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Women Who Experience Menopause Before 40 Face 40% Higher Lifetime Risk of Heart Attacks, New Study Finds

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Women Who Experience Menopause Before 40 Face 40% Higher Lifetime

Women who undergo natural menopause before age 40 face approximately a 40% greater lifetime risk of coronary heart disease, including fatal and nonfatal heart attacks, compared with those who experience menopause later, according to a large new study published March 18, 2026, in JAMA Cardiology.

Women Who Experience Menopause Before 40 Face 40% Higher Lifetime
Women Who Experience Menopause Before 40 Face 40% Higher Lifetime Risk of Heart Attacks, New Study Finds

The research, led by Northwestern Medicine and involving pooled data from U.S. cohorts, is the first to specifically quantify lifetime coronary heart disease (CHD) risk tied to premature menopause. It found that premature menopause—defined as natural cessation of menstruation before age 40—was linked to a 40% higher risk overall, with the association holding even after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hypertension and diabetes.

Black women showed a slightly elevated risk at 41%, compared with 39% for white women, and are three times more likely than white women to experience premature menopause, amplifying the public health implications.

“Premature menopause should be recognized as a key marker for long-term cardiovascular vulnerability,” said lead author Priya Freaney, MD, assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Cardiology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. “This isn’t just about when periods stop; it’s a signal that estrogen exposure ends much earlier, potentially accelerating atherosclerosis and other heart disease processes.”

The study builds on decades of evidence linking earlier menopause to heightened cardiovascular risks but advances the field by focusing on lifetime CHD incidence rather than shorter-term events. Previous meta-analyses had shown relative risks around 1.5 for premature menopause and coronary events, but this cohort analysis provides a clearer picture of cumulative burden over a woman’s lifespan.

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Premature menopause, also called premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) when occurring naturally, affects about 1-2% of women and can stem from genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, environmental exposures or idiopathic causes. Surgical menopause from bilateral oophorectomy before 40 carries similar or sometimes higher risks due to abrupt hormone loss.

Estrogen plays a protective role in cardiovascular health by helping maintain favorable cholesterol profiles, supporting vascular flexibility and reducing inflammation. Its early decline in premature menopause is thought to contribute to faster plaque buildup in arteries, elevated blood pressure and metabolic changes that compound over time.

The JAMA Cardiology paper analyzed data from multiple U.S. cohorts tracking postmenopausal women, calculating lifetime risk using competing-risk models that account for death from other causes. Results showed consistent associations across racial groups, underscoring that premature menopause acts as an independent risk enhancer beyond conventional factors.

Experts emphasize that the finding does not imply causation in every case—premature menopause may sometimes reflect underlying conditions that also drive heart disease—but the link persists after statistical adjustments.

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“Even if we don’t fully understand the mechanisms yet, the signal is strong enough to warrant earlier and more aggressive cardiovascular screening for these women,” Freaney said.

Guidelines from organizations like the American Heart Association and the North American Menopause Society already classify early menopause (before 45) as a risk-enhancing factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The new data strengthens calls to incorporate age at menopause into routine risk assessments, such as the ASCVD risk estimator or Framingham scores.

Hormone therapy (HT) remains a debated intervention. For women with POI, major guidelines recommend systemic estrogen therapy—typically combined with progestin if the uterus is intact—until at least the average age of natural menopause (around 51-52) to mitigate symptoms and potentially reduce long-term risks, including cardiovascular ones. Observational data suggest HT initiated soon after menopause onset may offer cardioprotective benefits in younger women, though randomized trials in older populations showed mixed results.

The study did not directly evaluate HT use, but authors noted that many women with premature menopause do not receive adequate hormone replacement due to concerns over breast cancer or other risks, potentially exacerbating their vulnerability.

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Lifestyle modifications offer another layer of protection. A 2025 analysis in Heart journal found that high adherence to healthy behaviors—such as not smoking, maintaining physical activity, healthy diet, moderate alcohol intake and normal body weight—reduced CVD odds by 23% overall and by 52% in women with premature menopause.

“Women with premature menopause have a window to act,” said one co-author. “Aggressive management of modifiable risks can substantially offset the added burden from early estrogen loss.”

Broader context highlights disparities. Black women not only face higher rates of premature menopause but also bear a disproportionate CVD burden due to systemic factors like access to care, chronic stress and higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes.

The research arrives amid growing attention to women’s cardiovascular health. Heart disease remains the leading cause of death for women in the U.S., and recent projections warn that nearly 60% of women could have some form of CVD by 2050, up from current levels, partly due to aging populations and rising risk factors starting earlier in life.

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For clinicians, the takeaway is straightforward: Ask about age at menopause during patient histories, especially for women in their 40s and 50s presenting with risk factors or symptoms. Early identification allows tailored prevention—statin therapy if indicated, blood pressure control, smoking cessation and lifestyle counseling.

Patient advocacy groups stress education. Many women with premature menopause report feeling dismissed when raising concerns about long-term health, including heart risks.

As research evolves, future studies may clarify mechanisms—such as genetic links, inflammatory pathways or vascular biomarkers—and test targeted interventions. For now, the March 2026 JAMA Cardiology findings reinforce premature menopause as a critical, underrecognized signal for lifelong heart protection strategies.

Women experiencing irregular periods or sudden cessation before 40 should consult a healthcare provider promptly for evaluation, which may include hormone testing and counseling on risks and options.

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With proactive care, the elevated heart attack risk tied to premature menopause need not translate to inevitable outcomes.

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Israel launches new wave of attacks on Iran as crisis deepens

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Israel launches new wave of attacks on Iran as crisis deepens


Israel launches new wave of attacks on Iran as crisis deepens

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3 Delta flight attendants hospitalized after turbulence on Sydney flight

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3 Delta flight attendants hospitalized after turbulence on Sydney flight

Four Delta Air Lines flight attendants were injured on Friday after a flight bound for Australia experienced what the airline described as “brief turbulence.”

The flight, carrying 245 passengers and 15 crew members, was headed from Los Angeles, California, to Sydney, Australia, when the turbulence began.

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The Airbus A350 was hit by the turbulence as it descended, but Delta said the aircraft landed “safely and normally” at the Sydney airport.

US FLIGHT CANCELLATIONS, GROUND DELAYS SURGE AS MASSIVE MARCH STORM DISRUPTS TRAVEL

Delta Air Lines Airbus A350-900 passenger aircraft

The flight was carrying 245 passengers and 15 crew members from Los Angeles, California, to Sydney, Australia. (Getty Images / Getty Images)

Three of the injured flight attendants were sent to the hospital for medical treatment. No passengers reported any injuries.

“Delta flight 41 from Los Angeles encountered brief turbulence upon descent into Sydney, and four flight attendants reported injuries,” an airline spokesperson said in a statement to FOX Business.

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“Nothing is more important than the safety of our people and our customers, and our priority is taking care of the impacted crew members,” the statement continued.

Delta Air Lines plane

Three of the injured flight attendants were sent to the hospital for medical treatment. (Getty Images / Getty Images)

The flight landed in Sydney on Friday morning after departing Los Angeles on Wednesday night local time.

NSW Ambulance was alerted at about 6.45 a.m. local time, just minutes before the aircraft landed, according to flight data.

AIRLINES CANCEL FLIGHTS, ISSUE TRAVEL WAIVERS OVER MIDDLE EAST UNREST

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Three commercial passenger airplanes from different international carriers move along a runway at a major U.S. airport.

No passengers reported any injuries. (Kevin Carter/Getty / Getty Images)

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Emergency responders said they treated five people who sustained minor injuries, according to The Sydney Morning Herald, although it is unclear why their injury total is different from Delta’s.

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Indian indices log biggest single-day decline in nearly two years

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Indian indices log biggest single-day decline in nearly two years
Mumbai: India’s equity benchmarks slumped more than 3% Thursday – the steepest single-day drop in nearly two years – as attacks on oil and gas infrastructure in West Asia rattled investors and fuelled inflation concerns. The 5%-plus drop in HDFC Bank, the biggest Nifty stock by weighting, after the abrupt exit of its non-executive chairman, Atanu Chakraborty, citing ‘ethical’ concerns further pressured bourses.

The NSE Nifty closed at 23,002.15 – the lowest since February 2025, down 775.65 points or 3.3%. The BSE Sensex ended 3.3% lower at 74,207.24 – the lowest since March 2025, shedding 2,496.89 points. Thursday’s slide wiped out gains from the previous three sessions and punched a ₹13 lakh crore-hole in the total market capitalisation of BSE-listed companies.

“The recent attacks on gas reserves are a serious concern that may have spooked investors and pushed oil prices higher,” said Hitesh Zaveri, head – Listed Equities Alternatives at Axis Mutual Fund. “Till this war is resolved, further declines cannot be ruled out.”

Iran’s strikes caused extensive damage to the world’s largest gas plant in Qatar, targeted a refinery in Saudi Arabia, forced a shutdown of UAE gas facilities, and triggered fires at two Kuwaiti refineries, Reuters reported. The retaliation followed Israel’s attack on Iran’s gas infrastructure.

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Market participants do not rule out further downside amid the escalating West Asia tensions.


“There is scope for further downside since oil facilities were hammered, raising concerns that production and transport capabilities in Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Iran may be significantly impaired,” said UR Bhat, co-founder & director, Alphaniti. “This has added pressure on the markets while the closure of the Strait of Hormuz remains unaddressed. Consensus expectations for crude moving towards $150 a barrel may not be far-fetched if escalations persist.”

Screenshot 2026-03-20 062840Agencies

Fear Gauge Rises 21.8%
Across Asia, Japan dropped 3.4%, South Korea fell 2.7%, Hong Kong slid 2%, while Taiwan and China declined 1.9% and 1.4%, respectively.
At home, all NSE sectoral indices ended lower. The Nifty Auto index tumbled 4.3%, while Nifty Realty fell 3.8%. Consumer durables, IT and metal gauges lost more than 3% each. The Bank Nifty fell 3.4%, dragged by HDFC Bank.

Analysts said the sell-off has prompted traders to initiate fresh bearish bets on the Nifty.

“Around 12-18 Nifty heavyweights saw not just unwinding of long positions but formation of short positions as well,” said Ruchit Jain, head of technical research at Motilal Oswal Financial Services.

Jain pegged 22,500 as the near-term support level but said a durable bottom depends on an easing of geopolitical stress.

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Foreign portfolio investors sold a net ₹7,558.2 crore worth of shares on Thursday, while domestic institutions bought ₹3,864 crore. In March, global investors sold ₹79,805.7 crore of equities.

The India VIX jumped 21.8% to 22.8 – the sharpest rise since March 4 – signalling heightened near-term volatility. “With the VIX at extremely high levels, the swings are sharp and could continue,” Jain said.

The Nifty Midcap 150 fell 3.1%, and the Smallcap 250 dropped 2.6%. Of the 4,404 shares traded on the BSE, 3,359 declined and 913 advanced. Both indices were down about 3.3% over the past week till Thursday.

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Capital gains tax reform is coming

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Capital gains tax reform is coming

It is becoming increasingly clear that the federal government will reduce or eliminate the capital gains tax discount in the forthcoming budget, but it is not clear how it intends to do it.

Until 1985, there was no broad-based capital gains tax In Australia and there was a tax avoidance industry of making income look like capital gains, thereby avoiding income tax. 

The introduction of a capital gains tax by the Hawke-Keating government put an end to that. 

If capital gains are taxed at the same rate as income, there is no point in trying to classify profit as one or the other.

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In 1999, the Howard-Costello government introduced a 50 per cent discount to capital gains tax on assets that were held for more than 12 months. 

One of the stated objectives of the discount was to encourage investment in the housing market with the aim of making more houses available for renters.

It is not clear whether it ever achieved that purpose. What it did achieve was an increase in the proportion of houses owned by investors and a reduction in the proportion of houses owned by homeowners.

The concept of a capital gains tax discount for long term investments is a good one because it encourages investment over trading. Some countries have a discount which increases each year an investment is held, which is an even better system because it encourages long term investment.

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The principal objective of these concessions in other countries is to increase long term investment in companies and thereby strengthen their economies. There is less need for this in Australia because we already have a tax-effective mechanism for investing in companies called superannuation.

In Australia, allowing a capital gains tax discount on residential investment properties has contributed to housing unaffordability. It is not the only factor, but it is a significant factor. If investors and would-be homeowners are competing to purchase properties, it follows that prices will be higher than if investors were not in the market.

Consequently, the capital gains tax discount on investment properties has been criticised by economists and housing advocates, and the government is now considering making changes to it.

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If the government wants to raise as much revenue as possible, it will make the measure retrospective so that it applies to both past and future capital gains. It can then use the additional revenue to fund income tax cuts, which will advance its social agenda. 

That might be the course it takes. It will be hard on investors, but broadly fair across the tax base.

If the government’s primary objective is to take the strain off the housing market, it should eliminate the discount only for residential properties and leave it in place for other investments, such as shares, businesses and commercial properties. Within this option, it could retain the discount for investment in new apartments because that is a section of the market which is struggling with the costs of land acquisition and construction.

This option would, however, raise less revenue than a complete withdrawal of the discount, but the amount raised would still be substantial.

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Then there is the issue of fairness. 

A fair system would remove the discount for new property purchases and leave it in place for existing investment properties. No-one would be disadvantaged and it would still achieve the purpose of taking investors out of the market. 

This option would, however, raise very little money. The government would only get the extra revenue from houses bought under the new system, there will be fewer people buying investment properties after the discount is removed and the tax won’t be payable until those houses are sold years into the future.

A similar measure, which would raise more revenue, would be the removal of the discount for capital gains which occur after the Budget, regardless of when the property was purchased. 

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It would not be retrospective and the government would get the extra revenue from all investment property sales going forward.

Each of these options would have a positive effect on housing affordability, but there is a trade-off between fairness and revenue raising. 

As the change will be introduced as part of the Budget, it is likely that the Treasurer will opt for a version that raises a substantial amount of revenue. The opportunity to redistribute the increased capital gains tax revenue as income tax cuts will be very tempting.

The Greens and a number of independents appear to be on board with removing or reducing the discount. 

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The Liberal Party has signalled that it will oppose any reduction in the discount on the basis that it would result in higher taxes. This approach is misconceived in a number of ways. 

First, the tax is not being increased, rather a concession is being eliminated. The purpose of tax concessions is to encourage behaviour or to lessen the load on the basis of fairness. 

Neither applies to investors in residential housing. The behaviour that is being incentivised is detrimental to home ownership and the investors are not in need of a handout, so they should be taxed at the full tax rate.

Second, the party of Robert Menzies, the champion of homeownership, should take ownership of the problem it created when it introduced the capital gains tax discount and support its removal.

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Third, if the tax revenue from the removal of the discount is redistributed through income tax cuts, the Liberals will look very silly if they oppose the package on the basis of being the “low tax party”. 

They opposed the government’s income tax cut at the last election and look how that worked out.

Finally, there is the issue of intergenerational equity. 

The only segment of society that voted Liberal at the last election was the over 65s. The younger a person is, the less likely they are to vote Liberal. 

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If the Liberals want to win more votes from the younger generations who are struggling to become homeowners, they need to support every measure that improves housing affordability.

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TITAN S A (TTCIF) Q4 2025 Earnings Call Transcript

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OneWater Marine Inc. (ONEW) Q1 2026 Earnings Call Transcript

Operator

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. I am Maria, your Chorus Call operator. Welcome, and thank you for joining the Titan Group conference call and live webcast to present and discuss the full year 2025 results.

Please note, this call and presentation is intended for analysts and investors only. [Operator Instructions] And the conference is being recorded. [Operator Instructions]

At this time, I would like to turn the conference over to Mr. Marcel Cobuz, Chair of the Group Executive Committee; and Mr. John Ioannou, Group CFO.

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Mr. Cobuz, you may now proceed.

Marcel Cobuz
Executive Director

Good afternoon. Hello, everyone, and welcome. I’m Marcel Cobuz, I’m joined here by John Ioannou, our Group Chief Financial Officer; and by Spyros Kamizoulis, our Investor Relations Head.

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John will take you through the financials after my opening remarks, and then the 3 of us look forward to your questions.

Let me start with Titan Forward 2029, the strategic framework for everything we are reporting today. November last year, at our Investor Day in Athens, we discussed, we unveiled Titan Forward 2029, fully endorsed by our Board and our long-term core shareholding family.

Building on our Growth 2026 strategy delivered 1 year ahead of schedule, Titan Forward 2029 has 3 clear priorities: one, above market growth in core cement and aggregates, particularly in the U.S.; second, scaling an integrated global alternative cementitious materials platform; and third, innovating on low-carbon and digital technologies, scaling precast in both Europe and U.S. and advancing

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Colombia's budding tech scene needs a cash boost

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Colombia's budding tech scene needs a cash boost

Colombia has become a tech hub for Latin America, but attracting investors is a challenge.

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US says it disrupted botnets that infected over 3 million devices worldwide

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US says it disrupted botnets that infected over 3 million devices worldwide


US says it disrupted botnets that infected over 3 million devices worldwide

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Exclusive-Tesla in talks with Chinese firms to buy $2.9 billion worth of solar equipment, sources say

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Exclusive-Tesla in talks with Chinese firms to buy $2.9 billion worth of solar equipment, sources say


Exclusive-Tesla in talks with Chinese firms to buy $2.9 billion worth of solar equipment, sources say

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Toast: Focus On ARR Growth And EBITDA Expansion

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Toast: Focus On ARR Growth And EBITDA Expansion

Toast: Focus On ARR Growth And EBITDA Expansion

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Asian Nations Implement Strategies to Tackle Global Oil Shortage

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Asian Nations Implement Strategies to Tackle Global Oil Shortage

Countries in Asia are implementing various strategies to address potential oil shortages due to global disruptions. Measures include diversifying energy sources, increasing reserves, and enhancing energy efficiency. These actions aim to stabilize economies and ensure energy security in light of uncertain global oil supplies.


Amid a global oil shortage, Asian countries are implementing strategic measures to mitigate economic impacts. Governments are exploring alternative energy sources, boosting renewable energy investments like solar and wind, and encouraging energy conservation among citizens. These efforts aim to reduce dependence on imported oil and stabilize domestic markets amidst fluctuating global prices.

In response to the crisis, countries like India and China are negotiating new trade deals to ensure more reliable oil supplies. Additionally, they are enhancing storage capacities to build strategic reserves. These proactive steps are intended to secure energy security and shield economies from further volatility, ensuring that industries and consumers face minimal disruptions.

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On a regional level, collaboration is increasing as Asian nations form alliances to share resources, technologies, and strategies. Through joint initiatives, they aim to create a more resilient energy network. This cooperative approach not only strengthens energy security but also fosters sustainable development, preparing the region for future challenges in the global energy landscape.

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