JPMorgan Chase Chief Financial Officer Jeremy Barnum said stablecoins may evolve into a form of regulatory arbitrage if new rules fail to align them with traditional banking standards.

Speaking on the bank’s first-quarter earnings call on Tuesday, Barnum framed the debate less as a technology shift and more as a question of oversight. Some stablecoin models could replicate bank-like products while avoiding the safeguards applied to deposits, including rules around interest payments and customer protections, he said.

“If the same product isn’t regulated the same way, you open the door to arbitrage,” Barnum said, pointing to structures that offer rewards resembling yield. In that scenario, he added, firms could “run a bank” without being subject to core banking regulations.

The comments come as lawmakers weigh new frameworks for digital assets. The proposed Clarity Act aims to define how crypto markets are split between regulators such as the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. It also reflects broader efforts to establish clearer rules for stablecoins and related products.

The debate also extends to whether issuers of stablecoins, crypto tokens whose value is pegged to a traditional asset, mostly the dollar, should be allowed to offer yield to users.

Some crypto firms, including Coinbase (COIN), have pushed for the ability to pass interest earned on reserve assets to coin holders, arguing it would make stablecoins more useful as savings tools.

Banks have pushed back, saying yield-bearing stablecoins begin to resemble deposits without the same capital, liquidity and consumer protection requirements. In their view, that creates an uneven playing field, allowing non-bank firms to attract funds by offering returns regulated banks are restricted from providing.

The issue has become a central point of tension in Washington D.C., as policymakers weigh how to prevent stablecoins from functioning as bank-like products outside the traditional regulatory perimeter.

Barnum said JPMorgan supports the push for clarity, but stressed that consistency matters more than speed. Without it, he warned, new entrants could gain an advantage by operating outside existing regulatory boundaries.

He downplayed the idea that stablecoins will disrupt the bank’s core payments business. JPMorgan already runs a large wholesale payments network that processes transactions at low cost and high speed, leaving little room for margin-driven disruption.

Instead, the bank is integrating similar technology into its own systems. Through its blockchain unit, Kinexys, JPMorgan has developed tools such as JPM Coin and tokenized deposits, which allow institutional clients to move money around the clock and automate transactions.

Barnum described these efforts as part of a broader modernization strategy. Features often associated with stablecoins, such as programmable payments, are already being built into existing infrastructure rather than replacing it.

On the consumer side, he said stablecoins are often framed as “digital cash,” but still face familiar compliance hurdles, including identity checks.

JPMorgan reported stronger-than-expected first-quarter results, driven by a rebound in trading and investment banking. Net income rose 13% year over year to $16.49 billion, while revenue climbed 10% to $50.54 billion. The bank set aside less for potential loan losses than expected, signaling stable credit conditions among borrowers.