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Odds swing wildly as Polymarket bets on Iran’s successor collapse

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Odds swing wildly as Polymarket bets on Iran’s successor collapse

This morning, three days after US-Israeli military strikes killed Supreme leader of Iran Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Polymarket traders thought they’d found his replacement — and then lost more than half of their position values by lunchtime. 

Alireza Arafi, a little-known cleric, was the frontrunner among binary options traders on Polymarket at a 22% odds rate this morning. However, he’d plummeted to 9% at time of writing.

With Khamenei dead and Iran’s theocratic leadership in disarray, its de facto interim leadership council, the Expediency Discernment Council, named Arafi on Sunday to join Masoud Pezeshkian and Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje’i in a three-person body governing the country under Article 111 of its constitution. 

Arafi is also deputy chairman of the Assembly of Experts, the 88-member clerical body that normally selects the country’s supreme leader. Earlier today, Israel detonated munitions at the Assembly of Experts building.

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Finally, Arafi is a member of the Guardian Council, which vets candidates for that very assembly.

In summary, Arafi currently holds an interim leadership position alongside the country’s two other highest-ranking men, helps decide who may run in contention, and sits on the body that votes for candidates.

Sometimes, Polymarket traders get it wrong. Other times, they simply read an org chart.

Read more: Polymarket ends trading loophole for bitcoin quants

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The seminary loyalist sitting on Iran’s top committees

Local media has described Arafi as a “staunch loyalist to the core ideology of the Islamic Republic.” In fact, he formerly headed one of the regime’s most prestigious religious schools, Al-Mustafa International University.

Born in 1959, Arafi has spent his entire career rising through Iran’s clerical bureaucracy. The late Khamenei personally appointed him to lead the country’s seminaries in 2016 — a powerful position in the theocratic state — and then promoted him to the Guardian Council in 2019. 

Each successive accolade in his regime’s form of Islam makes Arafi a better candidate to become Ayatollah, the highest title of Twelver Shia clergy and common parlance for Iran’s supreme leader.

However, his promotion is certainly not guaranteed, hence Polymarket’s betting line at a mere 22% this morning and just 9% now.

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When trading offshore binary options, payouts are never sure until funds clear a bank account

When Donald Trump, for example, called Kevin Hassett a “potential Fed Chair” and “a respected person, that I can tell you,” traders rushed to place trades at 70% on Polymarket and 74% on Kalshi.

Those gamblers lost it all when Trump instead nominated Kevin Warsh.

No consensus about who will become Iran’s supreme leader

Arafi’s competitors among Polymarket traders tell a story of how little consensus exists about Iran’s leadership. 

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Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje’i, the judiciary chief and Arafi’s fellow council member, sits at 17%.

Hassan Khomeini, grandson of the revolution’s founder, was at 15% this morning but crashed to 8% by time of writing. Mojtaba Khamenei, the late Ayatollah’s son, trades at just 7% but rose to 19% by time of writing.

An 13% bet that Polymarket abolishes its own market entirely, likely due to death of candidates, rounds out the field’s more exotic wagers.

This market was created on February 28 and resolves on December 31. Iran’s Assembly of Experts is expected to name a successor within days, although many months remain before December 31.

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Crypto World

Wall Street Will Eventually Submit To The Rules Of DeFi

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Wall Street Will Eventually Submit To The Rules Of DeFi

Opinion by: Mitchell Amador, founder and CEO of Immunefi

There’s an argument that regulation will split decentralized finance (DeFi) into two separate silos: one regulated and compliant and the other completely open and accessible by anyone, including anonymous participants.

This argument is outdated.

Regulatory pressure in 2026 will reshape DeFi into a network of interoperable, interlinked ecosystems with distinct risk, compliance and access profiles.

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Some tiers will become more compliant and institution-friendly, while others will remain open, permissionless and driven by onchain leverage and market experimentation.

This evolution won’t drag DeFi toward TradFi. Rather, it will bring TradFi into DeFi’s orbit.

DeFi already operates in multiple lanes

DeFi has never functioned as a single monolith; it operates across several concurrent compliance tiers.

The first lane is permissionless DeFi, where anyone can deploy a contract, supply liquidity and use leverage. This is the engine of innovation, where price discovery and stress testing happen in public, as does failure. Permissionless pools have no Know Your Customer (KYC), allow pseudonymous users and exist because global markets can move faster than regulated institutions.

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The next tier consists of protocols with built-in safeguards, like liquidation rules, governance frameworks and oracle protections, but no identity requirements. These serve people who want liquidity and yield with risk management.

Finally, there is the newer, heavily controlled lane, where KYC checks, geofencing and compliance filters are applied at the access-point level.

The same underlying smart contracts can still be reached, just through different gates.

Liquidity trumps isolation

Full isolation of compliant DeFi is unlikely. Capital seeks liquidity, and liquidity seeks composability. That means the regulated lanes will run through permissionless infrastructure.

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Institutions entering digital assets will want access to the scale of liquidity that only onchain markets can provide — 24/7 global access, near-instant settlement and depth that traditional venues cannot match. The passage of the GENIUS Act, which bans yield-bearing stablecoins, has already pushed institutional capital toward DeFi protocols in search of returns.

If the liquidity accessed is compelling enough, institutions will tolerate complexity and innovation risks. Regulation won’t eliminate this incentive.

Security innovation starts in the arena

Institutional and compliant participants care deeply about security, yet the center of gravity for security innovation will sit inside permissionless DeFi.

That may sound counterintuitive, given that over $3.1 billion was lost to hacks and exploits during the first half of 2025 alone.

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Related: For Wall Street’s most sophisticated trading firms, the next alpha is onchain

Adversarial conditions are precisely where robust defenses are forged. Bug bounty programs, real-time monitoring tools and AI-driven threat detection were all born in the permissionless environment and stress-tested against live exploits before any compliance framework adopted them.

This pattern will accelerate. New security models that range from automated vulnerability scanning to onchain firewalling will continue to emerge in open DeFi and will then be standardized and adopted by the institutional side once they prove effective.

Regulation will cement DeFi’s central role

Regulation will certainly not fracture DeFi. What we will see instead is how decentralized finance will cement its position at the center of global finance.

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The future, to be sure, is not compliant DeFi versus permissionless DeFi, because DeFi has the ability to be interoperable. It’s a network where open markets generate liquidity and innovation, and regulated players selectively plug in. That’s why we will see regulatory pressures mold the ecosystem into interconnected tiers, with some gravitating toward greater compliance and others toward the open marketplace, all of them linked by the composability that makes onchain finance uniquely powerful.

That dynamic will inevitably draw TradFi closer to DeFi as institutions seek out the far greater liquidity, speed and efficiency of decentralized markets.

Opinion by: Mitchell Amador, founder and CEO of Immunefi.