A robotic spacecraft called LINK will soon tug the telescope to a higher orbit.

Sarla Aviation just finished a full round of flight tests with its Sylla 1.0. The 700-kilogram machine with a 7.5-meter wingspan became the heaviest electric aircraft ever to take off vertically in India. Engineers put it through more than 500 tests and over 18 hours of flight time during a six-month campaign in southern India.

Sylla 1.0, built as a half-scale tech demo, is essentially a shrunken version of what the business envisions for the full-size passenger aircraft. It has a novel dispersed propulsion system, with electric motors sticking out along the wing. These are fueled by a 400-volt grid that keeps everything running smoothly. This is critical because the entire structure just lifts off vertically and hovers steadily in the air, with no runway necessary.

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The goal of the test phase was to get all of the individual components to communicate with one another. For example, electric propulsion, battery systems, flight control software, the aircraft itself, and the landing gear were all tested to see how well they operate together in practice. First up, get off the ground and hover. Not that difficult, it turned out… Sylla 1.0 just repeated this section several times, obtaining a wealth of relevant flight data along the way.

The entire project moved at quick pace to say the least, with this group going from the start of developing Sylla 1.0 to actual flying in just under a year, which isn’t bad considering the project’s complexity. To top it all off, the project only cost them around 13 million dollars. When compared to some of the major global eVTOL projects now in development, the difference is clear.

Sarla Aviation opened its doors in Bengaluru in 2023 and now employs a team of engineers, many of which had previously worked for Lilium, Volocopter, Wisk, Beta, and Joby Aviation. They pulled all of that international know-how back together with some quick execution to get the place off the ground. Sarla Aviation is named after Sarla Thukral, India’s first woman pilot in the 1930s.

Sylla 2.0, on the other hand, will have to figure out how to fly forward rather than just hovering. We all know how important this is, since it dictates how efficiently these birds will be able to transport passengers or cargo from A to B. They’ve already started collecting important data from Sylla 1.0 and are incorporating it into the next level of testing.

Of course, the long-term goal is to reach Shunya at full capacity. This is the real deal: an aircraft capable of carrying a pilot and six passengers, or four in a more spacious configuration, as well as cargo variants capable of carrying around 680 kg. Oh, and they’re also looking into hybrid power with some sustainable aviation fuel, which should help increase the range to about 800 kilometers. They plan to reach a top speed of roughly 250 km/h using seven ‘propulsion units’ and two batches of separate batteries.

Sarla sees these aircraft fitting in similarly to how ride-hailing apps are used today, as a way to travel from A to B in the air. Early routes can link big cities, such as Bengaluru to Mumbai or Delhi to Pune, or just shuttle passengers between airports and city centers. The real goal, however, is to see what they can do to help India’s push for cleaner transportation while simultaneously increasing their own digital industry.
[Source]

Many don’t think of the Fourth of July as a mattress-shopping holiday, but they probably should. Black Friday, Memorial Day, and even Presidents’ Day get a lot of attention when it comes to mattress sales, but many brands offer some of their biggest discounts for Independence Day as people tackle summer moves, home projects, and long-overdue bedroom upgrades. If you’ve been putting off replacing an old mattress, now’s a smart time to put down the grill tongs and shop.

The WIRED Reviews team has spent years testing mattresses in our own homes, and we evaluate everything from long-term comfort and cooling to motion isolation and durability, so the recommendations below are mattresses we’ve actually slept on and continue to recommend. Note that all prices are for queen-size models.

If you’re looking to upgrade the rest of your bedroom, check out our guides to the Best Pillows, Best Bed Frames, and Best Sheets.

WIRED Featured Deals

The Best Fourth of July Mattress Sales

Helix Midnight Luxe

Photograph: Wired

Helix

We’ve tested dozens of mattresses over the years, and the Helix Midnight Luxe continues to earn the top spot, ranked as the best overall mattress of 2026 so far. Its medium-firm feel, zoned support coils, and excellent pressure relief work for nearly every sleeping position, but especially for side sleepers, and it is surprisingly cool for the amount of plush that it has. Fourth of July brings one of the best prices we typically see for this mattress outside of Black Friday, making this an excellent time to buy.

Leesa

The Leesa Sapira Chill is one of our favorite mattresses because it tackles two of the biggest sleep struggles: waking up sore and waking up hot. Its medium-firm hybrid design gently cushions the shoulders and hips without sacrificing support, while the cooling cover regulates temperature throughout the night. When former WIRED director Martin Cizmar tested it, he found it to be the best cooling mattress he’s tried for side sleepers, making this deal especially worth a look, especially in this heat wave.

Avocado

The Avocado Green has remained one of our top organic mattress picks over the years. Its hybrid construction hits a sweet spot between plush comfort and sturdy support, making it a great option for couples with different firmness preferences and combination sleepers who tend to toss, turn, and switch sleeping positions throughout the night. Its individually wrapped coils also do a great job minimizing motion transfer, and after nearly three years of use, WIRED operations manager Scott Gilbertson has reported virtually no sagging or signs of wear. Avocado doesn’t offer discounts as aggressively as many competitors, making this 15-percent-off sale one of the better opportunities you’ll get all year.

• The best organic mattress: Avocado Green Mattress for $2,039 (15 Percent Off)

Nolah Evolution

Photograph: Julia Forbes

Nolah

Designed with side sleepers in mind, the Nolah Evolution pairs zoned foam and pocketed coils to cushion the shoulders and hips and support the lower back. We also found it comfortable for both side and stomach sleeping, thanks to its hybrid design that makes it easy to roll over without feeling like you’re stuck in your mattress. Nolah’s Fourth of July sale takes 35 percent off site-wide, matching one of the brand’s strongest promotions of the year.

Naturepedic

The Naturepedic EOS Classic Organic Mattress stands out for its customization. Its modular design lets you fine-tune its firmness by swapping out latex layers, and each side of the mattress can be configured independently, making it another great mattress for sleeping partners with different sleep preferences. We also appreciate that you can exchange the latex layers for free during your first 100 nights, so you don’t have to cross your fingers and hope you picked the right firmness the first time. The Fourth of July sale knocks 20 percent off site-wide with code JULY4 and includes a free muslin blanket with qualifying mattress purchases.

Bear

If back pain has you shopping for a new mattress, the Bear Elite Hybrid is 35 percent off with code JULY35. Multiple WIRED reviewers with conditions including scoliosis, spondylosis, sciatica, and chronic back pain have found that this mattress’s zoned coil support helped keep their backs happy while the quilted pillow top provided enough cushioning to prevent sore shoulders and hips. It feels pretty firm right out of the box, but our testers found it cushioned up over time while maintaining the support they needed.

As part of an ongoing legal dispute with three Hollywood studios, AI startup Midjourney is seeking to compel those studios to reveal how they use AI themselves.

Disney and Universal sued Midjourney for alleged copyright infringement last year, noting that the startup’s image-generation models could create images of characters, such as Bart Simpson and Darth Vader, who are owned by the studios. A few months later, Warner Bros. sued Midjourney as well.

The startup argues that training its AI models on images of copyrighted characters is permitted under fair use. 

The current dispute revolves around the documentation the studios will need to produce during the discovery process. A judge previously ruled that the studios would indeed have to provide information about their generative AI usage – but only when it led to “consumer-facing” videos and images.

In its latest filing, Midjourney seeks to overturn that limitation, arguing that it “unfairly” allows the studios “to cherry-pick only those documents they believe support their market harm claims while depriving Midjourney of documents that would support its defenses.”

Midjourney goes on to claim that the “documents [the studios] are withholding are precisely those that would reveal whether, behind closed doors, they are doing exactly what they are suing Midjourney for doing.”

For example, the startup says that if the studios are developing image-generating AI models  “for internal use in storyboarding or ideating content for film or TV, that evidence would equally demonstrate that it is an industry custom, even among the studios themselves, to download and train AI on unlicensed copyrighted content.”

In the filing, the startup also argues that the studios should reveal all the prompts they used in Midjourney, as well as the resulting outputs, not just the prompts that produced the allegedly infringing images.

The studios’ lead attorney David Singer previously claimed Midjourney was seeking this documentation as part of a “fishing expedition.” 

He also said the studios “do not seek to stop AI technology or even shut down Midjourney’s business,” but rather “simply want Midjourney to stop copying their movies and TV shows and to stop distributing, publicly displaying, publicly performing, and creating derivative works that include copies of [their] famous characters without authorization.”

Apple is expected to debut the iPhone 18 Pro and iPhone 18 Pro Max this fall, possibly alongside its first foldable iPhone. The standard iPhone 18, however, is said to arrive later in spring 2027 with the iPhone 18e. While the lineup is expected to get more RAM, the upgrade may still fall short of what the standard and 18e models need for two advanced Siri AI features.

The issue is Apple’s AFM Core Advanced model. It powers Advanced Dictation Preview in iOS 27, along with Apple’s new expressive Siri voices. The model runs locally on supported devices, but it needs at least 12GB of RAM.

More memory may not be enough

TF International Securities analyst Ming-Chi Kuo says Apple’s lower-end 2027 iPhones powered by the A20 chip will move to 9GB of RAM, up from 8GB on current standard models. Forbes points out that the upgrade may still leave the iPhone 18 and iPhone 18e short of the requirement for Apple’s higher-end Siri features.

Advanced Dictation Preview is currently available on the iPhone 17 Pro, iPhone 17 Pro Max, and iPhone Air running the iOS 27 beta. The standard iPhone 17 and even the iPhone 16 Pro are excluded because they have 8GB of RAM.

Advanced Dictation Preview improves accuracy and can automatically handle punctuation and capitalization while users speak. Expressive Siri voices are designed to make Apple’s assistant sound more natural and flexible. If the 12GB cutoff stays in place, then these features will not be available on the standard 18 and 18e models.

The Pro models should have the edge

Apple has not announced the iPhone 18 lineup, so the feature split is not confirmed. Kuo says the iPhone 18 Pro, iPhone 18 Pro Max, and Apple’s rumored foldable iPhone will remain at 12GB of RAM.

The split may look like Apple is simply pushing buyers toward the Pro models, but the memory situation is more complicated than product segmentation. Apple has already raised prices across its iPad and Mac lineup as RAM prices climb, and the upcoming iPhone 18 Pro models are expected to see a jump of around $200.

The company is also reportedly seeking government approval to source RAM from China’s CXMT as it tries to manage a supply crunch that is making advanced AI features harder to bring to cheaper models.

Having tested countless pairs of ANC headphones, it takes something special to truly wow me. But today, we’re going to compare two sets of premium cans that did exactly that: Apple’s AirPods Max 2, and Sony’s WH-1000XM6.

If you’re considering which pair of headphones are for you, I’ve got you covered. I’ve spent hours testing both sets side by side, assessing each model on their feature-sets, performance, design, and most importantly, value for money.

Noble Audio is a major player in the hi-fi arena. Founded in 2013, Noble’s vast and varied work in the IEM market has helped shape much of what we now take for granted. From CNC-machined aluminum shells to sophisticated driver configurations, there are few parts of the modern IEM scene that Noble has not influenced in some way.

Today, we’re taking a look at one of Noble’s newest and most affordable earbuds: the true wireless Noble Osprey. At $199, this hybrid TWS undercuts flagship offerings from established brands like Bose and Sony on price. But does Noble have what it takes to match them in the realm of modern tech features and quality-of-life refinement? Let’s get into it.

About My Preferences: My impressions are inevitably influenced by my personal preferences. While I try to mitigate that as much as possible during the review process, I’d be lying if I said my biases are ever completely erased. So, for you, my readers, keep the following in mind:

My ideal sound signature includes competent sub-bass, textured mid-bass, a slightly warm midrange, and extended treble.

I also have mild treble sensitivity.

Testing equipment and standards can be found here.

Related Reviews:

Key Specifications

• Drivers: 10mm dynamic driver + custom balanced armature driver
• Wireless: Bluetooth 6.0
• Bluetooth chipset: Airoha 1571
• Supported codecs: LDAC, AAC, SBC
• Noise control: Active Noise Cancellation and Hearing Through/Transparency mode
• Microphones: Dual microphones with cVc noise reduction
• Multipoint: Yes
• TrueWireless Mirroring: Yes
• Battery life: Up to 7 hours with ANC off; up to 5 hours with ANC on
• Quick charging: Approximately 2 hours of playback from a 10-minute charge
• Charging case: 500mAh aluminum case
• Charging: USB-C
• Included accessories: Aluminum charging case, USB-C cable, ear tips, and user documentation

Tech & Features

The Osprey supports Bluetooth 6.0, along with a suite of high-quality audio codecs. LDAC, AAC, and SBC are onboard, with the only notable exclusions being aptX HD and aptX Low Latency. This appears to be a concession to keep the price low, as aptX is a proprietary suite of codecs licensed by Qualcomm.

Pairing the Osprey with my Google Pixel 10 Pro was quick and easy. A brief jaunt through the user manual confirmed that the Osprey automatically launches into pairing mode when new, which was convenient. I was able to pair the Osprey seamlessly with all of my devices, including my Windows 10/11 desktop, Linux PC, and Nintendo Switch 2. The Osprey also supports multipoint connectivity, allowing it to juggle multiple active connections without requiring user intervention.

The Osprey features haptic touch controls on both earbuds and supports single, double, triple, and long-press gestures. They are fine for the most part, but can be inconsistent when trying to quickly pause or play audio. As a general rule, I prefer buttons on true wireless earbuds, and the Osprey is no exception. Being forced to tap my earbuds to pause music or adjust the volume is disruptive, especially when some of those taps are not recognized.

Further, the Osprey’s hollow construction transmits a ton of noise into my ears when using the touch controls, which is a less-than-fun experience. Thankfully, you can adjust which gestures map to which functions through the app, barring the press-and-hold control for ANC modes.

I appreciate the app’s lightweight, zero-account approach. You can update the Osprey’s firmware, select an EQ preset, or create your own using its 10-band equalizer.

While that minimalism is good for performance and storage footprint, it comes with some functional downsides. Mainstream rivals like Sony, Bose, and JBL offer more advanced features, including location-based profiles, find-my-device tools, and ear-health monitoring — useful extras that power users may miss.

The austere Noble app reflects the company’s priorities: Noble remains primarily focused on sound, leaving much of the more elaborate tech experience to the established names in the true wireless earbud space.

Build

As is tradition with Noble Audio’s IEMs, the Osprey places a major emphasis on aesthetics. It features a four-piece chassis comprising a resin faceplate, plastic middle ring, resin inner face, and short aluminum nozzle. The nozzle is machined from aluminum and topped with a metal debris filter.

The Osprey’s aluminum charging case features a solid, spring-loaded lid. A charging-status LED is located on the front of the case.

The rear of the Osprey’s case features a USB-C charging port that supports quick charging. It works with any USB-C cable that meets the USB PD standard, so aftermarket options are viable. Inside, the Osprey’s case features molded recesses for each earbud, complete with standard charging pins and magnetic attachment points.

Comfort

Comfort is a metric that depends heavily on your individual ear anatomy, so mileage will vary.

The Osprey is a lightweight, compact wireless earbud. Its shorter nozzles result in a shallower fit, but I was still able to achieve a solid passive seal with the stock eartips. The foam tips worked best for me, though the silicone options were similarly comfortable. I was able to listen comfortably for multiple consecutive hours, making the Osprey a competent companion for long days in the office.

Accessories

• 1x Aluminum charging case
• 1x Felt baggie
• 3x Pairs of double-flanged eartips
• 3x Pairs of foam eartips
• 4x Pairs of standard silicone eartips
• 1x USB-C to USB-A charging cable

For what amounts to an entry-level pair of wireless audiophile earbuds, this is a solid accessory package. You get a high-quality aluminum charging case, a felt baggie in which to store it, and ten pairs of eartips. The Osprey includes both silicone and foam options, along with three pairs of double-flanged tips.

The included charging cable is short and basic, though functional. I ended up swapping to a different USB-C cable, as the stock cable is too short for my use case and terminates in USB-A rather than USB-C. The case supports quick charging over USB-C, so make sure to use a quality aftermarket cable should you go that route.

Listening

The Noble Audio Fokus app supports onboard EQ, but I did not use it during this portion of the sonic analysis. Should you wish to tweak the Osprey’s sound, you can select a genre-based preset or adjust the 10-band EQ manually.

Noble’s sonic intent with the Osprey is clear: deliver a stock tuning that lives up to the audiophile promise of clear, robust sound. It features a gently V-shaped sound signature, with lifted and well-extended sub-bass, mild warmth through the lower midrange, a slight upper-midrange lift for instrumental clarity, and bright, but not sharp, treble.

Precise, Atmospheric Bass

Noble gave the Osprey’s bass a full-bodied but nimble presentation. Its sub-bass sits just behind the mid-bass, delivering depth and articulation without becoming messy.

The Osprey’s lower register is textured and quick, allowing it to convey an excellent sense of atmosphere on “The Dark” by Thrice. The track’s mix of synthetic bass lines and plucky bass guitar plays well with the Osprey’s expressive mid-bass.

The weighty drums at the beginning of “Better Strangers” by Royal Blood land with body and authority, decaying precisely into the soundstage’s black background. The gritty, filtered drop-D guitars in the foreground carry an addictive bassy undertone, giving them a physicality the track desperately needs.

Electronic tracks play well with the Osprey, leveraging its solid extension to generate tactile but respectful punch and rumble. On “The People” by Uppermost, the Osprey rendered the bass line with a robust, substantial timbre.

Beyond simple extension and speed, the Osprey’s bass tuning gives it the ability to sound complete and organic without thinning out the bottom end. That said, some tracks could really use additional bass presence. “Drunk Wishing (Hairitage Remix)” relies on a wall-of-bass effect that the Osprey’s more moderate low end does not quite produce.

You can crank the bass through the EQ to get a little closer to a basshead’s preferences, but ultimately, the Osprey does not seem interested in producing much more sub-bass than it delivers by default.

Hearty, But Lightweight, Midrange

The Osprey’s midrange sits a little north of neutral, delivering mild warmth and an overall clean tonality. Noble balances the upper and lower mids well, allowing it to give harmonically complex elements their proper weight. Acoustic guitar is particularly synergistic with the Osprey’s midrange, pulling a fantastic sense of presence and completeness from tracks like “Life of Illusion” by Foo Fighters. Electric guitar is likewise well-toned and textured. The gritty distortion in “I Got” by Young the Giant streaks from the Osprey’s drivers, staging both guitars with realism and precision.

Even during busy passages, the Osprey maintains its composure, presenting a deep array of layers. It nails the cascading, contrasting layers of instrumentation in the outro of “Endless” by Slow Hours. Each strike of the piano hammer against its strings carries distinction and air, standing apart from the bittersweet violin breathing gently in the background.

Clear & Energetic Treble

The Osprey’s treble tuning is excellent. Combined with a carefully selected, high-performance driver setup, there are not many IEMs, wired or otherwise, at this level of treble refinement.

The Osprey’s single balanced-armature driver works overtime, delivering impressive texture alongside fine-grained control over its deeply layered treble. I was particularly impressed by its ability to manage treble-heavy elements under pressure. The dense soundstage of “Weak” by Seether is a tough mix to render, but the Osprey captures the metallic slam of the hi-hats and tambourines with aplomb. It also beautifully stages the ringing bells at 1:58 in “Wish You Were Here” by Incubus, a fragile micro-detail buried deep in the track and easy to smudge.

The Osprey’s treble is clear and energetic without stepping beyond the bounds of comfort, even with my treble sensitivity. There is no hint of sharpness or sibilance, even on roughly mastered tracks like “Satisfy” by Nero.

Mic & Phone Call Quality

While I’m stoked on the Osprey’s sonic performance, its microphone performance is not quite as impressive. The dual onboard mics work well in quiet spaces, but struggle to pick up my voice when I take calls in environments with considerable background noise. The built-in noise-isolation technology also seems to struggle with vocal clarity in noisier settings, sometimes introducing harsh or unnatural artifacts.

You will also need to position each earbud carefully to maintain the proper angle for the microphones. Otherwise, the Osprey can struggle to pick up your voice when speaking quietly. Other Bluetooth IEMs offer larger microphone arrays while delivering clearer, more intelligible call audio.

Competitors like the Sony WF-1000XM4, WF-1000XM5, and WF-1000XM6, along with the Bose QuietComfort Ultra, offer materially better experiences for standard calls and PC meetings, especially when you are trying to keep your voice down.

Noise Cancelling

I’m not a big ANC guy, but I recognize its utility when trying to take an important call in a loud space. I also frequently make use of ANC when traveling by plane, especially if there’s a perturbed child onboard.

The Osprey’s ANC is middling at best, however. It can reduce interference from a TV in the next room or kitchen noise from down the hall, but it is not especially useful in crowded coffee shops or on busy streets. Top-tier ANC from true wireless IEMs like the Sony WF-1000XM6 provides a profoundly different experience, and if you rely heavily on ANC day to day, I would stick with an offering like that.

Thankfully, I rarely, if ever, use ANC in my daily routine, so this is a downside I’m willing to tolerate.

While not exactly a noise-cancelling feature, the Osprey also supports Ambient Mode, a kind of inverse ANC that pipes environmental sound into the IEMs. Parents, or anyone who needs to maintain sonic awareness of their surroundings, will be happy to know that Ambient Mode works well, even in crowded or busy places.

The Bottom Line

The Noble Osprey is an audiophile true wireless earbud designed with a clear sense of purpose. Rather than chasing every app feature, wellness metric, and ANC trick in the book, Noble has focused its efforts on the part that matters most to listeners who actually buy audiophile earbuds: the sound.

Its hybrid driver setup delivers a balanced, well-extended presentation with textured bass, a clean and articulate midrange, and unusually refined treble for $199. Detail retrieval is excellent, and the Osprey avoids the brittle, overcooked treble that often passes for “resolution” in this category. Add a compact fit, aluminum charging case, generous tip selection, LDAC support, and onboard 10-band EQ, and Noble has put together a genuinely compelling audio-first package.

That focus comes with obvious compromises. ANC is merely serviceable, microphone performance falls short in noisy environments, and the Noble Fokus app is stripped down compared with Sony, Bose, and JBL. There is no aptX support, no elaborate ecosystem of location-based profiles or device-finding features, and no illusion that these are meant to replace a top-tier mainstream travel earbud.

The Osprey is unique because it treats true wireless as a vehicle for serious portable listening rather than a feature checklist with drivers attached as an afterthought. It will not win the airport, the conference call, or a fight with a screaming espresso machine. But for listeners who value musicality, detail, comfort, and a properly sorted tuning above all else, it is one of the more persuasive options at its price.

Pros:

• Small, light and ergonomic
• Powerful hybrid driver setup
• Balanced and well-extended sound signature
• Articulate, textured midrange
• Great detail retrieval
• Solid accessory package
• Support for LDAC, SBC

Cons:

• ANC quality falls behind mainstream competitors
• Barebones app offers minimal feature-set
• No support for APT-X codecs
• Mediocre mic quality while on call

Our Ratings

★★★★★★★★★★ Sound Quality

★★★★★★★★★★ Comfort

★★★★★★★★★★ Usability

★★★★★★★★★★ Build Quality

★★★★★★★★★★ Value

Price & Availability

Related Reading:

America has spent 250 years telling itself stories about freedom, reinvention, courage, money, violence, and who gets included in the national picture. These films do not all agree with one another, and that is precisely why they belong together. They show the country at its most hopeful, cruel, inventive, delusional, funny, ambitious, and occasionally impossible to defend.

Because nothing says “understanding America” like sitting in the dark for two hours watching cowboys, capitalists, the underdog, and Cold War freakouts.

This isn’t just a list of essential films made in America. It is a lineup of films actually set in the United States that dig into what it means to live, dream, scheme, survive, fail, reinvent yourself, or simply spiral here.

From manifest destiny and racial reckoning to suburban dread, war, ambition, greed, Hollywood fantasy, and the more questionable corners of capitalism, each film captures a different piece of the American experience—for better, though usually for worse.

And before anyone starts clutching their vintage film reels about Citizen Kane or The Wizard of Oz not making the cut, they’ve been on every list since the dawn of time. We know. They’re legendary. But honestly? We’re so over it. Back of the bus, Dorothy!

And let’s get this out of the way too: we’re huge fans of the ‘80s. We’ve watched The Breakfast Club and Ferris Bueller’s Day Off about 40 times each. But let’s be real—essential? Nah. We love ‘em, but they’re not making this list.

Honorable mentions? Of course. I’m not a monster, although the medication they put me on might speak otherwise. Mr. Smith Goes to Washington gave us the original idealistic meltdown back when filibusters were dramatic instead of just depressing. Ahem…Senator Booker.  

The Apartment and Some Like It Hot reminded us that Americans used to flirt with wit and cross-dressing before Elon Musk and X ruined nuance. Jaws made everyone afraid of swimming, boating, or doing anything remotely fun near the ocean—and basically invented summer panic.

Gettysburg is four hours of facial hair and cannonballs for the History channel crowd. 

Rocky? It’s the American Dream in sweatpants. Stallone turned a mumbling meatpacking palooka into a national icon who not only punched out Mr. T, but also singlehandedly ended the Cold War by outlasting a 6’6″ steroid-fueled Soviet science experiment. #Imustbreakyou

Oh, and Bonnie and Clyde: America’s original sexy criminals, armed with great outfits, worse ideas, and enough slow-motion bloodshed to earn permanent residency in cinematic legend.

Then there’s The Philadelphia Story, where the problems of the American rich are so charmingly presented that you almost forget you’re rooting for people who have never done laundry, faced a utility bill, or checked their narcissism at the front foyer.

25 Essential American Films

These 25 essential American films span silent comedy, noir, Westerns, musicals, war dramas, political satire, horror, and the darker corners of the American dream. Each is set in the United States and offers something to say about the country’s history, ambition, class divides, race, violence, celebrity, capitalism, and enduring talent for turning disaster into spectacle.

They are also films worth owning. A proper 4K UHD or Blu ray release preserves the cinematography, sound, and detail that streaming services too often compress into submission. Our friends at The Criterion Collection would agree with that point rather strongly.

King Kong (1933)

Directed by Merian C. Cooper & Ernest B. Schoedsack

Why it’s essential: King Kong is a giant metaphor for exploitation, ambition, spectacle, and New York’s enduring habit of turning everything into a show until it comes crashing down, literally.

Released during the Great Depression, the film turns Manhattan into both a dream factory and a place of brutal decline, where desperate people chase money, fame, and survival beneath skyscrapers that suddenly feel less permanent than advertised. Kong is exploited, commodified, paraded before a paying audience, and then blamed when the whole arrangement goes predictably sideways. America has repeated that business model with impressive consistency.

It also helped create the modern giant monster movie, proving that visual effects, scale, terror, and genuine pathos could share the same screen. The Empire State Building finale remains one of cinema’s great images, and somehow still feels more honest about New York than half the city’s luxury condo brochures.

Where to buy: $19.99 at Amazon

Gone With the Wind (1939)

Directed by Victor Fleming

Why it’s essential: Victor Fleming’s Gone With the Wind remains one of Hollywood’s grandest and most technically impressive spectacles, even as it asks the audience to mourn a version of the Old South built on selective memory, wealth, and the erasure of slavery’s brutality.

That contradiction is precisely why it still matters. The film is beautiful, romantic, deeply problematic, and impossible to separate from America’s long habit of turning history into pageantry when the truth gets uncomfortable.

It also lands differently now, as Atlanta, Nashville, Memphis, Lexington, Raleigh, Richmond, and Charlotte reshape the economic and cultural map of the South. Money, companies, and people are moving into a region that is no longer content to play supporting character to New York, Boston, Los Angeles, or San Francisco. But the new South still carries the old one with it, including the mythology, inequality, ambition, and unresolved history that Gone With the Wind dresses up in curtains and calls tradition.

Where to buy: $23.74 at Amazon

Stagecoach (1939)

Directed by John Ford

Why it’s essential: John Ford’s Stagecoach did not invent the Western, but it gave the genre a working engine. Cowboys, redemption, class anxiety, danger, and a bumpy ride through Monument Valley all arrive in one compact, thrilling package. It also made John Wayne a star and showed Hollywood that the frontier could hold an entire country’s worth of arguments.

The film is still great fun, but its larger importance is how much it helped define the American West on screen. The genre may have largely wandered away from movie theaters, but television has kept the frontier myth on life support with Taylor Sheridan’s endless range of ranches, oil fields, lawmen, and wounded men staring at mountains. Yellowstone, 1883, 1923, Lawmen: Bass Reeves, The Madison, Marshals, and Landman all work different corners of the same territory.

Ford’s version is cleaner, faster, and more mythic than most of what followed. But the basic machinery remains the same: land, money, violence, class, family, and people trying to outrun the country they helped build.

Where to buy: $39.99 at Amazon

The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)

Directed by William Wyler

Why it’s essential: William Wyler’s The Best Years of Our Lives is a quietly devastating film about three World War II veterans trying to return to jobs, marriages, families, and a country eager to celebrate them without fully understanding what they have brought home.

Fredric March and Dana Andrews are extraordinary, but Harold Russell gives the film its most unforgettable performance. A real World War II veteran who lost both hands during the war, Russell plays Homer Parrish with a directness and vulnerability that no amount of studio polish could fake. His performance was so powerful that the Academy gave him both an honorary Oscar for bringing hope and courage to fellow veterans and the competitive Oscar for Best Supporting Actor.

The film is compassionate without becoming sentimental and honest without turning suffering into spectacle. America loves a victory parade. This film asks what happens after the marching band goes home.

Where to buy: $21.99 at Amazon

The Godfather (1972)

Directed by Francis Ford Coppola

Why it’s essential: Francis Ford Coppola’s The Godfather is not merely a gangster film. It is an American family saga about power, immigration, loyalty, capitalism, and the ugly price of treating love as another business arrangement.

Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Robert Duvall, and Diane Keaton give the film its soul, but Gordon Willis gives it its shadows. Every darkened room, amber glow, and half concealed face makes the Corleone world feel both grand and suffocating.

It remains essential because it understands that the American dream can look remarkably noble from across the room, right up until someone closes the door and starts taking meetings. Do not settle for streaming. This one deserves a 4K UHD disc with Dolby Vision and Atmos, preferably watched with the lights down and nobody asking why Michael seems so quiet.

Where to buy: $25.99 at Amazon

The General (1926)

Directed by Buster Keaton & Clyde Bruckman

Why it’s essential: Buster Keaton’s The General is one of the great silent comedies and one of the most astonishing action films ever made. Keaton turns a Civil War train chase into a machine of perfect timing, impossible stunts, collapsing bridges, and physical comedy so precise that most modern blockbuster directors should be required to watch it before being allowed near a green screen.

Its Confederate point of view deserves context, particularly because the film turns a brutal chapter of American history into an adventure built around loyalty, romance, and locomotives. But as filmmaking, it remains extraordinary. Keaton does not need dialogue to sell danger, heartbreak, or a man trying to save his train, his girl, and whatever remains of his dignity.

Find the best restoration you can, preferably with a strong musical score. The film moves like it was made yesterday, which is more than can be said for most action movies with a budget large enough to purchase a small country.

Where to buy: $16.31 at Amazon

Do the Right Thing (1989)

Directed by Spike Lee

Why it’s essential: Spike Lee’s Do the Right Thing is a blistering, funny, frighteningly alive portrait of race, community, policing, pride, and the pressure that builds when nobody feels heard. It does not offer a tidy lesson or a safe villain. It shows a neighborhood under a brutal summer heat, with every insult, misunderstanding, and act of disrespect adding another degree.

Along with films like Juice and Boyz n the Hood, it forced audiences to look at inner city America without the usual suburban filter or a reassuring studio ending. These were stories many people preferred not to acknowledge because they made poverty, anger, police violence, and racial tension impossible to treat as somebody else’s problem.

A great deal has changed since 1989. Black actors and actresses now lead blockbuster franchises, prestige films, major television series, and command serious power in Hollywood. But progress does not hand anyone a lifetime exemption from prejudice. Some of the people who made careers exposing America’s uglier instincts have later shown blind spots of their own, which should raise an eyebrow or two. Empathy is not supposed to stop at the edge of your own group.

That is part of why Do the Right Thing endures. It is not a sermon. It is a warning about what happens when people stop seeing one another as human beings and start treating every disagreement as a reason to burn the whole block down.

Where to buy: $39.95 at Amazon

Psycho (1960)

Directed by Alfred Hitchcock

Why it’s essential: Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho did not merely change horror cinema. It taught audiences that the rules could vanish halfway through the film, that a motel shower was no longer a safe place, and that checking into a roadside motel was perhaps not the carefree adventure it once appeared to be.

Anthony Perkins makes Norman Bates one of cinema’s most unsettling characters because he is so polite, awkward, and quietly broken. Janet Leigh does remarkable work before Hitchcock pulls the rug out from under everyone watching. The film remains a tightly constructed exercise in dread, black humor, repression, and terrible decisions, with its stark black and white photography looking especially vicious in 4K.

Where to buy: $13.99 at Amazon

Sunset Boulevard (1950)

Directed by Billy Wilder

Why it’s essential: Billy Wilder’s Sunset Boulevard is a dark, funny, and deeply unsettling autopsy of old Hollywood, fame, vanity, and what happens when an industry decides you are no longer useful but forgets to tell you.

Gloria Swanson is magnificent as Norma Desmond, a silent era star living inside a mansion sized for an empire and a fantasy sized for an entire studio lot. William Holden is no innocent either, which is part of the fun. The film understands that Hollywood will build you a palace, turn you into a legend, and then leave you there with the lights off.

It remains one of the great films about celebrity and self invention, with enough shadows, bitterness, and quotable cruelty to make most modern Hollywood satire look like a polite memo from Human Resources.

Where to buy: $15.99 at Amazon

Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)

Directed by Stanley Kubrick

Why it’s essential: Stanley Kubrick’s Dr. Strangelove is a razor sharp Cold War satire about nuclear politics, military incompetence, sexual panic, and the terrifying possibility that the people with the biggest buttons are also the least qualified to touch them.

Peter Sellers is magnificent in multiple roles, but he is hardly carrying the lunatic asylum alone. George C. Scott turns General Buck Turgidson into a masterpiece of red faced military hysteria, Sterling Hayden makes precious bodily fluids sound like a matter of national survival, and Slim Pickens rides into history with one of the most indelible endings in American cinema.

The film remains funny because Kubrick understood that power often looks ridiculous right before it becomes catastrophic. Sellers is at his absolute best, with The Party running a close second, although that film is considerably less likely to end civilization.

Where to buy: $26.99 at Amazon

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975)

Directed by Miloš Forman

Why it’s essential: Miloš Forman’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a furious, funny, and deeply uncomfortable battle between individuality and institutional power. Jack Nicholson’s Randle McMurphy arrives ready to charm, provoke, and generally make everyone’s life more difficult, then discovers that Nurse Ratched and the system behind her have no intention of playing fair.

The film remains a counterculture landmark because it understands how easily rules, routines, and bureaucracy can become tools for crushing people who do not fit neatly into the approved box. It is America in a padded room, with worse lighting and a much stricter dress code.

Where to buy: $38.63 at Amazon

The Searchers (1956)

Directed by John Ford

Why it’s essential: John Ford’s The Searchers is one of the great American Westerns, but it is far too unsettled and angry to be mistaken for simple frontier nostalgia. John Wayne’s Ethan Edwards moves through Monument Valley like a man possessed, carrying grief, racism, violence, and a very personal version of manifest destiny wherever he goes.

The landscapes are magnificent, the compositions remain staggering, and the film’s influence on generations of directors is impossible to miss. But its real power comes from the way it questions the mythology it helped create. The Searchersunderstands that the American West was built on beauty, brutality, and people who rarely came home unchanged.

Where to buy: $9.99 at Amazon

Rear Window (1954)

Directed by Alfred Hitchcock

Why it’s essential: Alfred Hitchcock turns a single apartment, a courtyard, and one bored man with a broken leg into a masterclass in suspense, voyeurism, loneliness, and the dangerous things that happen when curiosity stops minding its own business.

James Stewart spends the film watching his neighbors as though cable television has not yet been invented, while Grace Kelly arrives looking so impossibly elegant that even murder seems briefly beside the point. Rear Window is tense, witty, and endlessly rewatchable, with Hitchcock using every glance, window frame, and suspicious late night trip across the courtyard to remind us that America has always enjoyed watching other people’s lives a little too much.

Where to buy: $12.99 at Amazon

Singin’ in the Rain (1952)

Directed by Gene Kelly & Stanley Donen

Why it’s essential: Singin’ in the Rain is Hollywood looking back at its own panic during the shift from silent films to sound and somehow turning professional terror into one of the most joyful musicals ever made.

Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen give the film its impossible energy, but the real trick is how sharp it remains about vanity, image, talent, and an industry terrified that the next technological change might leave half its stars unemployed. It is funny, romantic, technically dazzling, and still one of the best reminders that Hollywood has always been in the business of reinventing itself before the audience notices the scaffolding.

Where to buy: $24.25 at Amazon

Network (1976)

Directed by Sidney Lumet

Why it’s essential: Sidney Lumet’s Network is a savage, funny, and increasingly uncomfortable portrait of television, corporate power, public outrage, and the moment entertainment decides it no longer needs to pretend it serves the public.

Paddy Chayefsky’s script saw the coming circus with frightening clarity, while Peter Finch turns Howard Beale into more than a man having a breakdown on television. He becomes a product, a ratings weapon, and eventually a warning label nobody bothers to read. The fact that it now feels less like satire and more like a staff meeting is not especially reassuring.

Where to buy: $49.95 at Amazon

Double Indemnity (1944)

Directed by Billy Wilder

Why it’s essential: Billy Wilder’s Double Indemnity is the defining film noir, a perfect storm of lust, greed, bad judgment, and people making catastrophic decisions in rooms with very poor lighting.

Barbara Stanwyck is all sharp edges and ankle bracelets as Phyllis Dietrichson, while Fred MacMurray spends the film discovering that murder for profit sounds far more efficient before you actually try it. It is stylish, poisonous, and darkly funny, with every shadow suggesting that someone is about to make things much worse.

Where to buy: $49.95 at Amazon

The Birth of a Nation (1915)

Directed by D.W. Griffith

Why it’s essential: D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation helped establish the language of feature filmmaking through its scale, editing, camera movement, and narrative ambition. Its influence on Hollywood is undeniable.

So is its racism. The film glorifies the Ku Klux Klan, distorts Reconstruction, and turns white supremacy into spectacle. It belongs in any serious discussion of American film history, but not as a casual recommendation or a nostalgic monument. Watch it with context, criticism, and a clear understanding of the damage it helped normalize.

Where to buy: $39.48 at Amazon

Intolerance (1916)

Directed by D.W. Griffith

Why it’s essential: D. W. Griffith’s Intolerance is a technical and structural landmark, interweaving four stories across different eras to examine persecution, violence, religious extremism, and the human habit of treating cruelty as a civic duty.

Its enormous sets, restless editing, and ambitious crosscutting helped expand what feature filmmaking could attempt in 1916. But it cannot be separated from the racist legacy of The Birth of a Nation, which makes this less a straightforward celebration than a complicated historical artifact. The achievement is real. So is the stain.

Where to buy: $39.48 at Amazon

All About Eve (1950)

Directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz

Why it’s essential: Joseph L. Mankiewicz’s All About Eve remains one of the sharpest and funniest dissections of ambition, celebrity, aging, and professional jealousy ever put on film. Bette Davis is magnificent as Margo Channing, a Broadway star watching a younger woman inch closer to her spotlight with a smile sharp enough to draw blood.

The film understands that American success often comes with a waiting room full of people hoping you will lose your grip on it. It is glamorous, vicious, wildly quotable, and still has one of the greatest warnings in movie history: “Fasten your seatbelts. It’s going to be a bumpy night.”

Where to buy: $39.95 at Amazon

The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)

Directed by Orson Welles

Why it’s essential: Orson Welles’ follow up to Citizen Kane was famously mauled by the studio, with a large portion of his original cut lost to history. And somehow, The Magnificent Ambersons still remains one of the most beautiful and quietly devastating films ever made about old money, family decline, and America’s appetite for progress even when it runs over everyone in its path.

The Ambersons believe their wealth and social standing will protect them forever. Then modern life arrives, the automobiles get louder, and the family discovers that history has no particular interest in preserving anyone’s drawing room. It is a sad, elegant reminder that American dynasties rarely disappear gracefully.

Where to buy: $39.95 at Amazon

To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)

Directed by Robert Mulligan

Why it’s essential: Robert Mulligan’s adaptation of Harper Lee’s novel remains one of Hollywood’s clearest statements about moral courage, racial injustice, and the obligation to do the right thing when the room would prefer you kept quiet.

Gregory Peck gives Atticus Finch the decency, restraint, and moral authority that made the character an American ideal for generations. The film does not solve the racism at its center, nor should it, but it understands that justice is often less about winning than refusing to look away when everyone else has decided not to see.

Where to buy: $29.96 at Amazon

There Will Be Blood (2007) 

Directed by Paul Thomas Anderson

Why it’s essential: Paul Thomas Anderson turns the American dream into an oil soaked fever dream about ambition, faith, greed, and the kind of loneliness that can only be cured by owning everything in sight.

Daniel Day Lewis is magnificent as Daniel Plainview, a man who sees every human relationship as either leverage, competition, or an inconvenience standing between him and another barrel of crude. There Will Be Blood is a modern American epic that understands capitalism as both a religion and a contact sport.

And for all of its brutality, the film does not argue that capitalism is a failed system. It argues that it works remarkably well, right up until the people most gifted at winning it decide everyone else is collateral damage. The Mayor of New York City may have some notes, but the rest of us still need to live in the world as it is.

Where to buy: $9.99 at Amazon

The Manchurian Candidate (1962)

Directed by John Frankenheimer

Why it’s essential: John Frankenheimer turns Cold War anxiety into a nightmare of political manipulation, conditioned violence, personal trauma, and naked ambition. The Manchurian Candidate is not just a thriller about enemies abroad. It is about what happens when power treats people as tools and patriotism becomes something to exploit.

Its influence on political thrillers is enormous, but its real strength is how controlled and unsettling it remains. Frank Sinatra is excellent, Angela Lansbury is terrifying, and the film understands that the most dangerous people in America are often already in the room.

Where to buy: $59.95 at Amazon

Goodfellas (1990)

Directed by Martin Scorsese

Why it’s essential: Ray Liotta, Robert De Niro, and Joe Pesci deliver the most quotable, cocaine fueled crash course in climbing the capitalist ladder, assuming that ladder is built from stolen goods, threats, and the occasional meat slicer.

Scorsese does not merely romanticize mob life. He seduces you with the clothes, money, music, and manic velocity of it all, then reminds you that the bill eventually comes due. Usually at 3 a.m. in a parking lot, or just before someone gets fed to the pizza oven.

Where to buy: $15.95 at Amazon

It’s a Wonderful Life (1946)

Directed by Frank Capra

Why it’s essential:  A heartwarming classic that blends optimism, personal sacrifice, and the power of community in a way that resonates with audiences year after year. It’s a Wonderful Life isn’t just a Christmas movie—it’s a timeless exploration of what truly matters in life. James Stewart’s portrayal of George Bailey, a man questioning his purpose, has become emblematic of the everyman’s struggle. A cinematic triumph that proves sometimes the most wonderful thing you can be is simply human.

Where to buy: $25.99 at Amazon

Start With One Tonight

Not sure where to begin? Start here.

For the American dream gone rancid: There Will Be Blood
For race, community, and a country at the boiling point: Do the Right Thing
For media, politics, and public insanity: Network
For war and the complicated business of coming home: The Best Years of Our Lives
For the American West and the myths we still cannot quit: The Searchers

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