also how they served as a deterrent.
“Initiatives like developer verification, mandatory pre-review checks, and testing requirements have raised the bar for the Google Play ecosystem, significantly reducing the paths for bad actors to enter,” the company’s blog post explained, adding that its “AI-powered, multi-layer protections” have been “discouraging bad actors from publishing malicious apps.”
Google noted it now runs over 10,000 safety checks on every app it publishes and continues to recheck apps after publication. The company has also integrated its latest generative AI models into the app review process, which has helped human reviewers find more complex malicious patterns faster. Google said it plans to increase its AI investments in 2026 to stay ahead of emerging threats.
In addition, Google said it prevented more than 255,000 apps from gaining excessive access to sensitive user data, a figure that’s down from 1.3 million in 2024. The company also blocked 160 million spam ratings and reviews last year, and prevented an average 0.5-star rating drop for apps targeted by review bombing.
Meanwhile, Android’s defense system, known as Google Play Protect, identified more than 27 million new malicious apps, and warned users or blocked the app from running. That’s an increase from the 13 million non-Play Store apps identified in 2024 and five million seen in 2023. These increases seem to suggest that bad actors are now more often avoiding the Play Store when targeting users with their malicious apps.
When the Executive Branch soft-launched in Washington, DC, last spring, the private club’s initial buzz centered on its starry roster of backers and founding members. The president’s eldest son, Donald Trump Jr., is one of the club’s several co-owners, according to previous reporting. Founding members reportedly include Trump administration AI czar David Sacks and his All-In podcast cohost Chamath Palihapitiya, as well as crypto bigwigs Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss.
“We wanted to create something new, hipper, and Trump-aligned,” Sacks said at the time. Proximity to Trumpworld didn’t come cheap; though the club headquarters is located in a basement space behind a shopping complex, fees to join are reportedly as high as $500,000.
The initial wave of press for the MAGA hot spot identified Trump Jr. and his business associates Omeed Malik, Chris Buskirk, and Zach and Alex Witkoff as the club’s co-owners. A Mother Jones report later revealed the involvement of David Sacks’ frequent business associate Glenn Gilmore, a San Francisco Bay Area real estate developer who is given a variety of titles on official documents, including co-owner, managing member, director, and president.
But according to corporate filings reviewed by WIRED, there’s another key figure whose involvement has not been previously reported and whose connection to its more famous founders remains unclear: Sean LoJacono, a former Metropolitan Police Department cop in Washington, DC, who gained local notoriety for his role in a stop and frisk that resulted in a lawsuit.
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According to the legal complaint, in 2017, after questioning a man named M.B. Cottingham for a suspected open-container-law violation, LoJacono conducted a body search. A recording of the incident went viral on YouTube, sparking intense debate over aggressive policing tactics. “He stuck his finger in my crack,” Cottingham says in the video. “Stop fingering me, though, bro.” The next year, the American Civil Liberties Union of the District of Columbia sued LoJacono on behalf of Cottingham, alleging that LoJacono had “jammed his fingers between Mr. Cottingham’s buttocks and grabbed his genitals.” Cottingham agreed to settle his lawsuit with LoJacono and was paid an undisclosed amount by the District of Columbia (which admitted no wrongdoing) in 2018.
The MPD announced its intention to dismiss LoJacono following an internal affairs investigation, which concluded that the Cottingham search was not a fireable offense but that another search he had conducted the same day was. By early 2019, LoJacono had appealed his dismissal, arguing in well-publicized hearings that he had conducted searches according to how he had been taught by fellow officers in the field. Initially, the dismissal was upheld. However, the police union’s collective bargaining agreement enabled LoJacono to further appeal to a third-party arbitrator, which in November 2023 ruled in LoJacono’s favor.
Instead of returning to the police force, though, LoJacono has gone down a different path. A LinkedIn account featuring LoJacono’s name, likeness, and employment history lists his profession as “Director of Security and Facilities Management” at an unnamed private club in Washington, DC, from June 2025 to the present. Official incorporation paperwork for the Executive Branch Limited Liability Company filed to the Government of the District of Columbia’s corporations division in March 2025, shortly before the club launched, lists LoJacono as the “beneficial owner” of the business. The address listed on the paperwork matches the Executive Branch’s location. Donald Trump Jr. and other reported owners are not listed on the paperwork; Gilmore is listed on this document as the company’s “organizer.”
The paperwork indicates that LoJacono is considered a beneficial owner of a legal entity associated with the Executive Branch. But what does that mean, exactly?
For those watching the calendar closely, every passing day is bringing us closer to the arrival of spring. For many, that means it is almost time to glove up and get to work whipping their gardens and green spaces back into shape after they’ve spent the past few months battling snow, ice, and freezing temps. Folks in that category might want to know that The Home Depot is looking to outfit lawn care DIYers with some necessary gear via the “Let It Spring” sales event.
For the record, this is not the sort of holiday sale where certain items are discounted for a day or a long weekend. But it is sort of a holiday-styled event, with Home Depot’s marketing team essentially taking an advent calendar approach to its spring sales celebration via a 20-day countdown package. According to the company, the “Let It Spring” deal will provide serious savings to participants, essentially promising them $250 worth of tools and other helpful items.
All that gear will arrive in the form of a physical calendar-styled box which participants must purchase for $49.99. It is not, however, clear which specific items will be included inside, or if budget-friendly tool kits might feature in the mix. Rather, the Spring Countdown Calendar will feature “curated product SKUs across key spring categories,” covering everything from lawn care to grilling and outdoor entertainment. But according to one HD representative’s comments, each kit will include “practical tools and seasonal favorites” that “you’ll actually use.”
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Here’s how to ring in Spring with The Home Depot deal
Given the general setup of Home Depot’s Let It Spring Countdown Calendar approach, there’s no guarantee that participants will find the exact items they are looking for to accomplish their Spring time yard tune-up. It also seems unlikely that power tools from Home Depot’s exclusive brand Ryobi will be included in the mix. Moreover, we should note the event’s press release states that not every Home Depot shopper will be able to take advantage of the Let It Spring deal, as the calendars will be available only “while supplies last.”
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Whatever the case, the sale seems pretty fun in its overall design. Instead of solely providing online sales specials, it essentially works like an advent calendar, with participants opening a “door” in their calendar box every day to reveal a new item. They’ll do so over the final 20 days leading up to the first day of spring, which is officially March 20th in 2026. But you can, presumably, also just open them all the moment the box arrives if you like. It’s also not clear how many of the items are physically in the box vs. coupons or other discounts.
Along with tools, cleaning gear, and garden-friendly items, every door opened also promises to provide inspiration for spring projects and tips on how best to accomplish them. Per the press release, The Home Depot will be offering its Let It Spring Countdown Calendar to consumers in two separate drops, the first coming on February 20, 2026, and the second coming 5 days later on February 25. If you miss out, you can reportedly still follow the fun and potentially even score a deal on Home Depot’s website.
David Silver, a British AI researcher known for his role at Google’s DeepMind lab, has helped build some of the most influential AI systems and is now leading his own ambitious start-up. He is in the middle of raising a $1 billion seed round for his new London-based venture, Ineffable Intelligence.
If the fundraising will be completed, would be the largest seed round ever seen in Europe.
The round is being led by Sequoia Capital, with titans such as Nvidia, Google and Microsoft reportedly in talks to participate, according to industry sources familiar with the deal.
The proposed investment would place Ineffable Intelligence’s pre-money valuation at around $4 billion, an eye-watering figure for a company that hasn’t yet shipped a product.
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The 💜 of EU tech
The latest rumblings from the EU tech scene, a story from our wise ol’ founder Boris, and some questionable AI art. It’s free, every week, in your inbox. Sign up now!
David Silver’s name is synonymous with some of the most memorable milestones in AI. During more than a decade at Google DeepMind, he helped develop AlphaGo, the first AI to defeat a world champion at the ancient game of Go, and later AlphaStar, which bested professional players in StarCraft II.
His work has shaped how modern AI systems learn and make decisions.
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In late 2025, David Silver left DeepMind, where he also contributed to the development of the Gemini family of large language models, to launch Ineffable Intelligence. .
In the current days billion-dollar seed rounds are no longer unheard of, but they remain exceptionally rare, especially in Europe.
If Sequoia and its partners follow through on their commitments, the round would serve as both a vote of confidence in David Silver’s vision and a broader signal that venture capitalists are increasingly willing to fund ambitious, research-driven AI ventures well before traditional product milestone
This could be a new chapter for European AI
The sheer size of the potential round also reshapes the narrative around Europe’s role in the global AI race.
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Historically, most of the industry’s capital and rich technical talent have gravitated to Silicon Valley and other U.S. hubs. A £737 million-plus round led by a top U.S. investor shows that world-class AI ideas can still attract world-class capital in Europe.
David Silver’s dual role – as an entrepreneur and as a professor at University College London, hints at a blend of academic ambition and commercial pressure that may define the next era of AI innovation.
His thesis suggests that the path to genuinely powerful AI may not be simply scaling up models, but teaching systems to learn and improve through real-world experience, a direction he believes could outpace approaches grounded solely in data accumulated from human interactions.
Whether Ineffable Intelligence ultimately delivers on its lofty vision remains to be seen.
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But the enthusiasm around its fundraising reflects a broader trend: AI is entering a phase where conviction in founders and ideas can translate directly into unprecedented capital flows.
For Europe, a successful $1 billion cap table would be a milestone moment, not just financially, but symbolically, in positioning the continent as a contender for the future of AI research and deployment.
Google’s announcement that its Gemini app now writes music for you isn’t just one of those “blowing my mind” product updates. It feels like a symbolic surrender to a long-standing refrain from Big Tech: creative work is now just another checkbox for a machine.
If you don’t know what I am talking about, yesterday Google launched a new feature, Lyria 3, in the Gemini app, that allows us to cook up 30-second tracks complete with lyrics and cover art from a text prompt or a photo, of course, generated by Nano Banana; basically, no instruments, no experience, no pesky tactile skill required.
It’s essentially a LEGO set for “songs” that lasts about as long as a TikTok loop. They say it’s designed for YouTube Creators, and I tend to agree with them, because you can’t make to much with 30 seconds.
Still, the underlying problem is another one, as I am seeing different projects/songs made with AI, including AI artists. And this is what I want to highlight in this piece.
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“Behind every beautiful thing, there’s some kind of pain, “ said Bob Dylan, and I could not agree more.
If we take a look at the history ( art, music, literature, poetry, and so on), the main fuel for creation was indeed pain.
Now, how should I put this? Probably the only pain that Lyria can feel is more like a faint server-overload alert than heartbreak.
Real songwriters know that soul isn’t born in a 30-second prompt, it’s extracted through years of mistakes, late nights, losses, and tiny revelations.
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Call it a toy if you like. Google will, too.
They even watermark the outputs with a SynthID tag so the 30-second ditties are officially AI-generated, not “inspired.” That’s a nod to copyright concerns, but it also reads like an admission: these aren’t really art, they’re chemical by-products of pattern statistics.
What’s striking isn’t the novelty. Much of this has been possible in labs and APIs for years, and creators have been experimenting with generative music tools as collaborators.
What Lyria 3 does, and what makes this moment worth watching, is normalising the idea that anyone can “write” a song with a chatbot and a mood descriptor. That’s not empowerment; it’s a devaluation of craft.
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Just because you pay a subscription to Suno, that’s another AI music generator, and that one is more complex, that doesn’t make you an artist or a singer. Just because you learn how to write a prompt for any LLM model and generates you pages, you are not a writer.
Imagine a world where every blog has AI-generated copy, not that we are not almost in the middle of this, and every company can churn out half-baked music for their ads or social posts.
In that economy, a professional songwriter’s unique skill becomes as optional as knowing how to use a metronome.
You could ask Gemini for an “emotional indie ballad about a lost sock,” and voilà, you have something. Whether it has actual coherence or soul is left to the listener to decide. It is fun to use it with your friends, shorts, to impress your date.
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Video: Gemini Lyria Music Generation Feature – Socks, uploaded by Google on YouTube
Still, Lyria 3’s music is capped at 30 seconds, and that’s no accident. It sidesteps deeper legal and ethical quarrels about training data and mimicry of existing works by keeping outputs short and legally fuzzy. That’s a thumbs up from me.
But even within that limit, it’s now possible for someone with no craft or cultural context to generate riffs, lyrics, and chord progressions that sound, to the casual ear, adequately musical. In an attention economy obsessed with shareability, “adequate” quickly becomes plenty.
This matters because real songs, the ones that endure, that carry human experience, aren’t just collections of musical atoms. They’re shaped by story, risk, cultural memory, and sometimes contradiction.
One of my favorite artists, Tom Waits, said, ”I don’t have a formal background. I learned from listening to records, from talking to people, from hanging around record stores, and hanging around musicians and saying, “Hey, how did you do that? Do that again. Let me see how you did that.”
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This was the research and prompting before, and it’s not only about reducing time, or getting things faster, and “having more time for you.”
It’s about the entire process, the contact with other artists, humans, and IDEAS.
Those are qualities machines can mimic but not originate. When the machines own the first pass at creation, and the commercial ecosystem embraces that output because it is cheap and fast, the incentives shift. Not gradually. Suddenly.
The record industry is already grappling with AI. Streaming services, publishers, and even labels have begun experimenting with algorithmic playlists and automated composition.
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What Gemini’s Lyria 3 does is extend that experiment to public perception. A whole generation may come to think that “making music” means typing a description and choosing a style. Songwriting becomes a UX problem, not a craft one.
That raises a serious question: in a world where AI can conjure up a half-decent hook on demand, what will distinguish professional artists?
If the answer is only brand story or marketing muscle, we aren’t celebrating creativity; we are monetising it out of existence.
Tech companies like Google will frame this as liberation. And in a literal sense, anyone who’s ever wanted to hear a short tune about a sock’s existential crisis now can. But liberation without value for the creator is just consumerism by another name.
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Lyria 3 might be good for GIF soundtracks and social clips, and TikTok viral reels, but it doesn’t make professional musicians obsolete; it makes their work less necessary to the platforms that reward hyper-consumable content.
That’s a different threat from outright replacement: it’s obsolescence by trivialisation.
If AI is going to be part of musical creation, then let it be as an assistant to the composer, someone who improves ideas, not replaces them. What we’re seeing with Gemini is not collaboration but outsourcing.
And the lesson for artists isn’t to fear the algorithm. It’s to insist on clarity about where AI replaces labour and where it augments human sensibility.
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Because once the marketplace equates the two, the humans who do the work will be the ones left asking for royalties in a language no one else wants to speak.
And, as a personal recommendation, not sponsored, there are streaming platforms like Deezer that have built AI detection tools that flag and label AI-generated tracks, excluding them from recommendations and royalties so that human songwriters aren’t buried under synthetic spam, and consumers can make the difference between AI and human.
If you care about preserving real artistry in a world of text-to-tune generative models, start paying attention to how platforms handle AI-tagging and choose services that give you transparency about what you’re actually listening to.
Yet, I’m not here to throw shade at Lyria 3; if anything, the idea of letting people turn a photo or a mood into a short track sounds like fun for casual use and creative experimentation. It is what Google says it’s meant for.
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Yet the reality is that as these models proliferate, we risk confusing novelty with art. And here, the big tech companies are not the ones to blame, but us.
No matter how well your favorite streaming service’s algorithm knows you, come February, sometimes even the smartest technology can be swayed by the power of Valentine’s Day. Hence all those romance-heavy promos at the top of your screen, from Ryan Murphy’s Love Story to Netflix’s ever-proliferating Love Is Blind.
But love—romantic or otherwise—can be found in the oddest of places, including the radioactive wasteland of postapocalyptic Los Angeles, Westeros in the rare midst of relative peace, or behind the scenes of the latest MCU blockbuster.
Whether you’re in the mood for a reliable sci-fi gem or an enlightening new docuseries courtesy of Marty Supreme director Josh Safdie, February’s streaming lineup offers plenty of options to swoon over. Here are the 10 shows we’re falling for right now.
Star Trek: Starfleet Academy
Picking up from roughly where Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman’s Star Trek: Discovery left off when it ended in 2024, Starfleet Academy might be best described as Star Trek for the TikTok age … or simply the franchise’s horniest iteration. Set in the 32nd century, it follows the first group of cadets to train at the Academy in more than a century, giving it license to play out more like a college soap opera à la Hulu’s Tell Me Lies. Fortunately, Hollywood heavyweights Holly Hunter and Paul Giamatti are there to refocus these wannabe Starfleet officers on boldly going where no one has gone before.
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While franchise diehards may find it all a bit too lightweight for their tastes, it’s impossible to not appreciate the show’s obvious nostalgia for the iconic series that started it all and Gene Roddenberry’s fierce commitment to diversity, which has unfortunately become an ugly word to the country’s powers that be—and an aspect of the original show that appears to have gone over self-described Trekkie Stephen Miller’s head completely.
Wonder Man
What do you do if you’re Disney and realize the Marvel movies that once regularly crossed the $1 billion box office threshold while barely lifting a Nano Gauntlet are now facing a seriously dwindling ROI problem? You poke fun at the problem with a playfully self-aware buddy comedy that smartly doesn’t require any real knowledge of the MCU on the audience’s part.
Whirlpool has unveiled what it claims is an industry first: a refrigerator with a built-in nugget ice maker.
Announced ahead of KBIS 2026 in Florida, the new 36-inch Wide True Counter Depth French Door model integrates soft, chewable nugget ice directly into the door. This means no countertop machine is required.
For years, nugget ice has been the preserve of standalone makers cluttering up kitchen counters. However, Whirlpool’s approach folds it into a full-size fridge, complete with dual ice makers that dispense both traditional cubes and nugget ice from the same appliance.
It’s a small upgrade on paper, but for households that love the softer, chewable style popularised by cafés and fast-food chains, it removes the need for an extra gadget.
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The refrigerator comes in both three-door and four-door French Door configurations and is designed to sit flush thanks to its true counter-depth build. Whirlpool says the goal is to combine convenience with a cleaner kitchen layout, effectively replacing a niche appliance with something already central to the home.
The nugget ice feature headlines Whirlpool’s wider showcase at KBIS 2026, where the company is leaning into “industry-first” innovations across multiple categories. Alongside the fridge, Whirlpool also introduced a Front Load Laundry Tower with UV Clean technology that uses ultraviolet light during the wash cycle to help reduce bacteria without relying on higher temperatures that can fade fabrics.
In the kitchen, a new 24-inch stainless steel dishwasher is also debuting, featuring what Whirlpool describes as the first 360-degree spinning lower rack, designed to make loading and unloading easier. It pairs this with an AI-powered sensor-controlled wash cycle that automatically adjusts water temperature and soil levels.
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But it’s the nugget ice fridge that stands out. While high-end refrigeration has focused heavily on smart screens and app integration in recent years, Whirlpool is betting that practical upgrades — like better ice — might be what families actually notice day to day.
Pricing and availability haven’t yet been detailed. However, if you’ve been eyeing a countertop nugget ice maker, you may soon be able to reclaim that space entirely.
Photo credit: The New Camera A new hands-on video has emerged, purportedly showing the DJI Osmo Pocket 4 in action, and it comes directly from a Malaysian store. The clip, provided by a local DJI outlet named DronesKaki in the Kuala Lumpur area, shows a customer messing with what appears to be a production unit.
The device retains the Pocket series’ signature compact dimensions. Its three-axis gimbal performs an excellent job of keeping the footage smooth, with no shakes visible even when moving about the store. The flip out screen on the bottom measures a few inches and is noticeably brighter than previously. You also have a joystick and a few buttons on the front, as well as a couple more concealed beneath the screen that we’re not sure what they do.
Capture Stunning Footage – This vlogging camera features a 1-inch CMOS sensor and records in 4K resolution at an impressive 120fps. Capture…
Effortlessly Frame Your Shots – Get the ideal composition with Osmo Pocket 3’s expansive 2-inch touch screen that rotates for both horizontal and…
Ultra-Steady Footage – Say goodbye to shaky videos. Osmo Pocket 3’s advanced 3-axis mechanical stabilization delivers superb stability. Enjoy smooth…
One visible new feature is the camera’s tiny built-in LED light, which appears to be mounted on an adjustable arm. That will come in handy when shooting in low light, and you won’t have to carry around any extra equipment. You may also spin it to face a different direction to give yourself more angle options.
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The Pocket 4’s rumored specs sound promising, with a beefed-up 1 inch CMOS sensor that should help with low-light work and the ability to record 4K video at 120fps. According to speculations, you may be able to get 4K at 240fps slow motion or 6K at 30fps. Autofocus is said to be more faster now, and AI-assisted tracking helps keep your subject in frame.
The battery reportedly lasts up to 200 minutes, which is significantly longer than the Pocket 3’s 166 minutes. The device still weighs 179 grams and now includes Wi-Fi 6, which should make file transfers much faster.
According to the video, there is a SuperPhoto mode that utilizes artificial intelligence to analyze your environment and perform smart processing. That should provide you with some decent stills, up to 33MP at least. This might be a feature you’ve seen on other action cameras, but it’s a welcome addition to the DJI ecosystem.
With the leak, prior FCC records suggest a March 2026 arrival date. Some anticipate a late February or early March release, and while there are rumors of a Pro version with additional features such as dual cameras, the video we viewed focuses entirely on the standard model. [Source]
As common as the Xbox 360 was, the development kits (XDKs) for these consoles are significantly less so. This makes it even more tragic when someone performs a botched surgery on one of these rare machines, leaving it in dire straits. Fortunately [Josh Davidson] was able to repair the XDK in question for a customer, although it entailed replacing the GPU, CPU and fixing many traces.
The Xbox 360 Development Kit is effectively a special version of the consumer console — with extra RAM and features that make debugging software on the unit much easier, such as through direct access to RAM contents. They come in a variety of hardware specifications that developed along with the game console during its lifecycle, with this particular XDK getting an upgrade to being a Super Devkit with fewer hardware restrictions.
Replacing the dead GPU was a new old stock Kronos 1 chip. Fortunately the pads were fine underneath the old GPU, making it easy to replace. After that various ripped-off pads and traces were discovered underneath the PCB, all of which had to be painstakingly repaired. Following this the CPU had apparently suffered heat damage and was replaced with a better CPU, putting this XDK back into service.
Paul Brainerd at a Brainerd Foundation retreat in Montana. (Brainerd Foundation Photo)
In the summer of 1984, Paul Brainerd and four engineers packed into his old Saab and drove south on Interstate 5 from the Seattle area. They had been laid off after Kodak bought their employer, Atex, a company whose computerized text-processing systems let newspaper reporters and editors write and edit stories on video terminals instead of typewriters.
They had six months of savings, a rough idea for a piece of software, and no company name.
They stopped in towns along the way, pitching small newspapers and magazine publishers on a page-layout tool for desktop computers. The response was discouraging. The chains that were already buying up many of the publications took years to make purchasing decisions. A startup with six months of runway would be dead long before the first purchase order arrived.
They needed a new plan. They also needed a name: incorporation papers were due in a week.
They stopped at the Oregon State University library in Corvallis, rented a room, and started digging into books on the history of publishing. Brainerd found a chapter on Aldus Manutius, a 15th-century Venetian printer who had standardized typefaces, invented the small-book format, and brought the cost of publishing down far enough to reach ordinary people.
It was the perfect name for the revolution he had in mind.
Paul Brainerd, who went on to coin the term “desktop publishing” and build Aldus Corporation’s PageMaker into one of the defining programs of the personal computer era, died Sunday at his home on Bainbridge Island, Wash., after living for many years with Parkinson’s disease. He was 78 years old.
He left two legacies. The first was a piece of software that put the power of the printed page into the hands of millions of people who had never operated a typesetting machine. The second was a three-decade commitment to environmental conservation and philanthropy in the Pacific Northwest, pursuing it with the same intensity he brought to the desktop publishing revolution.
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Paul Brainerd at the Aldus office in Seattle’s Pioneer Square neighborhood, on July 5, 1985. (David Healy Photo)
Friends and colleagues this week remembered Brainerd as a quiet, caring and detail-oriented leader with exacting standards. He insisted that PageMaker use proper curly quotation marks instead of straight ones, and obsessed over nuances such as kerning, the precise spacing between specific letter pairs.
“Everything he did, he did with integrity,” said Laura Urban Perry, who was art director of Seattle Weekly when she spotted an ad in the back of the paper, answered it, and became Aldus’ seventh employee in 1984 when it was based in a small office near the Pioneer Square pergola.
Brainerd sat her next to the engineers so design and development would be in constant conversation. In essence, she was working in user experience before the term was widely used. They gave her the desk by the window, she said, because artists need light.
Ben Rotholtz, who had worked at a Seattle art supply store selling press-on lettering to graphic designers, went to Aldus on Christmas Eve 1985 to apply for a tech support job. He laid out a page on an Apple Macintosh and watched it come out of an Apple LaserWriter exactly as it appeared on screen. (“My jaw just dropped,” he said.)
Rotholtz started at the company in January 1986. Many of the customers needing support had never owned a computer before. PageMaker was often the reason they bought one.
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Before shipping PageMaker 3.0, Brainerd told Rotholtz that every department had signed off on the release except his. If tech support said it wasn’t ready, they wouldn’t ship. “Customer support was basically another feature in the product,” Rotholtz said. “He valued it that highly.”
Brainerd applied the same evenhanded principles to business partnerships. When Rotholtz proved to be an effective negotiator on technology licensing deals, Brainerd told him not to “over-negotiate” — to make sure the other side could survive and thrive, too.
That focus on customers is what revealed the true market for PageMaker. Brainerd and his team had expected to sell to professional graphic designers and newspaper publishers. Instead, the calls came from churches, colleges, nonprofits, and small businesses.
Brainerd loved to tell the story of a pastor from the Midwest who called to say he was using PageMaker to print 600,000 religious pamphlets. Or the mother in San Francisco who wrote to say she had used PageMaker to design and print a picture book for her children. It might seem trivial today, but back then it otherwise would have required a professional printer.
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Telling those stories to the public was a core part of the company’s strategy, said Laury Bryant, who worked at Aldus from 1987 to 1991 as a PR and investor relations leader. “Every day, there was some new and incredible way the product was being used,” she said.
To Rotholtz, the product had a clear and profound impact on the world: “PageMaker was ultimately about the democratization of printing and publishing.”
Brainerd had lived the journey that made it possible.
From letterpress to laser printer
He was born in 1947 in Medford, Ore., a small town in the Rogue Valley with an economy dependent on pears and lumber. His parents, Phil and VerNetta Brainerd, ran a photography studio and camera shop on Main Street. He grew up in darkrooms in the family business.
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He was a B+ student, more interested in the yearbook than the classroom. When he got to the University of Oregon, he majored in business but spent all his time in the journalism school. He became editor-in-chief of the Oregon Daily Emerald in his senior year.
Along the way, he converted the campus newspaper from letterpress, a centuries-old method of pressing inked metal type onto paper, to offset printing, a faster and cheaper photographic process. He did the same thing later at the University of Minnesota student paper.
It would become a recurring theme: moving from one era of publishing to the next.
After getting his master’s in journalism from the University of Minnesota, he went to the Minneapolis Star Tribune as assistant operations director, overseeing a transition from hot type, in which molten lead was cast into lines of text, to cold type, which used light and film instead.
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Paul Brainerd in 1986. (Photo By DGHealy – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0.)
It was at the Star Tribune that Brainerd had a realization that defined his career. He was sitting in the office of Charles Bailey, the paper’s editor-in-chief, listening to Bailey discuss the day’s political coverage. “I just realized, in that moment, that I was never going to be a Charles Bailey,” Brainerd later recalled. “I could be a lot of other things, but I was never going to be him.”
But he could translate between the people who built technology and the people who used it.
He joined Atex, one of the Star Tribune’s vendors, and eventually moved to Redmond to run the company’s West Coast R&D arm. When Kodak bought Atex and shut the plant down, Brainerd was 37 and out of work. He had about $100,000 in savings. He decided it was now or never.
Brainerd put up his own money to start Aldus. The engineers who joined him from Atex worked at half salary. He took no salary at all. They gave themselves six months to write a business plan, build a prototype, and find funding.
He called 50 venture capital firms. Forty-nine said no. In 1984, most investors saw no value in software companies. Microsoft had not yet gone public. The prevailing view was that software could be replicated in a weekend by a couple of guys in a garage.
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With about $5,000 left in the bank, a firm called Vanguard Ventures in Palo Alto said yes. Some of its general partners were former Apple executives who understood what software could do. They invested $864,000. A small local firm, Fluke Management Capital, also took a position.
Sparking a revolution
Their product was PageMaker, a program that let anyone lay out text and graphics on a computer screen and send it to a printer. Brainerd and his team realized that three things had to come together to make it work: Apple’s Macintosh, which provided the graphical interface; Adobe’s PostScript, which gave printers the ability to render high-quality type and images; and a piece of software that tied them together. Brainerd called it the “three-legged stool.”
At a board meeting in late 1984, an investor told them they needed to boil down their wordy description of what they were doing — putting text and graphics on pages — to two words, as Brainerd recalled in his 2006 oral history with the Computer History Museum.
Someone suggested “desktop something.”
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Brainerd said, “How about desktop publishing?”
Back at the office, the engineers were skeptical, but Brainerd went with it, and it stuck.
PageMaker 1.0 shipped in July 1985. It gave Apple a reason to exist in the corporate market. Steve Jobs later said that desktop publishing had saved the Macintosh.
PageMaker shipped on Windows in 1987, before Microsoft Word did. The Microsoft program manager who convinced Aldus to build on Windows was Gabe Newell, who later founded Valve. Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer sent a bottle of Dom Perignon to celebrate the launch.
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In 1991, Soviet hardliners attempted a coup in Moscow. They locked down the traditional printing presses to control the flow of information. But they couldn’t hold back computers. Across the city, pro-democracy activists used PageMaker to produce and distribute handouts. Aldus later ran an ad about it, with the tagline: “We helped create a revolution.”
Aldus co-founder and engineering lead Jeremy Jaech, who had been one of the engineers on that fateful 1984 road trip — along with Mark Sundstrom, Mike Templeman, and Dave Walter — said Brainerd set a high bar for the people around him.
“He wasn’t a yeller,” Jaech said. “He would talk to you in a low voice and tell you all the things you were doing wrong.” But Jaech said Brainerd got the best out of people. “I worked my ass off for him because I wanted to please him — and he was hard to please.”
Jaech, who went on to co-found Visio, the diagramming software company that Microsoft later acquired for $1.5 billion, said he wouldn’t have been prepared to start his own company without everything he learned from Brainerd.
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“Product focus, customer focus, how to build a board, how to run a meeting,” Jaech said, running down the list. “There’s no question I got a lot.”
He wasn’t the only one. Bill McAleer, who joined Aldus as chief financial officer in 1988, said more entrepreneurs came out of Aldus, proportionally, than out of Microsoft at the time. Brainerd “created a great culture,” simultaneously entrepreneurial and collaborative, said McAleer, who went on to co-found the venture capital firm Voyager Capital.
The bonds among Aldus employees have lasted to this day, said Perry, the former Aldus art director who remained in touch with Brainerd over the years, interviewing him on video for a 2022 conference talk she gave about the desktop publishing revolution.
But after a decade at the helm, Brainerd was worn out. “It was my child, basically,” he said in his 2009 oral history, recorded at KCTS Television for MOHAI’s Speaking of Seattle: Experienced Leaders Project. “After 10 years of doing that, I was ready to let it go.”
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He found his exit in the 1994 merger of Aldus with Adobe, the company whose PostScript technology had been one of the three legs of the desktop publishing stool from the start.
By then, PageMaker faced stiff competition from QuarkXPress, which had captured a large portion of the professional design market. PageMaker’s strength — its broad appeal to everyone from churches to corporations — had become a strategic vulnerability.
Years after the acquisition, Aldus would end up forming the nucleus of Adobe’s campus in Seattle’s Fremont neighborhood. PageMaker’s desktop publishing legacy lives on in the program known today as Adobe InDesign, built from the ground up to win back the professionals.
McAleer, who oversaw the deal for Aldus and ran the subsequent integration, said it was a natural fit: “When we merged the two companies, that really created a very broad-based graphics suite for graphics professionals and people in the publishing industry.”
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The all-stock deal, valued at roughly $525 million at the time it was announced, closed in August 1994. Brainerd was Adobe’s largest individual shareholder, with stock worth roughly $100 million. He served on Adobe’s board for two years but never returned to management.
Perry wasn’t surprised by Brainerd’s shift in focus. “He just figured out what was important to do next and got after it,” she said. “It wasn’t about making money and becoming a billionaire.”
‘If I gave you the checkbook …‘
Brainerd took six weeks off and went to Alaska to hike and clear his head. Then he took a third of his proceeds from the Adobe deal and created the Brainerd Foundation.
He spent three months driving around the Pacific Northwest, talking to roughly a hundred people and asking a single question: If I gave you the checkbook, who would you write it to? The foundation focused on environmental conservation across Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, British Columbia, and Alaska.
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In 1997, Brainerd and fellow Seattle business leaders Scott Oki, Ida Cole, Bill Neukom, and Doug and Maggie Walker co-founded Social Venture Partners, which applied the venture capital model to philanthropy, as detailed in a 2018 GeekWire profile. Partners pooled their money, researched community needs, and invested in nonprofit organizations.
In 2000, Paul and Debbi Brainerd founded IslandWood, a children’s environmental learning center on 256 acres they purchased and donated on Bainbridge Island. About 3,000 students a year visit the campus to learn about watersheds, water quality, and forest ecology.
Paul and Debbi Brainerd did not have children, and he was clear about the fact that his goal was to give his money away. “He wasn’t going to take it with him,” said Bryant, the former Aldus PR and investor relations manager who later served on the IslandWood board.
Paul Brainerd and his wife, Debbi, at Camp Glenorchy, an eco-friendly retreat they developed in New Zealand.
In later years, the Brainerds built Camp Glenorchy, a net-zero eco-lodge near Queenstown, New Zealand, and spent about half of each year there. They revitalized the town’s struggling general store, helped bring internet access to the community, and donated proceeds to local causes.
Brainerd “personified the best of an era when tech innovators not only took smart ideas to scale but shared a broad vision of how to make the world a better place — and got to work to make it happen,” said Leonard Garfield, executive director of the Museum of History and Industry.
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Ted Johnson, a programmer who had worked with Brainerd at the Star Tribune, Atex, and Aldus, visited Glenorchy with his wife and watched Brainerd show off the composting systems and water treatment infrastructure with all the enthusiasm he once gave to kerning and quote marks.
“He loved nature,” Johnson said, “and he loved technology.”
Brainerd is survived by his sister, Sherry, and his wife, Debbi, who described his more than 20-year battle with Parkinson’s disease in a letter to his friends and colleagues this week.
“I have never seen anyone fight so hard and for so long, looking for traditional medical treatments, as well as non-traditional healing practices that could help him manage the growing number of symptoms that his Parkinson’s presented,” she wrote.
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He ultimately chose to take advantage of Washington state’s Death with Dignity Act, “allowing him to choose his time and place of passing,” she wrote. “He died peacefully on Sunday, viewing the Puget Sound landscape he loved, outside our home on Bainbridge Island.”
Family and friends are planning a celebration of life at IslandWood in June. Memorial donations in Paul Brainerd’s honor can be made to IslandWood at islandwood.org.
Reporting for this story included interviews with Brainerd’s former Aldus colleagues Ben Rotholtz, Laura Urban Perry, Laury Bryant, Jeremy Jaech, Bill McAleer, and Ted Johnson, coordinated with the help of Pam Miller, a former Aldus employee; oral history interviews with Brainerd conducted for the Computer History Museum (2006) and Museum of History and Industry (2009); a video interview with Brainerd conducted by Perry in 2022; and a 2018 profile by GeekWire reporter Lisa Stiffler.