Trading is the process of buying and selling financial assets such as stocks, currencies, commodities, or cryptocurrencies with the goal of making a profit.

Unlike long-term investing, trading often focuses on short-term price movements. Today, trading has become accessible to ordinary people through online platforms and global exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, and regional markets such as the Pakistan Stock Exchange.

How Trading Works

At its core, trading is based on price changes. Traders attempt to buy an asset at a lower price and sell it at a higher price. Prices move due to supply and demand, economic news, company performance, global events, and investor psychology.

For example, if a company reports strong profits, its stock price may rise because more people want to buy it. Traders who bought earlier can sell at a profit. On the other hand, bad news can cause prices to fall, leading to losses.

Major Types of Trading

1. Day Trading

Day trading involves opening and closing trades within the same day.
Traders try to profit from small price movements using technical charts and indicators.

Advantages:

• Fast results
• Many opportunities daily

Disadvantages:

• High stress and risk
• Requires constant monitoring

2. Swing Trading

Swing traders hold assets for several days or weeks to capture medium-term trends. They combine technical analysis with basic market news.

This style is popular among part-time traders because it does not require watching the market all day.

3. Position Trading

Position trading is closer to investing. Traders hold assets for months or even years based on long-term trends and economic outlook.

Famous investors like Warren Buffett follow this philosophy, focusing on strong businesses rather than short-term price movements.

Markets Where Trading Happens

There are several major trading markets:

Stock Market – Buying and selling shares of companies.
Forex Market – Trading currencies like USD, EUR, or PKR. This is the largest financial market in the world.
Crypto Market – Trading digital assets such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.
Commodities Market – Includes gold, oil, wheat, and other physical goods.

Each market has its own risks, volatility level, and trading hours.

Skills Needed to Become a Successful Trader

Market Knowledge

A trader must understand how markets react to news, interest rates, inflation, and global events.

Technical Analysis

This involves studying charts, price patterns, support/resistance levels, and indicators like moving averages or RSI.

Risk Management

Professional traders never risk all their capital on one trade. Many follow the rule of risking only 1–2% of their account per trade.

Emotional Control

Fear and greed destroy more trading accounts than lack of knowledge. Successful traders follow discipline instead of emotions.

Common Mistakes Beginners Make

Overtrading: Taking too many trades without a clear strategy.
Revenge Trading: Trying to recover losses quickly by making risky trades.
Ignoring Stop Loss: Not setting a limit to control potential losses.
Following Tips Blindly: Many beginners lose money by copying others instead of learning themselves.

Is Trading Risky?

Yes, trading carries significant risk. While profits can be attractive, losses are equally possible. Statistics show that many beginners lose money in their first year because they underestimate risk and overestimate quick profits.

However, trading can become profitable with proper education, practice, and patience. Many professionals treat trading like a business, not gambling.

Tips for Beginners

• Start with a demo account before investing real money
• Focus on learning, not earning, in the beginning
• Use small capital while practicing
• Follow one strategy consistently
• Keep a trading journal to track mistakes and improvements

Conclusion

Trading offers exciting opportunities to grow wealth, but it is not a shortcut to instant riches. It requires knowledge, discipline, and emotional strength. Whether you choose day trading, swing trading, or long-term positions, success depends on continuous learning and careful risk management.

Arturo Langa
Investor Relations Officer

Good afternoon, and welcome to Globant’s Fourth Quarter 202 Earnings Conference Call. I am Arturo Langa, Investor Relations Officer at Globant. [Operator Instructions] Please note, this event is being recorded and streamed live on YouTube.

By now, you should have received a copy of the earnings release. If you have not, a copy is available on our website, investors.globant.com. We will begin with remarks by our Chief Executive Officer, Martin Migoya; our Chief Technology Officer, Diego Tartara; and our Chief Financial Officer, Juan Urthiague, followed by a Q&A, where they will be joined by our Chief Revenue Officer, Fernando Matzkin.

Before we begin, I would like to remind you that some of the comments on our call today may be deemed forward-looking statements. This includes our business and financial outlook and the answers to some of your questions. Such statements are subject to the risks and uncertainties as described in the company’s earnings release and other filings with the SEC. Please note that we follow IFRS accounting rules in our financial statements. During our call today, we will report non-IFRS or adjusted measures, which is how we track performance internally and the easiest way to compare Globant to our peers in the industry.

Mumbai: The National Stock Exchange has invited as many as 15 investment bankers to pitch for managing its proposed IPO, said sources in the know. JPMorgan Chase, Kotak Mahindra Capital Company, JM Financial, Axis Capital and ICICI Securities are among bankers in the fray for the mandate to manage the issue, they said.

“The pitching process is expected to commence by mid-March, with the exchange likely to initiate the process of filing its draft red herring prospectus in April,” a source told ET. An email sent to NSE remained unanswered.

Rothschild is assisting NSE to select lead bankers, legal counsels and other intermediaries for the IPO. The IPO will be an offer for sale, which means existing shareholders may dilute their stake while the exchange will receive no fresh funds.

According to people familiar with the IPO details, existing investors are expected to offload about 4-4.5% of the exchange’s total equity. Life Insurance Corporation of India continues to be the single largest investor in NSE with a 10.72% holding. It is followed by Aranda Investments Mauritius Pte at 4.54%, Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd at 4.44%, SBI Capital Markets Ltd at 4.33%, and Veracity Investments Ltd with a 3.93% stake. It couldn’t be ascertained who will offer their shares in the IPO.

In the unlisted market, NSE is currently valued at ₹5 lakh crore. Based on prices in the unlisted market, the IPO could raise approximately ₹23,000 crore. On Thursday, NSE shares in the unlisted market were trading at ₹2,035 per share. Last month, the Sebi issued the much-awaited no-objection certificate for the IPO, ending a regulatory impasse that had stalled the listing for nearly a decade.

Early in February, NSE’s board approved the IPO and appointed a six-member panel to facilitate the IPO process. The newly-constituted committee is led by Tablesh Pandey, along with public interest directors Srinivas Injeti, Prof. Mamata Biswal, Abhilasha Kumari and Prof. G Sivakumar, as well as NSE’s MD and CEO, Ashishkumar Chauhan.

Mumbai: The capital markets regulator has tightened rules on classification of mutual fund (MF) schemes and capped portfolio overlaps, leading to the immediate closure of a plan category, potentially forcing a consolidation of thematic investment choices, and likely causing a shrinkage in the returns on arbitrage funds.

“For easy identification by investors, to bring uniformity in scheme names for a particular category across mutual funds and to ensure they remain ‘true to label,’ scheme name shall be the same as its category,” the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) said.

It scrapped the solution-oriented schemes category, putting a stop to all such subscriptions with immediate effect.

Sebi stressed the need to delink investment plan names and returns. It said the ‘type of scheme’ description in offer documents and advertisements must adhere to a prescribed format. “Words or phrases that highlight or emphasise only the return aspect of the scheme shall not be used in the name,” it said.

Sebi has broadly classified schemes into five categories – equity, debt, hybrid, life cycle and other. The last includes fund of fund schemes and passive ones such as index or exchange traded funds.

Cos have Time to Comply
The regulator said no more than 50% of a thematic equity scheme’s portfolio must overlap with other thematic schemes and other equity categories, except for large-cap schemes. “Over a period of time, this could lead to some thematic funds, which may not have scaled, to be merged with similar schemes,” said Aditya Agarwal, cofounder of Wealthy.in, a platform for mutual fund distributors.
Sebi said thematic funds have three years to comply, while the others have six months. Schemes that are unable to meet the portfolio overlap criteria after three years would have to be mandatorily merged with other schemes, it said.
“Sebi has done something it rarely does – admitted a category was pointless and killed it. Solution-oriented funds were always a labelling exercise, and their removal is long overdue,” said Dhirendra Kumar, head of Value Research. “The overlap restrictions on thematic funds are also welcome. They force fund companies to prove their schemes are genuinely different, not just creatively named.”

New Product Category
The regulator also said asset managers could now introduce life cycle funds, while clarifying that foreign securities would not be treated as a separate asset class.

Asset managers have also been allowed to offer both value and contra funds, but the overlap between the two portfolios cannot exceed 50%.

“Arbitrage funds need to restrict debt exposure to only government securities with a residual maturity of less than a year. With arbitrage funds allocating up to 35% to debt, this along with the increase in STT (securities transaction tax) from April could bring down returns from the category by 30-40 basis points,” said the product head at a domestic fund house.

Flip Side
Some believe the regulatory latitude on allowing a new class of schemes could give confusing signals to the average saver.

“I worry that with one hand Sebi is simplifying, and with the other it’s handing the industry new avenues to proliferate – sectoral debt funds, life cycle funds, and an elaborate fund of funds matrix that reads like a regulatory spreadsheet, not an investor guide,” said Kumar of Value Research. “The average investor needs four types of funds, not forty. Every new category Sebi creates becomes an NFO (new fund offering) opportunity for the industry. The real question isn’t whether this circular is well-drafted, which it is. But two years from now, will we have fewer, clearer choices for investors, or just more sophisticated clutter?”

Asian stocks edged lower from record levels after a decline in Wall Street benchmarks, as sentiment was weighed down by a muted reaction to Nvidia Corp.’s earnings.

Japan’s Nikkei and South Korea’s Kospi indexes both slipped at the open, keeping the MSCI Asia Pacific Index little changed in early Friday trading. Even so, the gauge has gained more than 6% in February — set for a third consecutive monthly advance — and widen its outperformance over US and European benchmarks this year.

Futures contracts for US benchmarks also retreated in early Asian trading after the S&P 500 Index dropped 0.5% and the Nasdaq 100 fell 1.2% on Wednesday. Nvidia slumped 5.5%, its worst day since April last year, weighing on the Magnificent Seven group of mega-caps.

The moves were a further sign of the market’s vulnerability to AI headlines, as investors, businesses, governments and central banks all attempt to understand the long-term impacts of the quickly advancing technology. By contrast, Asian equities have outperformed as investors pile into companies supplying the AI build-out, viewing the region’s firms as the “picks and shovels” of the AI supply chain.

The sober response to Nvidia’s results, which included beats on revenue, net income and guidance, was partly because investors now expect such outperformance, according to Hardika Singh at Fundstrat Global Advisors.

“But where it did miss was easing investors’ concerns about its narrowing moat in the evolving world of compute and explaining its gameplan for how it’ll fare in a world of AI disruption that could upend all kinds of businesses from cybersecurity to food delivery to banks,” she said.
Elsewhere, Treasuries held their gains with the yield on the 10-year hovering around 4%. At one point during the US session, it touched its lowest this year. Australia’s 10-year yield declined five basis points to 4.65% early Friday. The dollar wavered.West Texas Intermediate crude largely held its losses to trade around $65.25 a barrel. The US and Iran will continue nuclear talks next week after making “significant progress” in Switzerland, mediator Oman said.

Meanwhile, AI headlines continued to hit the market even after the closing bell in New York.

Shares in Jack Dorsey’s payments giant Block Inc. surged more than 20% in after-market trading following news the company would cut nearly half its workforce — some 4,000 roles — in a pivot to AI. Dell Technologies Inc. shares also jumped in extended trading after a better-than-expected outlook for sales of artificial intelligence servers.

Amid the turmoil, Asian and other emerging markets have been a bright spot for traders. Asian stocks have made their beset start versus the US this century.

The MSCI Asia Pacific Index has advanced in February, taking the year-to-date gains to 15%. In comparison, the S&P 500 has gained 0.9% this year, while the Nasdaq 100 Index has fallen by the same amount.

Global asset managers who collectively oversee more than $20 trillion of assets have grown more bullish across emerging-market equities, currencies, domestic bonds and credit, potentially offering fresh momentum to the sector’s record-busting rally.

Citigroup Inc., which reviewed the published outlooks of some of the world’s biggest asset managers, found that funds had added to long positions in markets across Asia, Latin America, as well as Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The findings came as MSCI’s main emerging equity index trades close to record highs.

In Japan, Tokyo’s core inflation gauge eased to the slowest pace in more than a year as Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi’s utility subsidies curbed household energy costs. The yen was a touch stronger Friday.