TLDR:

• Consensys argues the OCC’s yield ban wrongly extends to third-party distributors beyond what Congress intended.
  
• The firm says DeFi lending on platforms like Aave is an active user choice, not issuer-paid yield on stablecoins.
  
• Consensys recommends disclosure and pool segregation over outright prohibition on multi-brand stablecoin issuance.
  
• The rules, if left unchanged, could favor large institutions and put OCC-supervised issuers at a competitive disadvantage.

Consensys submitted a formal comment letter to the U.S. Treasury Department regarding the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency’s proposed stablecoin rules.

The letter responds to the OCC’s framework implementing the GENIUS Act’s payment stablecoin provisions. While Consensys acknowledged the OCC’s effort, it identified three areas needing revision.

These areas relate to yield restrictions, DeFi access, and multi-brand stablecoin issuance. The outcome of these rules will shape how the U.S. stablecoin market develops.

Yield Restrictions and the Role of Distributors

The GENIUS Act prohibits stablecoin issuers from paying interest or yield to holders. Congress wanted to prevent stablecoins from competing with bank deposits through passive returns. Consensys confirmed it recognizes this concern and accepts Congress’s position on the matter.

However, the OCC extended the prohibition to cover “related third parties.” This broader category sweeps in independent distribution partners that co-brand or white-label a stablecoin product.

Consensys argued that a distributor using its own commercial fee to offer user incentives is not acting as an issuer.

Consensys explained in the letter that such a distributor is “a business competing for customers with its own money, as every business does.”

This is standard commercial practice and not the conduct Congress sought to restrict. Congress also rejected two separate amendments that would have extended the yield ban to non-issuers.

Therefore, the OCC’s proposed rule oversteps the statutory line Congress deliberately drew. Consensys called on the OCC to revise this provision to align with legislative intent and respect the boundaries Congress set.

DeFi Access and the Multi-Brand Stablecoin Issue

On the DeFi question, Consensys pointed to how MetaMask users interact with protocols like Aave or Morpho. When a user deposits stablecoins into such platforms, they make an active investment decision. They accept protocol risk and earn yield from borrowers in that specific market.

Consensys clarified that this activity is not “the issuer paying them to hold a stablecoin.” The GENIUS Act itself excludes non-custodial software interfaces from regulated intermediary status. Consensys argued the final rule should confirm that DeFi access falls under this same carve-out.

Regarding multi-brand stablecoins, the OCC is considering prohibiting a single licensed issuer from supporting multiple co-branded products.

Consensys stated that “disclosure is the right instrument here, not prohibition.” Requiring issuers to identify themselves and explain reserve structures would address transparency concerns directly.

If disclosure alone proves insufficient, Consensys suggested pool segregation as a proportionate remedy. A full prohibition “forecloses the distribution model entirely rather than managing the risk it presents.”

It also places OCC-supervised issuers at a disadvantage compared to FDIC-supervised issuers facing no equivalent restriction.

137 Ventures has raised over $700m across two new funds, lifting AUM above $15b as it doubles down on AI agents, robotics, advanced industry and a $10b‑plus SpaceX stake.

San Francisco–based 137 Ventures has raised over $700 million for two new investment vehicles, according to TechFundingNews and a separate press release.

New funds push 137 Ventures past $15b AUM

The closings bring the firm’s total assets under management to more than $15 billion as of March 2026, cementing its status as one of the larger specialist growth funds backing late‑stage technology companies.

Recent disclosed portfolio additions include Cognition, Impulse Space, Hadrian, and Physical Intelligence—startups working on AI copilots, in‑space logistics, automated precision manufacturing, and embodied AI, respectively.

Over the past 12 months, the firm has deployed more than $1.7 billion, concentrating capital into a relatively small number of high‑conviction positions rather than spreading bets across hundreds of smaller seed deals.

That strategy fits with a broader venture shift toward fewer, larger rounds in companies seen as core infrastructure for AI and space, even as overall VC volumes in crypto and tech have cooled.

A $10b‑plus SpaceX stake ahead of a trillion‑dollar IPO

137 Ventures’ biggest swing remains its position in SpaceX, where it has invested across roughly two dozen rounds since 2010.

Firm founder Justin Fishner‑Wolfson told Bloomberg that “at this point we own well over I think $10 billion dollars” of SpaceX shares, adding that the stake represents “more than 1%” of the company.

That exposure could become one of the biggest single‑position wins in modern venture history if SpaceX proceeds with a long‑discussed IPO at a valuation north of $1 trillion, as some bankers and secondary‑market indications suggest.

Beyond SpaceX, 137 Ventures has backed names like Anduril, Gusto, and Ramp, reflecting a thesis that AI‑enabled defense, fintech, and enterprise infrastructure will generate outsized returns as automation and autonomy reshape both digital and physical industries.

For founders building AI agents, robotics platforms, or space‑adjacent businesses, the new funds mean 137 Ventures will be an even more active late‑stage counterparty—especially for teams looking for investors comfortable underwriting capital‑intensive, long‑duration bets.

Crypto markets are pulling in competing directions as major industrial shifts unfold beneath the surface. A leading mining operator is reimagining its business model around artificial intelligence infrastructure, even as another miner doubles down on Ether holdings despite sizeable paper losses. At the same time, stablecoins are swelling in supply while on-chain activity cools, hinting at capital staying put rather than deploying. On the institutional front, tokenized Treasurys are moving closer to mainstream use as collateral, with OKX linking arms with BlackRock and Standard Chartered to offer regulated, yield-bearing assets as margin. The week’s developments sketch a market that is fragmenting into distinct narratives about risk, opportunity and the deployment of crypto capital.

Analysts are watching a shift in how crypto-native companies generate growth, with Bernstein highlighting a potential pivot from traditional mining toward AI-focused data-center capacity. In a new report, Bernstein argues that IREN’s access to large-scale energy infrastructure could position the company to support high-performance computing workloads tied to artificial intelligence, suggesting the AI cloud business could become a dominant revenue driver over time. The analysis frames IREN’s path as a broader industry reallocation from cycle-driven mining profits to diversified workloads that align with compute demand in AI and data processing. The report estimates a potential multibillion-dollar trajectory for IREN’s AI cloud segment, with a valuation around $3.7 billion in the scenario outlined by Bernstein. This shift accompanies IREN’s ongoing data-center expansion and financing activity aimed at sustaining the transition beyond crypto mining.

Key takeaways

• Bernstein envisions IREN pivoting from Bitcoin mining to a dedicated AI cloud business, leveraging large-scale energy infrastructure to support AI compute workloads, with a potential $3.7 billion valuation for the new segment.
• BitMine has added another 101,000 ETH to its balance sheet, bringing total exposure to roughly $17.6 billion and reinforcing its position as the largest corporate holder of Ether, even as unrealized losses exceed $6.5 billion.
• Stablecoins show a paradox: supply surpasses $305 billion while transfer activity declines about 19% to around $8.3 trillion; inflows into USDT and USDC dominate, with some outflows from USDe and PYUSD.
• Institutional collateral innovation progresses as OKX integrates BlackRock’s tokenized US Treasuries fund, BUIDL, into a framework with Standard Chartered, enabling posting as margin while assets remain in custody.
• The market mood remains bifurcated: capital seems to be accumulating in select assets, while uncertainty about the next macro and regulatory catalyst keeps deployment cautious.

IREN’s AI cloud ambition gains traction amid shifting mining economics

In a market where four-year mining cycles have conditioned investor expectations, IREN’s strategic reorientation toward AI-focused infrastructure illustrates a broader industry recalibration. Bernstein’s new assessment highlights the advantage of owning and operating energy-intensive data-center assets that can host AI training and inference workloads. The argument is simple: as compute demand grows, the economic appeal of owning scalable, energy-proximate capacity increases, potentially unlocking a new growth engine that sits alongside or even supersedes traditional crypto mining profits. The report suggests that IREN’s AI cloud business could evolve into a multibillion-dollar venture, supported by its ongoing expansion of data-center capacity and access to large-scale energy infrastructure. While mining remains part of the portfolio, the emphasis appears to be on sustaining long-run compute demand through AI workloads, a trend the report frames as increasingly relevant for miners seeking resilience amid cyclical volatility. For readers seeking the Bernstein framing, see the summary here: Bernstein sees IREN pivoting from Bitcoin mining to a $3.7B AI cloud business.

What this matters for investors and builders is twofold. First, it highlights how the crypto ecosystem is intersecting with the broader AI infrastructure boom, potentially reshaping the competitive landscape for data-center operators and energy buyers. Second, it signals that a successful transition will hinge on financing orchestration and the ability to scale infrastructure in a way that supports compute-intensive workloads while managing energy costs and grid considerations. If IREN can translate its energy-scale advantages into reliable AI compute capacity, the company could redefine its valuation and strategic position in a market that has historically rewarded mining-specific metrics.

BitMine’s ETH accumulation continues to diverge from profitability metrics

BitMine’s latest balance-sheet maneuver reinforces the ongoing tension between aggressive asset accumulation and the reality of market prices. The company added another 101,000 Ether to its holdings, solidifying its status as the single largest corporate holder of ETH and underscoring a strategy of prolonged accumulation despite a challenging price backdrop. In total, BitMine’s ETH position is now valued at roughly $17.6 billion, a scale of exposure that emphasizes the company’s long-duration bet on Ether’s upside potential. However, the position is significantly underwater from an unrealized-loss perspective, with estimates exceeding $6.5 billion. DropsTab data indicate BitMine bought ETH at an average price around $2,248.55, versus the current price near $3,621.34, illustrating how timing and price volatility compound the drawdown on a large, behind-the-scenes treasury strategy.

The implications extend beyond BitMine’s balance sheet. Corporate treasuries concentrated in a single asset—ETH in this case—underscore risk considerations for balance-sheet management in crypto-native firms. While the trend points to confidence in Ether’s long-term value proposition, it also raises questions about diversification, liquidity planning, and risk controls when large positions are held as long-term strategic bets. As the crypto ecosystem evolves, investors and counterparties will parse how such concentration impacts funding flexibility, collateral dynamics, and the resilience of corporate treasuries during downturns.

Stablecoins expand in supply as on-chain activity slows

Stablecoins continue to accumulate on balance sheets, with total supply surpassing $305 billion as the on-chain velocity of transfers retreats. Data from RWA.xyz show total stablecoin transfer volume slipping about 19% in the past month, totaling roughly $8.3 trillion even as the market broadly expanded. The juxtaposition suggests a growing pool of liquidity held in stablecoins that is not being rapidly deployed across chains, effectively creating a cushion of capital that can be mobilized when timing and catalysts align. On a currency-by-currency basis, inflows leaned toward USD-backed tokens, with Tether’s USDT leading with roughly $3.6 billion in net inflows, followed by USDC; some stablecoins such as USDe and PayPal’s PYUSD recorded outflows. The dynamic points to a “hold and wait” phase among users and institutions, rather than immediate deployment into new protocols or assets.

For market watchers, the takeaway is that stablecoins remain a large liquidity reservoir, even as activity cools. If macro conditions improve or new on-chain use cases emerge, those idle dollars could swing into action, potentially catalyzing liquidity and turnover across DeFi and cross-chain ecosystems. The resilience of stablecoins as a funding layer is undeniable, but the pace of actual utilization remains a key variable to watch.

OKX expands collateral capabilities with tokenized Treasurys

On the institutional collateral front, OKX has integrated BlackRock’s tokenized US Treasuries fund, BUIDL, into its trading framework. The arrangement, developed in collaboration with Standard Chartered, enables clients to post this yield-bearing Treasury asset as margin while the fund remains in regulated custody with the bank. The setup represents a substantial shift in how collateral can function on crypto exchanges: rather than immobilized cash or idle stablecoins, institutions can leverage a Treasury-backed asset that generates yield while supporting trading activity. In practice, the treasury collateral may stay under off-exchange custody with Standard Chartered, while OKX mirrors the exposure for on-exchange trading, a structure designed to reduce counterparty risk without interrupting execution. The move signals growing interoperability between traditional finance and crypto markets, as regulated custody and risk controls are integrated into exchange-level margin facilities.

The trend toward tokenized Treasuries as collateral aligns with a broader push to bridge DeFi and TradFi, enabling more capital-efficient financing while preserving regulatory guardrails. As more traditional institutions participate in crypto markets through regulated instruments and custody arrangements, readers should monitor how such structures evolve in terms of liquidity, risk management, and the potential for broader adoption across other exchanges and asset classes.

Crypto Biz is your weekly pulse on the business behind blockchain and crypto, delivering market-driven analysis and developments to readers who want a clearer view of what’s new and why it matters.

Notes: This article synthesizes reporting and data from Bernstein, DropsTab, RWA.xyz, and industry coverage of OKX’s collaboration with BlackRock and Standard Chartered. All figures are those cited by the cited sources and reflect published estimates and data points available at the time of writing.

Microsoft and OpenAI restructured their landmark 2019 partnership on April 27, converting Microsoft’s cloud license from exclusive to non-exclusive, allowing OpenAI to sell its full model suite on Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud for the first time, as Amazon CEO Andy Jassy confirmed OpenAI models will arrive on AWS Bedrock within weeks.

OpenAI Microsoft released a joint statement on April 27 announcing the partnership overhaul that ends seven years of effective Azure exclusivity. As crypto.news reported, OpenAI’s models and its Codex agent are already available to AWS customers through Amazon Bedrock, with Amazon Bedrock Managed Agents powered by OpenAI allowing enterprises to build autonomous AI agents within AWS infrastructure. OpenAI chief revenue officer Denise Dresser told staff in an internal memo that the Microsoft arrangement “has limited our ability to meet enterprises where they are,” and that inbound demand for the AWS offering has been “frankly staggering.” “This is what our customers have been asking us for for a really long time,” AWS CEO Matt Garman said at a San Francisco launch event on April 28. The revised deal converts Microsoft’s license from exclusive to non-exclusive through 2032. Microsoft no longer shares revenue with OpenAI, while OpenAI continues paying Microsoft through 2030. Google Cloud is now reviewing the terms to assess what partnership is possible under the new structure, according to Reuters.

The financial and legal mechanics of the restructuring are precise. As TechCrunch noted, Microsoft was considering legal action against OpenAI after the February Amazon deal granted AWS exclusive third-party cloud distribution for Frontier, OpenAI’s enterprise agent platform. The April 27 restructuring eliminates that legal overhang by making Microsoft’s license explicitly non-exclusive. Microsoft retains roughly 27% of OpenAI’s for-profit entity and last quarter reported $7.5 billion in revenue from its OpenAI stake. For enterprises, the practical change is immediate: cloud workloads that previously required Azure to access OpenAI models can now run on AWS or eventually Google Cloud. As crypto.news documented, the two companies had been building toward this restructuring since June 2025 when their increasingly competitive product lines, from GitHub Copilot versus OpenAI’s Windsurf to Microsoft’s own proprietary LLMs, made the exclusivity arrangement structurally untenable for both sides.

Mantle’s proposal to lend up to 30,000 ETH to Aave’s DeFi United rsETH rescue has gone live on Snapshot, adding structured credit to a $314m multi‑DAO war chest.

In a post shared by Mantle, the team said the measure—known in the forum as MIP‑34—is now live on Snapshot, with MNT token holders required to delegate voting power before they can participate.

If approved, the proposal would authorize Mantle Treasury to lend up to 30,000 ETH to Aave DAO as part of the DeFi United rescue plan, with the funds earmarked specifically for clearing bad debt and collateral shortfalls created by the April 18 rsETH bridge exploit.

How the Mantle–Aave facility is structured

According to the MIP‑34 draft, Mantle’s loan would run for up to 36 months and pay a floating yield benchmarked to the staking return on Lido’s stETH plus a 1% spread, turning idle treasury ETH into a yield‑bearing position rather than a one‑off grant.

On the other side, Aave DAO has proposed backing the facility with 5% of protocol revenue and at least $11 million worth of AAVE tokens, while also granting Mantle delegated governance rights over roughly 130,000 AAVE to align incentives.

Collateral would be held in a multisig wallet, with no penalty for early repayment and default protections designed to limit Mantle’s downside if the broader rsETH recovery falls short of expectations.

Earlier updates from KuCoin and WEEX showed the total climbing from 13,500 ETH in early donations to more than 100,000 ETH, with major contributions from Arbitrum DAO (30,765 ETH of previously frozen funds), Mantle’s planned 30,000 ETH loan, AaveDAO’s proposed 25,000 ETH, EtherFi’s 5,000 ETH, Lido’s 2,500 stETH, and personal and institutional commitments from Stani and the Golem Foundation.

The goal is to plug an estimated 68,900–118,000 ETH shortfall in rsETH’s backing after the KelpDAO bridge exploit and to restore healthy collateralization ratios across Aave and other integrated lending markets.

Legal analysis from firms tracking the case, such as Travers Smith and others, has framed DeFi United as a landmark example of “on‑chain interventions” coordinated across multiple DAOs, with the Mantle–Aave loan seen as a test of whether structured credit facilities can complement donations in large DeFi rescues.

For users who were hit by the rsETH incident, the combination of direct ETH contributions, governance‑approved credit lines, and protocol‑level technical fixes should—if fully executed—provide more options to exit or rehabilitate positions than a simple liquidation‑and‑write‑off process.

Minneapolis Fed president Neel Kashkari has shifted from penciling in one or two 2026 cuts to a data‑dependent stance as the Iran war and higher oil muddy the inflation path.

According to Jinshi’s summary of recent remarks, Federal Reserve official Neel Kashkari said that before the Iran conflict escalated, he believed inflation would likely decline enough to make “one or two” interest rate cuts appropriate later this year.

From “one or two cuts” to data‑dependent caution

That view is consistent with comments he made in early March, when he told Reuters it was reasonable to expect a single 2026 cut as inflation pressures eased and the job market softened modestly.

However, he also emphasized in that interview that the Iran war is a “new shock” for the global economy, saying the Fed now has to assess “the duration and magnitude” of the conflict and its impact on energy prices before firming up any rate‑cut path.

March data “not enough” to change the statement

In a January appearance covered by CNBC, Kashkari argued that policy was “quite close to a neutral position” and warned that inflation remained “excessively high,” even as the economy proved more resilient than he had expected.

Kashkari has repeatedly highlighted energy costs as a key swing factor.
Speaking at a Bloomberg Invest event in New York, he said the central question now is how persistent higher oil prices will be and whether they materially slow progress toward the Fed’s 2% inflation target.

At the same time, he has stressed in interviews reported by Morningstar and Reuters that the Fed must “watch both sides of our dual mandate,” warning that if policymakers push rates too high for too long, they risk unnecessary damage to employment.

Before the latest geopolitical shock, Kashkari said he saw inflation running in the 2.5%–3% range and expected it to trend lower, but he has now adopted a more explicitly data‑dependent stance, saying the war has “obscured” the policy outlook and that it is “too soon” to know whether the Fed can safely deliver the cuts he once penciled in for 2026.

TLDR:

• XRP leverage ratio is trending low while price remains elevated, creating a rare market divergence.
  
• CryptoQuant analyst PelinayPA warns the calm market is quietly building strong upward potential energy.
  
• Historically, low-leverage and high-price gaps in XRP resolve with fast, squeeze-driven price expansions.
  
• If the leverage ratio turns upward, new long positions could trigger a sharper-than-expected XRP rally.

XRP investors are watching a key on-chain metric closely. Data from CryptoQuant shows a widening gap between XRP’s leverage ratio and its price.

Analysts say this pattern has historically preceded sharp price moves. The current setup points to a market where speculative excess has cleared out.

Yet, the price has not collapsed. This combination is drawing attention from traders who track market structure signals.

Low Leverage and Steady Price Create an Unusual Setup

The leverage ratio for XRP is currently low and moving sideways. At the same time, the price is holding at relatively elevated levels.

This gap between the two metrics is what analysts call a divergence. It shows the market is no longer being driven by borrowed positions.

When leverage is flushed out of the market, it often means a cleaner base is forming. Traders are not piling in with excessive risk. So, the price is being supported by something other than speculation. That is a notable shift in market behavior.

CryptoQuant analyst @PelinayPA noted that such divergences rarely last long. Either the price pulls back to meet the ratio, or the ratio rises quickly.

When the ratio rises, it is usually tied to a strong price move higher. The current structure leans toward the latter scenario.

Historically, low-leverage environments like this one act as a reset. They reduce the chance of a cascade of liquidations on the way up.

As a result, any new rally tends to move faster and with more force. That is what the data is currently pointing toward.

Potential Energy Is Building in the XRP Market

According to PelinayPA, the market looks calm on the surface. However, beneath that calm, potential energy is accumulating.

This is a common setup before aggressive price expansions. The divergence between price and leverage is the clearest sign of this buildup.

If the leverage ratio starts trending upward, fresh long positions will enter the market. That new demand tends to push prices higher quickly.

The move is often sharper than what most traders expect. A squeeze-driven rally becomes more likely in this kind of environment.

The key point is that leverage has already been reduced. Speculative positions have been unwound without a major price collapse.

That means the market has absorbed selling pressure well. It also means there is room for new buying without immediate resistance from underwater longs.

Periods like this one have preceded some of the more sudden price expansions in XRP’s history. The setup is not a guarantee, but the structure is in place.

Traders watching the leverage ratio will be looking for the first signs of an upward trend. That shift could be the trigger for the next significant move.