Crypto World
Goldman Sachs’ David Solomon says he owns ‘very little’ bitcoin
PALM BEACH, Fla. — Goldman Sachs CEO David Solomon said he owns “very little, but some” bitcoin, although he continues to follow the asset closely as part of a broader interest in how technology is reshaping finance.
“I’m an observer of bitcoin,” Solomon said at the World Liberty Forum on Wednesday, saying he’s still trying to understand how it moves.
While Goldman Sachs has taken a cautious approach to digital assets, the firm’s leadership sees crypto as part of a longer-term shift in financial infrastructure, Solomon noted.
He dismissed the idea that traditional banks and crypto firms are locked in a zero-sum fight. “It’s one system, it’s our system,” he said. “We have to do it the right way … and there’s going to be disagreements and that’s OK.”
Solomon said the evolution of markets is being shaped by large-scale technology platforms, and tokenization will play a central role.
“The evolution of those platforms … there’s obvious impact,” he said. “Tokenization … that I think is super important.”
While other banking giants such as JPMorgan and Morgan Stanley have pushed deeper into the digital asset space, Goldman Sachs’ involvement has been limited so far. The main reason, according to Solomon, is regulation.
“Until 10 minutes ago, the regulatory structure was extremely prohibitive,” he jokingly said, but suggested that as regulators begin providing greater latitude for companies to get “more involved” in the sector, Goldman may take another look.
Read more: Goldman Sachs sees regulation driving next wave of institutional crypto adoption
‘Got to get it right’
Solomon criticized the economic effects of overregulation.
“When you burden this system with excessive regulation, you start to extract capital,” he said. “That absolutely happened in the last five years.”
He emphasized getting the approach right. “It’s got to be done thoughtfully, and we’ve got to get it right.”
Solomon previously said that the banking giant is ramping up its research and internal discussions around crypto-adjacent technologies, including tokenization and prediction markets.
Read more: Goldman is ‘spending a lot of time’ on crypto, prediction markets efforts, CEO Solomon says
Crypto World
World Liberty Financial Partners With Securitize and DarGlobal to Tokenize Trump Maldives Resort
TLDR:
- WLFI partners with Securitize and DarGlobal to tokenize Trump International Hotel & Resort, Maldives.
- The tokenized offering gives everyday investors exposure to income distributions and asset value changes.
- The initial offering will be issued on public blockchains with access via select third-party wallets.
- Eligible users can collateralize holdings and borrow through WLFI Markets where permitted by law.
World Liberty Financial (WLFI) has announced plans to tokenize Trump International Hotel & Resort, Maldives. The initiative is a three-way partnership with Securitize, Inc. and DarGlobal PLC (LSE: DAR).
This move marks the start of WLFI’s broader strategy to structure and distribute tokenized real-world asset offerings.
The resort, a luxury hospitality development scheduled for completion in 2030, will feature roughly 100 ultra-luxury beach and overwater villas.
WLFI Opens Real Estate Investment to a Broader Audience
The tokenized offering aims to give investors direct exposure to a prime Maldivian hospitality asset. Investors stand to gain from both potential income distributions and changes in asset value. The offering is structured within a regulated securities framework, adding a layer of investor protection.
WLFI co-founder Eric Trump spoke on the vision behind the announcement. He noted that the platform was built to open decentralized finance to a wider audience.
Trump said, “We built World Liberty Financial to open up decentralized finance to the world. With tokenized real estate, we’re now extending that access to what we do best.”
He further stressed the importance of retail participation in high-value assets. “For the first time, everyday investors can gain access to an iconic property like Trump International Hotel & Resort, Maldives and can be part of its success,” Trump added. He also confirmed that future tokenized offerings are in the pipeline as the platform scales.
The resort was developed by DarGlobal in collaboration with The Trump Organization. DarGlobal is listed on the London Stock Exchange and operates as an international luxury real estate developer. The Maldives property serves as the flagship asset in this initial round of tokenization.
Securitize and DarGlobal Outline the Structure of the Deal
Securitize, a leading platform for tokenizing real-world assets, is handling the compliance and governance side of the deal.
CEO Carlos Domingo acknowledged the longstanding challenge of bringing real estate on-chain. He stated, “Real estate has been one of the hardest asset classes to tokenize effectively.”
Domingo further explained the rationale behind the partnership’s design. “We believe the first scalable on-chain real estate products will be globally sought-after properties issued with compliance, governance, and market structure in mind,” he said. He confirmed that this partnership with WLFI is structured precisely to meet that standard.
DarGlobal CEO Ziad El Chaar described the collaboration as a turning point for real estate investment. He said, “Together, we are rethinking how global investors can access, trade, and ultimately gain liquidity in high-quality real estate as it is being developed.” El Chaar also pointed to WLFI’s investor network as a major advantage for expanding market participation.
The initial offering is expected to be issued on supported public blockchains. Access will be enabled through select third-party partners and wallets, subject to applicable requirements.
Additionally, the parties plan to support on-chain utilities, including the ability for eligible users to collateralize holdings and borrow through WLFI Markets, where permitted by law.
Crypto World
EUR/USD Chart Analysis: Volatility May Return to the Market
As indicated by the Bollinger Bands width indicator, the EUR/USD market remained relatively subdued in February, with the indicator twice retreating towards its lower boundary.
However, price action over the past two sessions suggests renewed activity — the range formed between 11 and 17 February has been broken to the downside by sellers.
From a fundamental perspective, this move reflects a combination of factors, including:
→ Reports that European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde is planning to step down before the end of her term in October next year. This development is viewed as a bearish factor for the euro.
→ Minutes from the FOMC meeting showing that policymakers are in no rush to cut interest rates. Opinions were divided, with some members even open to raising the Fed rate if inflation proves persistent. The prospect of a tighter Federal Reserve stance is supportive for the US dollar.

Technical Analysis of the EUR/USD Chart
The recent bearish pressure has pushed EUR/USD back towards a key support level around 1.1777. Bears attempted to break below this level on 6 February but failed, resulting in a false breakout at point B.
While bulls may attempt a rebound from this support, the broader picture suggests that sellers currently hold a slight advantage in February, reflected in the following:
→ Price action has been forming a descending channel since 11 February (shown in red).
→ High C sits roughly halfway along the A→B bearish impulse. According to Fibonacci proportions, this is consistent with a bearish market structure.
→ Bulls have been unable to secure a foothold above key psychological levels — first above 1.2000 and subsequently above 1.1900.
If selling pressure persists, a decisive break below 1.1777 cannot be ruled out, which could in turn trigger a fresh surge in volatility.
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Crypto World
Majority of stablecoin users would use a crypto wallet issued by their bank
A majority of stablecoin users want their banks to make it easier for them to buy and spend stablecoins for regular transactions, according to a new survey compiled by YouGov.
Some 77% of the 4,658 respondents said they would open a cryptocurrency or stablecoin wallet within their banking or fintech app if one were available.
The survey, commissioned by crypto exchange Coinbase (COIN) and stablecoin infrastructure provider BVNK, also found that 71% of users would use a stablecoin-linked debit card. The survey was conducted from September to October, 2025.
Stablecoins are crypto tokens whose value is pegged to a real-world asset. The most popular, Tether’s USDT and Circle Internet’s (CRCL) USDC, are digital versions of the U.S. dollar, though other currencies are also available. The total market capitalization has grown 50% since the start of 2025, according to data tracked by DeFiLlama, and first topped $300 billion in October.
While stablecoins are widely used in trading cryptocurrencies, the results highlight how far they have penetrated into the traditional financial economy, driven especially by developments in the regulatory environment.
“Users want stablecoins to behave like money they already know,” BVNK summarized.
Stablecoin users hold an average of 35% of their annual earnings in such tokens, according to the survey, while 73% of freelancers and contractors reported an improvement in their ability to work with international clients thanks to stablecoins.
The expansion of formal regulation of stablecoins in major jurisdictions, such as the GENIUS Act in the U.S, could give banks the confidence to start offering crypto tools such as wallets.
“By codifying transparency and cybersecurity standards, the Act classifies these assets as reliable cash equivalents,” Coinbase’s Alec Lovett and John Turner said in the report. “This clarity has bolstered institutional trust while strengthening consumer protections, which we predict will supercharge adoption in the coming months and years.”
Crypto World
Crypto steadies after selloff while derivatives flash caution signals
Bitcoin and ether (ETH) both rose around 0.9% overnight while the broader altcoin market lagged on Thursday.
BTC was recently trading at $67,000 following a brief touch of $66,000 on Wednesday. Ether, at $1,970 after bouncing off $1,924, is struggling to break through the psychological $2,000 price level.
Volatility has waned since the selloff on Feb. 5. Two subsequent weeks of consolidation have left investors wondering whether this is the calm before another stormy move to the downside, or whether the market is establishing a macro low before rising back toward 2025 levels.
World Liberty Financial’s Mar-a-Lago forum on Wednesday failed to provide a bullish catalyst despite being attended by CFTC Chairman Michael Selig and executives from companies including Goldman Sachs.
From a macro perspective, bitcoin remains in a downtrend since hitting a record high of $126,600 in early October. It has notched a series of lower highs and lower lows with periods of choppy consolidation in between each major move.
Derivatives positioning
- Market dynamics have stabilized with open interest holding at $15.38 billion.
- That marks a transition from a leverage cleanup to a steady floor.
- Retail sentiment shows a subtle rebound with funding rates flipping flat to positive (Binance back at 4%), while institutional conviction remains anchored with the three-month annualized basis persisting at 3%.
- The BTC options market has reached a 50/50 volume equilibrium between calls and puts. While the one-week 25-delta skew has edged up to 12%, the implied volatility (IV) term structure remains in short-term backwardation.
- The front-end spike in the IV curve confirms that traders are still paying a “panic premium” for immediate protection, even as longer-dated tenors stabilize near 49%.
- Coinglass data shows $218 million in 24-hour liquidations, with a 77-23 split between longs and shorts. BTC ($75 million), ETH ($53 million) and others ($22 million) were the leaders in terms of notional liquidations.
- The Binance liquidation heatmap indicates $67,400 as a core liquidation level to monitor in case of a price rise.
Token talk
- The altcoin market is starting to suffer in the low-liquidity trading environment.
- Shares of lost more than 10% of their value after selling off during Wednesday’s event in a classic “sell the news” move.
- Axie Infinity (AXS) is retesting its Feb. 6 lows after falling 5.9% since midnight UTC.
- Lending platform Morpho’s native MORPHO token has now given back all of Wednesday’s gains, trading at $1.39 after shedding 4.2% of its value overnight.
- A whopping 97 of the top 100 cryptocurrencies, not including stablecoins or tokenized gold tokens, are in the red over the past 24 hours as the market remains in “extreme fear” territory.
- The fear and greed index is currently at 11/100, up from February’s low of 6/100.
Crypto World
Why BlackRock is Merging TradFi and Crypto
Before we dig into the corpses of the past, let’s clear the air on what we’re actually talking about. RWA (Real World Assets) is exactly what it says on the tin: taking physical or traditional financial assets (think real estate, gold, treasury bills, or corporate shares) and “tokenizing” them. In plain English, it’s turning a deed to a house or a share of a company into a digital token on a blockchain.
The goal? To make the “un-movable” parts of the real world as liquid and tradable as Bitcoin.
The Market Context: From “Play Money” to Infrastructure
For years, the market review of RWA was a graveyard of questionable pilots and over-hyped whitepapers.
In 2018-2019, Maecenas were the darlings of the “democratized art” movement, making headlines on CNN for tokenizing a multimillion-dollar Andy Warhol painting. The pitch was seductive: own a piece of a masterpiece for a few satoshis. Fast forward to today, and Maecenas is a digital ghost town. Its ART token has effectively flatlined to zero, and the “revolution” stalled because a flashy story couldn’t compensate for a lack of secondary market liquidity and institutional-grade legal custody.
Then there was the Freeway case of late 2022, for instance. It was the ultimate “RWA-lite” cautionary tale. The platform promised eye-watering 43% yields, claiming they were fueled by the “magic” of traditional forex markets and real-world asset management. It had all the buzzwords but zero transparency. When the $160 million ecosystem inevitably froze and its token cratered by 75% in hours, it confirmed everyone’s darkest fears: in the “Wild West” era of RWA, “real-world” was often just a marketing sticker slapped onto a black box.
To be fair, the underlying idea was never stupid. Putting real assets on-chain, making them liquid, borderless, 24/7 tradable, that’s genuinely interesting. The execution, however, was… let’s call it enthusiastic. The barrier to entry for launching an RWA project was essentially “do you have a wallet and a story?” Both requirements were consistently met by people who probably shouldn’t have been trusted with either.
The financial establishment has spent the last decade treating “tokenization” like a petulant child: loud, disruptive, and ultimately ignorable. But as we move deeper into 2026, the numbers have stopped being funny for the skeptics. According to recent projections, the asset tokenization market is hurtling toward $9.43 trillion by 2030 and reach a CAGR of 72.8% from 2025-2030.
The Great Migration: From Volatility to Utility
The irony of 2026 is that the crypto native’s greatest dream is no longer a 100x memecoin, it’s a boring 5% yield on a T-bill that actually belongs to them.
The market is currently in a state of profound exhaustion. We are over-scammed, over-sold, and frankly, bored of “magic internet money” that only trades against other “magic internet money.” There is a desperate hunger for the stability of the S&P 500, but the traditional gatekeepers haven’t made it easy.
Buying “stonks” through a legacy broker in 2026 still feels like using a fax machine. You’re trapped by:
- Geographical Redlining: Your access to the best markets depends on where you were born.
- The 9-to-5 Mirage: Markets that shut down on weekends while the world keeps turning.
- Brokerage Silos: Try moving your Apple shares from one platform to another in real-time. You can’t. They don’t exist as “assets” in your hand; they are just entries in someone else’s database.
This is the “aha!” moment for RWA. True tokenization isn’t just a new way to buy assets; it’s a technological prison break for TradFi. It’s taking the reliability of a stock and giving it the freedom of a stablecoin: self-custody, 24/7 trading, and zero borders.
Look at Tether. They didn’t print USDT, they pivoted into a massive RWA powerhouse, aggressively buying up stakes in everything from plantations 70% stake in Adecoagro, 148 tonnes of gold, and major offline corporations. They are realizing that the ultimate power move isn’t just holding dollars but owning the physical world through a digital lens.
The skepticism of the first RWA project era was justified because they were selling dreams. Today, the industry is selling infrastructure. And as it turns out, the “boring” stuff is where the next $9 trillion is hidden.
The Institutional Land Grab: Why the Giants Woke Up
If Tether is the example of a “crypto-native” moving toward the physical world, the titans of TradFi are moving even faster to colonize the digital one. The conversation has shifted from “if” to “how fast,” driven by three heavyweight examples that prove the plumbing of global finance is being rebuilt:
- BlackRock & BUIDL: With the launch of their first tokenized fund on Ethereum, the world’s largest asset manager signaled that the “petulant child” of tokenization is now the guest of honor. For BlackRock, RWA isn’t a trend; it’s a way to unlock trillions in “dead” capital by moving from slow, 48-hour settlement (T+2) cycles to near-instant, on-chain finality.
- Franklin Templeton: A century-old investment giant that moved its U.S. Government Money Market Fund (FOBXX) onto public blockchain Solana. And they are using it to offer a Treasury-backed asset that can be used as 24/7 collateral, something a traditional bank account could never dream of.
- J.P. Morgan & Kinexys Digital Assets: Through their Kinexys platform, the biggest bank in the U.S. is already processing billions in “tokenized collateral” for repo trades. They realized that by digitizing assets, they could fire the army of middlemen and automate the complex legal dance of shifting ownership with smart contracts.
This leads us to the final realization of 2026: The Infrastructure Flip.
And the big three are moving because:
- Atomic Settlement: The “T+2” delay is a relic of the era of paper certificates. In RWA, the trade is the settlement.
- Programmable Yield: You can’t program a physical plantation or a bond to automatically distribute dividends to 10,000 global investors every hour. A smart contract can.
- Efficiency over Hype: They are eliminating the “intermediary tax” and the fees paid to banks and clearers just to verify that an asset exists.
The skepticism of the Maecenas era was about the assets, because no one knew if Warhol actually existed in a vault. Today, the revolution is about access. The big players aren’t here for the 5% yield; they are here because they’ve realized that the blockchain is a better, faster, and cheaper way to run the world’s financial operating system.
The Risks: The Fine Print of the Future
Before we get too comfortable with this “upgraded” reality, we have to acknowledge that RWA brings a whole new set of failure points. We’ve traded the risk of a “rug pull” for the risk of Regulatory Seizure.
- The Oracle Problem: If a smart contract says you own the gold, but the physical vault is empty, the blockchain is just a sophisticated lie.
- Centralization Risk: If a government decides to freeze a specific RWA contract, your “self-custody” share of an Apple stock is as dead as a frozen bank account.
- Smart Contract Legal Friction: We still don’t have a global court that can “undo” an exploit on a tokenized real estate deed. When the code fails, the legal system is still too slow to catch up.
The Control Paradox: TradFi’s Trojan Horse
Crypto originally dreamed of a world without intermediaries. We wanted a peer-to-peer utopia where the code was the law and the middleman was a relic of the past.
But as the institutions move in, they’ve brought a different message: “The intermediaries are staying. We’re just upgrading our tools.”
If RWA becomes the dominant financial layer, we aren’t heading toward a decentralized nirvana. Instead, we are looking at a Hybrid Reality. Tokenization won’t destroy TradFi; it will simply re-code it. We are moving toward a system defined by:
- On-chain assets backed by off-chain legal enforcement.
- Compliance by default: Less confidentiality and more transparency when real-world monikers are involved.
- Permissioned liquidity pools: High-yield RWA vaults that only let you in once you’ve scanned your passport.
The real question isn’t whether the market will hit $10 trillion. It will. The question is: Who will own the pipes?
My bet? It won’t be the idealists who built Bitcoin in 2009. The winners will be whoever controls three things: the legal wrapper (BlackRock has armies of lawyers), the liquidity (J.P. Morgan moves $10 trillion daily), and the regulatory blessing (Franklin Templeton didn’t ask permission; they co-wrote the rules).
We called RWA a pipe dream because we thought “real world” and “blockchain” were incompatible. Turns out, they’re not. They’re just being merged by people we didn’t expect, in ways we didn’t predict, with outcomes we’re still figuring out. The revolution is here. It’s just wearing a suit.
Crypto World
$27.8B in Unrealized Losses Hit Bitcoin Self-Custody Holders as ETFs Shed $8.5B
ETF capital flight mirrors private wallet stress, suggesting institutions and individuals are reacting to the same pressure worldwide now.
A specific cohort of Bitcoin (BTC) holders practicing strict self-custody is now sitting on a collective unrealized loss of $27.89 billion, a figure that mirrors the financial bleeding seen in the U.S. institutional market, which has seen ETF exposure plummet by two-thirds since late 2024.
The data shows that the sell-side pressure crushing Bitcoin is not just a Wall Street phenomenon but a systemic event equally impacting long-term believers using cold storage.
ETFs and On-Chain Hodlers Share the Same Red
According to a detailed on-chain analysis by GugaOnChain, addresses that self-custody between 10 and 10,000 BTC with a UTXO age of 1 to 3 months are suffering a drawdown of -23.39%, translating to nearly $28 billion in paper losses.
This group, which rejects centralized exchange deposits in favor of hard wallets, has found itself in the same position as the institutional giants trading via CME futures and ETFs. Data shows those U.S. institutional products have shed $8.5 billion since October, with exposure contracting by two-thirds from the 2024 peak. GugaOnChain believes this confluence of stress validates the thesis that the market is “hostage to the same bloodbath,” whether on a trading floor or in a private vault.
Unfortunately, the macro environment suggests relief is not imminent. While three pillars of support, namely accumulators (demand of 371,900 BTC), retail (adding 6,384 BTC monthly), and miners (with an MPI of -1.11), have managed to keep the number one cryptocurrency from an immediate collapse, the analyst views these as mere delays.
Meanwhile, Bitcoin’s price data shows mixed performance across different timeframes, with the asset trading just below $67,000 at the time of writing, down about 1% in 24 hours but slightly positive for the week. The broader trend remains negative, with the asset down about 27% over 30 days and roughly 42% across six months per CoinGlass.
“The recovery? It depends on price reaction at the levels above,” stated GugaOnChain.
Whale Accumulation Meets Retail Hesitation
Despite the pervasive losses, the market is witnessing a stark divergence in behavior that adds complexity to the outlook. While short-term retail demand has cooled significantly, with Alphractal data showing the 90-day net position change for short-term holders dropping rapidly, whales are treating the dip as a fire sale.
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Per CryptoQuant, whale holdings have gone up by approximately 200,000 BTC over the past month, climbing from 2.9 million to over 3.1 million BTC. Furthermore, the analytics firm noted that this scale of accumulation was last seen during the April 2025 correction, right before Bitcoin’s rally from $76,000 to past $126,000. This suggests that while “dumb money” may be experiencing panic, “smart money” is preparing for the long term.
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Crypto World
Senator Elizabeth Warren Urges Fed and Treasury Not to Bail Out ‘Crypto Billionaires’
U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren has sent a stark warning to the Federal Reserve and Treasury Department, urging them not to use taxpayer funds to bail out cryptocurrency investors as digital asset markets face renewed volatility.
Summary
- Elizabeth Warren urged the Federal Reserve and Treasury Department not to use taxpayer funds to stabilize cryptocurrency markets, warning it would amount to a bailout for “crypto billionaires.”
- Warren said any intervention could indirectly benefit a crypto venture tied to former President Donald Trump, raising potential ethical and political concerns.
- The senator pressed officials to clarify whether the government has authority to backstop crypto assets, amid heightened market volatility and political scrutiny.
Elizabeth Warren warns against federal crypto bailout
In a letter to Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and Fed Chair Jerome Powell, Warren argued that any government intervention to stabilize the cryptocurrency market would be “deeply unpopular” and could amount to a transfer of wealth from everyday Americans to “crypto billionaires.””
Warren’s letter, sent amidst a significant downturn in Bitcoin prices, which have fallen roughly 50 % from their October highs, pushes back against pressure for federal agencies to step in to support the embattled sector.
She warned that federal intervention, such as direct asset purchases, guarantees or liquidity support, could disproportionately benefit a small group of wealthy crypto holders, and might even benefit President Donald Trump’s family-linked cryptocurrency venture, World Liberty Financial.
The letter follows questioning by lawmakers during a February 4 hearing, where Congressman Brad Sherman asked Bessent whether the Treasury had authority to bail out Bitcoin or crypto assets.
Bessent responded that the government is “retaining seized Bitcoin” referring to crypto forfeited through law enforcement actions but did not rule out broader intervention. Warren called this response a “deflection” and demanded clear assurances that taxpayer funds would not be used to support crypto markets.
Warren’s stance highlights growing political scrutiny of crypto, particularly in the context of World Liberty Financial, which has been the focus of bipartisan concern. Just days earlier, Warren and Senator Andy Kim urged the Treasury to investigate a reported $500 million investment by the United Arab Emirates in the Trump-linked company, citing potential national security implications.
The pushback against potential bailouts echoes broader debates over how government should respond to crypto market stress and bolsters calls for regulatory clarity and stronger investor protections as digital assets continue to attract mainstream attention — and political controversy.
Crypto World
Base To Shift From Optimism Tech Stack to a ‘Unified’ Architecture
Base, the decentralized Ethereum layer-2 scaling network, said Wednesday that it is transitioning from running on Optimism’s L2 tech stack to its own unified software architecture.
Launched in 2023 as an Optimism chain, Base is shifting to its own tech stack to reduce dependence on external service providers and shorten the time to ship new upgrades, according to an announcement from Base. The team said:
“Consolidating into Base changes how Base packages and releases software for the network. We will ship one official distribution for each upgrade: a single Base binary for operating nodes on the network.”
The transition is also expected to simplify the Base network’s sequencer, which helps network validators to order transactions, the Base engineering team said.

The rollout will take place in four phases, according to the project’s roadmap, with node runners required to switch to the new Base client over the next several months for official upgrades.
Related: Base says configuration change caused transaction delays, fixes issue
Ethereum co-founder changes tune on layer-2 scaling networks
Earlier this month, Vitalik Buterin, the co-founder of the Ethereum L1 blockchain network, reversed course on scaling Ethereum through L2s.

L2s are taking longer than initially thought to transition to fully decentralized models, Buterin said, adding that the Ethereum L1 is already scaling on its own and features record-low network fees.
“The original vision of L2s and their role in Ethereum no longer makes sense, and we need a new path,” Buterin said in February.
Buterin’s comments drew mixed reactions from L2 teams, with some agreeing that scaling networks must pivot beyond being a cheaper execution layer for Ethereum.
“It’s great to see Ethereum scaling L1 — this is a win for the entire ecosystem. Going forward, L2s can’t just be ‘Ethereum but cheaper,’” Base founder Jesse Pollak said in response.

Other L2 founders contend that scaling layers are already in alignment with the network’s long-term goals.
There are more than 128 different Ethereum L2 scaling networks at the time of publication, according to L2Beat.
Magazine: Coinbase and Base: Is crypto just becoming traditional finance 2.0?
Crypto World
Retail Investors Hit Record $48 Billion Stock Buying Spree as Institutional Investors Head for the Exit
TLDR:
- Retail investors recorded the largest-ever three-week stock buying spree, surpassing GameStop and 2021 crypto mania levels.
- Household equity allocations reached 45–49%, exceeding the dot-com bubble’s 40% peak by as many as nine percentage points.
- The money market-to-market cap ratio sits at 0.19, matching the 2021 peak and far below the 0.35 threshold for a real market bottom.
- Institutions sold $31 billion in April while Warren Buffett held a record $325 billion cash position, signaling elite-level caution.
Retail investors have funneled $48 billion into equities over just three weeks, marking the largest retail buying spree ever recorded.
This surge surpasses even the GameStop frenzy and the 2021 crypto market euphoria. It also exceeds the retail activity recorded before the 2022 market downturn.
Meanwhile, household equity allocations have reached 45–49%, well above the dot-com bubble’s 40% peak. Several market indicators are now flashing levels not seen since prior major corrections.
Household Allocations and Cash Levels Raise Red Flags
Retail investors are currently allocating a historic share of household wealth to equities. That figure sits between 45 and 49%, surpassing the dot-com bubble’s peak of 40%. The dot-com collapse that followed wiped out trillions in market value across two years.
Crypto analyst Leshka.eth posted on X, noting that the money market-to-market cap ratio stands at 0.19. That matches the exact reading from the 2021 market peak. Analysts typically look for a ratio of 0.35 or higher before calling a real market bottom.
By that measure, the market would need roughly 84% more cash on the sidelines to reach normal levels. The common argument that sidelined cash will rescue equity markets does not hold up against this data. The numbers tell a different story from the bullish narrative.
This pattern mirrors conditions seen before the 2000 and 2008 crashes. In both cases, retail confidence peaked just before institutions began quietly reducing exposure. History shows this sequence has repeated without exception.
Margin Debt and Institutional Behavior Signal Caution
Margin debt has climbed to over $800 billion, approaching record territory. The last two times margin debt peaked at similar levels were March 2000 and October 2007. Both periods preceded market drawdowns exceeding 50%.
The put/call ratio has also dropped to extreme lows. Retail investors are currently buying three times more call options than put options. That level of directional confidence has historically appeared just before sharp market reversals.
Institutional behavior is moving in the opposite direction. According to the same post by Leshka.eth, institutions sold $31 billion worth of equities in April alone, while retail continued to buy. Warren Buffett’s cash position has also reached a record $325 billion.
Past cycles reinforce this concern. In 2022, retail bought $33 billion before a crash and sold $10 billion at the bottom. In 2007, retail equity funds saw $72 billion in inflows, followed by $234 billion in outflows during the crisis. The 2000 peak followed the same script, with record retail flows into tech funds right at the top.
Crypto World
SOL Traders Lose Reasons To Hold As Solana Activity Slumps
Key takeaways:
-
SOL is struggling to hold $80 as a 75% drop in futures’ open interest shows that traders are heading for the exits rather than opening new bets.
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Solana remains heavily dependent on retail and memecoin activity, while Ethereum maintains its lead in high-value decentralized finance.
Solana’s native token, SOL (SOL), has hit a wall, repeatedly failing to break back above $89 over the last two weeks. This sluggish price action follows a rejection at $145 in mid-January and a sharp drop to $67.60 during the Feb. 6 crash. Demand for bullish leverage has essentially evaporated as traders brace for more pain.

Those betting against SOL are currently paying an annual rate of 20% just to keep their short positions open, a rare and aggressive move. When funding rates remain negative for over a week, it shows bears have strong conviction. In contrast, ETH’s annualized funding rate sat at 1% on Wednesday. While that’s below the usual 6% neutral mark, it’s nowhere near the lopsided levels seen in SOL.
Frustration is mounting as SOL underperformed the rest of the crypto market by 11% over the past 30 days.

Even though SOL remains among the top seven cryptocurrencies by market cap, the 67% slide from its $253 peak in September 2025 has left a mark on both onchain activity and derivatives. In fact, SOL futures open interest has dropped 75% from its $13.5 billion high seen only five months ago.
Solana “death spiral” feared
This price slump is also hurting the decentralized applications (DApps) built on Solana. Revenues are down across the board, from staking and decentralized exchanges to launchpads and lending platforms. Investors are starting to worry about a “death spiral,” in which falling prices reduce incentives, making it harder for people to justify holding SOL for the long haul.

Weekly DApp revenue on Solana dropped to $22.8 million, the lowest since October 2024. Notably, the memecoin launchpad Pump generated $9.1 million in revenue over those seven days, accounting for 40% of the network’s total revenue. In comparison, weekly DApps revenue on Ethereum totaled $16 million, up 2% from the previous month.
Related: Pump.fun rolls out trader cashbacks in tweak to memecoin model
Unlike Solana, the top revenue-generating DApps on Ethereum are Sky, Flashbots, and Aave — key infrastructure players for decentralized finance. Essentially, Solana is heavily dependent on retail onboarding and the memecoin sector, while Ethereum has secured its lead in total value locked (TVL) and use cases that require higher decentralization.
This weak institutional demand is visible in SOL exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Solana’s high transaction volume and second-place TVL haven’t been enough to convince traditional investors to buy into SOL ETFs offered by Bitwise, Fidelity, Grayscale, 21Shares, CoinShares and REX-Osprey.

While relevant, Solana’s $2.1 billion in ETF assets under management is still 86% behind Ethereum’s $15.8 billion. Many investors have lost confidence that demand for Solana DApps will spike anytime soon, likely a side effect of the heavy hype around memecoins and launchpads.
For SOL to regain its bullish momentum, it will likely need a push from sectors like artificial intelligence infrastructure and prediction markets. These areas show promise, but the competition is fierce.
Presently, weak SOL derivatives and Solana onchain metrics are a warning sign. Any further disappointment may trigger another price drop, putting the already shaky $78 support level at serious risk.
This article does not contain investment advice or recommendations. Every investment and trading move involves risk, and readers should conduct their own research when making a decision. While we strive to provide accurate and timely information, Cointelegraph does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of any information in this article. This article may contain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Cointelegraph will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from your reliance on this information.
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