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what happens beyond the yield

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what happens beyond the yield

In today’s newsletter, Nassim Alexandre from RockawayX takes us through crypto vaults, what they are, how they work and risk evaluation.

Then Lucas Kozinski, from Renzo Protocol, answers questions about decentralized finance in Ask an Expert.

Sarah Morton


Understanding vaults: what happens beyond the yield

Capital flowing into crypto vaults surged past $6 billion last year, with projections indicating it could double by the end of 2026.

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With that growth, a sharp split has emerged between vaults with robust engineering and controls and vaults that are essentially yield packaging.

A crypto vault is a managed fund structure deployed on-chain. An investor deposits capital, receives a token representing their share, and a curator allocates that capital in accordance with a defined mandate. The structure can be custodial or non-custodial, redemption terms depend on the liquidity of the underlying assets and portfolio rules are often encoded directly into smart contracts.

The central question around vaults is exposure: what am I exposed to, and can it be more than I am being told? If you can explain where the yield comes from, who holds the assets, who can change the parameters and what happens in a stress event, you understand the product. If you cannot, the headline return is irrelevant.

There are three risk layers worth understanding.

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The first is smart contract risk: the risk that the underlying code fails. When was the last audit? Has the code changed since? Allocation controls sit here as well. Adding new collateral to a well-designed vault should require a timelock that allows depositors to see the change and exit before it takes effect. Strategy changes should require multi-signature approval.

The second is underlying asset risk: the credit quality, structure and liquidity of whatever the vault is actually holding.

The third underappreciated risk is redemption: under what conditions can you get your capital back, and how quickly? Understand who handles liquidations in a downturn, what discretion they have and whether the manager commits capital to backstop them. That distinction matters most in the exact moments you would want to leave.

The quality of a vault is largely dependent on the quality of its curation. A curator selects which assets are eligible, sets parameters around them and continuously monitors the portfolio.

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For example, most real-world asset strategies on-chain today are single-issuer, single-rate products. A curated vault, by contrast, combines multiple, vetted issuers under active management, giving diversified exposure without managing single-name credit risk yourself.

Then there is ongoing monitoring. Default rates shift, regulations change and counterparty events happen. A curator who treats risk assessment as a one-time exercise is not managing risk.

What makes crypto vaults different from a traditional fund is transparency; investors don’t have to take the curator’s word for it. Every allocation, position and parameter change happens on-chain and is verifiable in real time. For advisors familiar with private credit, the underlying collateral may be recognisable. What requires attention is the on-chain structuring around it: whether you have genuine recourse, in which jurisdiction and against whom. That is where curator expertise matters. A curator is the risk manager behind a vault. They decide what assets are eligible, set the rules capital operates within, and actively manage the portfolio.

Curated vault strategies typically target 9-15% annually, depending on mandate and assets. That range reflects risk-adjusted return generation within defined constraints.

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Vaults also allow a more efficient way to access assets you already allocate to, with capabilities that traditional structures do not offer. For family offices managing liquidity across multiple positions, this is a practical operational improvement.

The key one is composability. On-chain, a vault can allow you to borrow against a collateral position directly, without the documentation overhead of a traditional loan facility. For family offices managing liquidity across multiple positions, this is a practical operational improvement.

Permissioned vault structures are also noteworthy, as they allow multiple family offices or trustees to deposit funds into a single managed mandate without commingling, each retaining separate legal ownership while sharing the same risk-management infrastructure.

The vaults that survive this scrutiny will be the ones where the engineering, mandate, and curator’s judgment are built to hold under pressure.

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Nassim Alexandre, vaults partner, RockawayX


Ask an Expert

Q: With “yield-stacking” and many layers of decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols, what is needed to mitigate risk in vaults?

The first thing is minimizing complexity. Every additional protocol in the stack is another attack surface. So if you don’t need it, cut it. We won’t deposit into protocols that have discretionary control over funds — meaning they can move capital wherever they want without user consent. We want transparency about what other protocols are doing with our capital, but privacy around our strategies so others can’t see anything proprietary.

Beyond that, it comes down to transparency and time. Users should always be able to see exactly where their funds are and what they’re doing. And any parameter changes — fees, strategies, risk limits — should go through a timelock so people have a window to review and react before anything goes live. Smart contract audits matter too, but audits are a baseline, not a safety net. The architecture has to be sound before the auditor even shows up.

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Q: At what point does institutional capital inflow compress DeFi yields to the level of traditional risk-free rates, and where will the next “alpha” be found?

It’ll happen eventually in the most liquid, simple strategies. But here’s what traditional finance (TradFi) can’t replicate: composability. The underlying instruments might be identical — take the USCC carry trade as an example — but in DeFi you can plug that same position into a lending market, use it as collateral, provide liquidity to a DEX pool and do all of that simultaneously. That’s not possible in TradFi without significant infrastructure cost.

The alpha won’t disappear. It’ll just move to whoever builds the most efficient capital pathways between strategies. The people who figure out how to stack yields across composable layers while managing risk properly will consistently outperform. And that gap between DeFi and TradFi infrastructure costs alone keeps the spread wide for a long time.

Q: How will the integration of Real World Assets (RWAs) into automated vaults change the correlation between crypto yields and global macro interest rate cycles?

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Yes, crypto yields will become more correlated with macro as RWAs come in. That’s just the nature of bringing rate-sensitive assets on-chain. But I think people underweight the other side of that tradeoff.

Before RWAs, crypto holders had a binary choice: keep stables on-chain and earn crypto-native yields, or pull everything out and deposit into a brokerage. Now you can hold stables on-chain and access the same strategies you’d find in TradFi, without leaving the ecosystem. And crucially, you can layer on top of them — borrow against your RWA position, deploy that capital into a lending market, LP against pools that use these assets as collateral. The capital efficiency you get from that kind of setup is just not available in traditional finance. So yeah, more macro correlation — but also more optionality for where to deploy capital, which should push rates up over time as liquidity deepens.

Lucas Kozinski, co-founder, Renzo Protocol


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Crypto World

Here’s how it could happen this year

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Michael Saylor hints at another bitcoin purchase despite market turmoil

It’s not out of the realm of possibility that Strategy (MSTR) could be the owner of 1 million bitcoin — or nearly 5% of the 21 million bitcoin that will ever be created — by the end of 2022.

The company currently holds 738,731 BTC, meaning it would need to acquire another 261,269 BTC to reach the milestone. With roughly 297 days, about 42 weeks, remaining in 2026, that implies an average purchase pace of around 6,158 BTC per week.

Assuming an average bitcoin price of $85,000, Strategy would need to deploy roughly $523 million per week, or about $22.2 billion in total, to reach the 1 million BTC mark by year’s end.

Led by Executive Chairman Michael Saylor, the company’s recent purchases suggest that pace may be achievable. Just last week, Strategy added 17,994 bitcoin. This week’s acquisitions (likely to be disclosed on Monday) are likely to also be deep into the thousands. The company’s STRC preferred stock issuance alone from Monday to Thursday suggested as much as 11,000 BTC purchases. And this doesn’t account for common stock issuance, which may have facilitated thousands more in bitcoin buys.

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Longer-term, since launching its bitcoin treasury strategy in August 2020, Strategy has purchased an average of about 10,700 BTC per month, equivalent to roughly 128,000 BTC per year.

So far in 2026, the company has already acquired about 64,948 BTC, putting it well ahead of its historical annual average pace of accumulation.

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Kraken’s SPAC KRAKacquisition Targets Stablecoin and DeFi Firms Worth Up to $10 Billion

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Brian Armstrong's Bold Prediction: AI Agents Will Soon Dominate Global Financial

TLDR:

  • KRAKacquisition raised $345M in January, launching a two-year hunt for a crypto acquisition target.
  • The SPAC is evaluating firms valued between $2 billion and $10 billion across crypto sectors.
  • Target sectors include stablecoins, DeFi, asset tokenization, and payments-related crypto firms.
  • Kraken filed a confidential SEC registration statement as it pursues its own IPO this year.

KRAKacquisition Corp., a SPAC tied to crypto exchange Kraken, is searching for an acquisition target. The firm is evaluating companies with valuations ranging from $2 billion to $10 billion.

KRAKacquisition raised approximately $345 million through its IPO in January, starting a two-year search window. The SPAC is targeting crypto-native firms in stablecoins, DeFi, tokenization, and payments. This search runs parallel to Kraken’s own plans for a public offering later this year.

KRAKacquisition Targets Small- and Mid-Cap Crypto Firms

Director Ravi Tanuku confirmed to Decrypt that KRAKacquisition is evaluating companies valued up to $10 billion. However, he noted that the final valuation could land closer to $2 billion.

The range shows the firm’s openness to companies of varying sizes. Ultimately, KRAKacquisition is focused on helping smaller firms access public markets.

Taking smaller companies public has become increasingly difficult, according to Tanuku. “It’s not easy to take a company in that smaller market cap range public anymore,” he told Decrypt.

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The SPAC structure offers these firms an alternative route to public markets. This makes KRAKacquisition a practical vehicle for smaller companies exploring Wall Street.

Wall Street’s appetite for stablecoin and tokenization companies grew considerably last year. Tanuku pointed to this trend as a strong market signal.

“The market is clearly paying up for those and starting to realize there’s big changes afoot,” he said. He added that this was a good signal for the firm to keep in mind.

Beyond stablecoins, KRAKacquisition is also open to companies in DeFi and payments. “We’re looking at things related to crypto, but also stablecoins, DeFi, and all kinds of areas in payments,” Tanuku said.

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The firm is casting a wide net across multiple crypto-related sectors. Tanuku described the SPAC as a strategic investment tool for Kraken.

Kraken Moves Toward Its Own IPO Amid SPAC Search

The SPAC search comes as Kraken also prepares to go public through its own IPO. In November, the exchange confidentially filed a registration statement with the SEC.

This filing followed an $800 million fundraising round completed earlier. That round valued Kraken at $20 billion.

Kraken’s decision to lend its brand to KRAKacquisition reflects genuine commitment to the venture. The exchange expects to hold a reasonably meaningful stake in any company the SPAC acquires.

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This would create a direct economic link between Kraken and the acquired firm. Any acquisition would also strengthen Kraken’s broader market presence.

Billionaire investor Stanley Druckenmiller has also weighed in on the stablecoin opportunity. “I assume our whole payments systems will be stablecoins in 10 or 15 years,” he said in an interview with Morgan Stanley.

His comments reinforce the growing institutional confidence in stablecoin infrastructure. This sentiment aligns closely with KRAKacquisition’s sector focus.

With a two-year clock running, KRAKacquisition must act within its timeframe. The firm continues to evaluate a range of crypto-native companies across multiple sectors.

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Tanuku noted that Wall Street interest in these areas remains strong. The SPAC’s flexible target range gives it room to pursue the right deal.

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AI developers may not be keen on crypto, but stablecoins are the secret to agentic finance, crypto insiders say

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How AI is helping retail traders exploit prediction market 'glitches' to make easy money

To get an idea of how big a deal AI-based commerce could be for crypto, ask entrepreneurs and developers involved in digital assets, particularly stablecoins. They’ll happily tell you blockchain-based money is the natural fit, an essential element in the mix and so forth.

Their logic is simple. Over the past few years, stablecoins — mostly digital versions of the dollar on public blockchains like Ethereum — have begun eating into the global payments industry. And while they’ve proven to be faster and cheaper than traditional bank transfers, it’s in the new world of autonomous, micro-transacting AI agents that they will shine.

That, at least, is the view of companies like Circle Internet (CRCL), the creator of the second-largest stablecoin, and technicians at crypto exchange Coinbase (COIN), which has led engineering on x402, a payments protocol designed for use by autonomous AI agents in a field becoming known as agentic finance.

Just as 24/7, frictionless, cross-border payment has been a growth area for stablecoins, agentic commerce has particular requirements that the dollar-pegged tokens meet, according to Dante Disparte, Circle’s chief strategy officer and head of global policy. Those include the ability to program the coins so they transfer only when particular conditions are met and to daisy chain, or compose, a set of actions that occur on receipt of a token.

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“Firstly, you have to be able to exploit the otherwise really innocuous features of stablecoins, which is programmability and composability,” Disparate said in an interview. “Number two, where the stablecoin lives, the physical blockchain ledgers themselves, are the common reference point the agents will turn to.”

The crypto industry, however, is viewed with, if not suspicion, then at least circumspection, among some AI developers. For example, Peter Steinberger, the creator of AI agent OpenClaw, is publicly opposed to crypto, so much so that he refuses to engage in any further commentary on the subject and declined to comment for this article.

While crypto’s bullishness on AI is one end of the spectrum, consider the other side, said Sean Neville, co-founder of Catana Labs, a builder of agentic finance infrastructure that last year raised $18 million in seed funding led by a16z.

“I’ve worked with people who are more in the AI developer and engineering community that have a very low opinion of crypto,” said Neville, who is also a co-founder of Circle, in an interview. “I think stablecoins have achieved some escape velocity, but the AI developer community in particular has a negative view of crypto, because of things like memecoins and Ponzi schemes and whatnot.”

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Untouched by human hands

A key feature of agentic finance is that it involves micro-transactions, or nano-payments, some of which take place between AI agents with humans somewhere in the background.

This is quite different from using Chat GTP as a front-end for a shopping cart and plugging a credit card into it, though, in the near term, agentic systems will access both crypto and cards, Neville said. Agentic payments are likely to be high-frequency transactions in the fractions-of-a cent range that credit card networks will struggle to handle.

“Over time, I do think that there are significant advantages in stablecoins and blockchain rails that are much more natural fits for agentic flows beyond just the retail commerce use case,” Neville said. “If AI is doing things like leveraging 24/7, programmable rails to stream different kinds of money around the world, across borders, it’s just difficult to do that with anything other than stablecoins.”

With clear regulatory guidance for stablecoins finally coming in the U.S., there are potentially more pressing questions for AI agents around fragmentation and conflicting protocols jockeying for position, Neville said.

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“There’s a bunch of different ways for agents to pay each other, but if they can’t all agree on how payments should work, then it’s difficult to bootstrap marketplaces, whether they’re using micro payments or not,” he said. “I would love to see something like an SSL equivalent emerge for agents, and it would be great to see a standard that nobody owns, so that we could all kind of build on the same interoperable standard.”

SSL, or Secure Sockets Layer, is a standard technology that encrypts the connection between a web server and a browser.

Stablecoin-friendly option x402, which is often cited in the debate, has caused some people to get hung up on the protocol’s transaction volume from one month to another, said Erik Reppel, head of engineering for Coinbase Developer Platform and an x402 founder. He said his focus is firmly on looking ahead at a whole category of commerce that will hugely disrupt the internet’s existing advertising marketplace.

“I think the thing people haven’t quite realized is that we’re going to break the fundamental economic model of the internet, moving from browsers and you visiting the website of the person who’s publishing content, to consuming things through your agents and your chat interface,” Reppel said in an interview.

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The few cents paid by an agent crawling a website, equivalent to the value of an advert flashed before a human’s eyes, could in theory be accomplished by spinning up lots of virtual cards, if a developer has a relationship with, for example, Visa, Rappel said.

“But anyone can program stablecoins,” he said. “Anyone in the world can spin up as many wallets as they want, and then just use wallets as the way to fully isolate funds for an agent. What we want is agents to have isolated, programmable funds, where your agent can’t spend into your credit card limit and can’t access your credit card.”

Catena’s Neville said the company is grappling with squaring regulated money transmission with a sea of agents and bots that have no financial identity. The goal is to keep the bad bots out, he said, while identifying and allowing the ones you want, while giving them specific guidelines and policies they can’t escape.

“The way to handle that is programmable money, because we can leverage cryptography to ensure verifiability and auditability and so on,” Neville said. “It’s effectively identity and policy controls so agents can operate within the rules, regardless of which protocol or which wallet or account infrastructure they happen to be using.”

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Bitcoin’s Price Is Running the Same Playbook That Led to a 400% Surge But There’s a Catch

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Bitcoin's Price Is Running the Same Playbook That Led to a 400% Surge But There's a Catch


If history repeats, bitcoin could easily go above $300,000.

Popular analyst Merlijn The Trader outlined in a recent post on X that bitcoin’s current setup resembles, to a large extent, its market behavior in late 2022 when the asset actually skyrocketed by triple digits from bottom to top.

To even have the theoretical chance of doing so, though, Merlijn outlined the key level BTC has to hold.

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385% Surge in the Making?

His analysis noted that bitcoin had already run this playbook over three years ago, which is evident from the descending compression and sweep buy liquidity. He believes this setup will trap late sellers and BTC’s price will eventually reverse upon its conclusion.

Merlijn explained that the last time this happened, BTC’s price skyrocketed from $15,000 to $73,000. A similar price surge of 385% would send the cryptocurrency flying to well over $300,000.

Obviously, such a scenario is hard to envision now and might sound like a stretch, but Merlijn indicated that BTC could reignite a highly impressive rally as long as it holds the key $65,000 level. If it doesn’t, then it would continue the liquidity sweep phase.

He doubled down in a subsequent post that every major BTC cycle had started with a bear trap. In previous examples, such as the massive runs in 2013, 2016, and 2020, the price gains were quite spectacular – 24,000%, 6,300%, and 842%, respectively.

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The analyst noted that the pattern doesn’t change as fear is always the first phase of the rally. And, as reported recently, fear has dominated the crypto market for a few consecutive months.

Still Bear Cycle

In the meantime, Doctor Profit, among the most well-known crypto analysts who have been calling for this correction for months, acknowledged BTC’s recent pump to $74,000. However, he argued that this is likely to be a short-term upside move, before “we see another downturn” to new lows.

The cryptocurrency was indeed rejected at $74,000 for the second time in the past 10 days or so, and now struggles to remain above $70,000.

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Balaji Urges More Crypto Tools for Refugees Amid Middle East Tensions

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Crypto Breaking News

Tech investor Balaji Srinivasan, a former Coinbase chief technology officer, is urging the crypto industry to forge more financial tools for refugees and stateless populations. In a Saturday X post, he emphasized that global conflicts and economic migration can swell displacement figures, pointing to Ukrainians fleeing war and workers departing Gulf states amid mounting regional tensions as illustrative cases. He argued that cryptocurrency infrastructure could supply essential financial rails when traditional institutions falter or become inaccessible, offering livelihoods and liquidity to those cut off from conventional banking networks. The moment signals a broader conversation about crypto’s potential humanitarian role, beyond speculative trading and borderless payments.

Key takeaways

  • Balaji Srinivasan frames crypto as a critical tool for refugees, advocating product development tailored to stateless populations.
  • The argument hinges on crypto’s resilience in adverse conditions, described as a “wartime mode for the internet.”
  • Andi Duro of TwoCents cautions that the industry has rarely built refugee-focused solutions, citing misaligned incentives in the market.
  • Progress exists in stablecoins’ reach, with USDC emerging as a borderless digital currency; reported metrics show large supply growth amid regional capital movements.
  • Analysts connect stablecoin dynamics to capital flight, including in the UAE, where real estate volatility has influenced crypto flows.

Tickers mentioned: $USDC

Sentiment: Neutral

Price impact: Neutral. The discussion centers on humanitarian finance and infrastructure, not immediate price moves.

Market context: The discourse sits at the intersection of humanitarian needs, macro capital flows, and evolving stablecoin dynamics, a period when liquidity and trust in borderless digital rails are being stress-tested against geopolitical risk and regulatory scrutiny.

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Why it matters

The propositions raised by Srinivasan underscore a broader reckoning within crypto: its potential to serve as a life-supporting financial layer when fiat rails are stressed or severed. Refugees and stateless individuals often rely on untrusted or fragile payment systems, and a decentralized, permissionless network could in theory offer access to savings, remittances, and basic liquidity where traditional banks fail to operate. By reframing crypto as a humanitarian technology rather than solely a speculative instrument, the industry could expand its utility and widen its social license among policymakers, aid organizations, and displaced communities.

On the substance of progress, there is acknowledgement that crypto has already seen some utility growth through stablecoins, especially a dominant USD-pegged token that has achieved widespread use across borders. As cited in industry reporting, the stablecoin market has surged in recent weeks, with circulating supply and market capitalization tracking toward record levels. In particular, the ecosystem’s borderless digital money concept has started to gain traction among users who need fast, low-cost transfers that do not depend on traditional correspondent banking networks. This development is not purely transactional; it also signals a broader shift in how communities facing disruption think about access to financial services. See the USDC price index for current data and context, and related analyses documenting the stablecoin’s expanding footprint, including discussions about capital movements in the Middle East and beyond.

Meanwhile, the UAE has figured prominently in conversations about capital flight and crypto usage. A Dubai-based analyst noted that turbulence in the real estate sector has contributed to shifting capital flows, which some observers link to heightened activity in borderless digital currencies. The real estate market index referenced in regional analyses has trended downward since the onset of regional tensions, a dynamic that dovetails with broader questions about how crypto can provide liquidity channels in volatile markets. These observations echo a wider debate about how policymakers should approach stablecoins and cross-border payments while ensuring consumer protection and financial stability.

Beyond humanitarian implications, the discourse is also framed against a broader crypto policy backdrop. For instance, discussions about how digital assets intersect with national security, monetary sovereignty, and financial inclusion are amplifying in legislative forums. A separate policy thread has examined the potential use cases for prediction markets related to geopolitical events, underscoring how technology platforms could influence risk assessment and decision-making in crisis contexts. The tension between fostering innovation and maintaining regulatory guardrails remains a defining feature of the current landscape. The link to related policy discussions provides additional context on how lawmakers view the balance between experimentation and oversight.

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Ultimately, the conversation centers on whether crypto developers and entrepreneurs can translate a doctrine of resilience into real-world tools that assist people who are most vulnerable to disruption. The call to action is not merely to build faster payments or cheaper transfers, but to design interfaces and fiducial structures that can function under duress, with clear governance and robust privacy protections. If the industry can align incentives around humanitarian use cases, the result could be a more inclusive crypto ecosystem that extends its benefits beyond early adopters to those who have historically been excluded from formal financial systems.

What to watch next

  • Announcements of refugee-focused crypto tooling or pilots from wallets, remittance platforms, or humanitarian organizations.
  • Regulatory developments shaping stablecoins and cross-border payments, particularly in regions with rising displacement pressures.
  • Updates on USDC and other stablecoins’ global supply dynamics, including any official disclosures about new markets or regulatory compliance arrangements.
  • Further commentary from Balaji Srinivasan and other industry voices on wartime internet resilience and humanitarian finance.
  • Regulatory or legislative steps related to prediction markets or crisis-related financial instruments that could influence crypto-backed risk transfer tools.

Sources & verification

  • Balaji Srinivasan’s X post referenced in discussion of refugee-focused crypto tooling.
  • Andi Duro, founder of TwoCents, on crypto’s deployment for refugees and the critique of current product focus.
  • USDC price index for current stablecoin metrics and liquidity context.
  • USDC market cap near $80B and related analysis on UAE capital flight and capital dynamics.
  • Article on Bitcoin’s geopolitical stress test and price movement referenced in related context.

Balaji Srinivasan calls on crypto builders to serve refugees amid rising displacement

In the current climate of intensified conflicts and ongoing economic migration, Balaji Srinivasan argues that crypto should advance beyond hype and toward practical humanitarian applications. He frames this as a strategic shift for an industry often defined by rapid innovation and speculative sentiment. By urging developers to focus on refugee-accessible financial tools, he positions crypto as a potential backstop for people who lose reliable access to conventional financial rails during crises. The call aligns with a broader conversation about the role of public blockchains in sustaining economic activity when centralized systems face disruptions, emphasizing that decentralization can offer continuity in the face of cyberattacks, infrastructure outages, or regulatory constraints.

Amid the debate, Srinivasan acknowledges that progress already exists in the form of stablecoins expanding their global reach as borderless digital money. While the industry has not yet delivered a full suite of refugee-centric products, the potential is clear: non-custodial wallets, transparent governance, and cross-border settlement rails could empower displaced individuals to store value, send remittances, and access identity-linked financial services with fewer intermediaries. The discussion also touches on the human dimension—products that work for refugees must be usable, accessible, and trusted by communities that have often been underserved by traditional financial infrastructure. The evolving narrative urges builders to test and scale with a humanitarian lens, ensuring security, privacy, and user-centric design are not sacrificed for speed or novelty.

On this topic, Srinivasan points to the broader stability narrative around stablecoins, noting that a leading USD-pegged token is already achieving widespread circulation. The growth in circulating supply and market depth has implications for liquidity and cross-border transactions, potentially enabling refugees and stateless individuals to participate in the digital economy more reliably. Reports referencing the price index and market-cap trends illustrate how capital flows are shifting, sometimes in response to geopolitical developments such as regional tensions in the Gulf and the real estate market’s response to conflict. While the numbers provide a snapshot of the moment, the underlying takeaway is a call for intentional product development that centers humanitarian needs as a core use case for crypto.

In this context, the conversation intersects with regulatory and policy considerations. Acknowledging the tension between innovation and oversight, the discourse invites ongoing dialogue about how to design crypto tools that are compliant, secure, and accessible to those who stand to gain the most from resilient financial rails. The critique from Andi Duro—that refugee-focused crypto products have been historically underdeveloped due to consumer misalignment with gambling-centric segments—serves as a reminder that the market must reorient incentives to serve vulnerable populations. If the community can translate this critique into concrete product and governance innovations, the humanitarian potential of crypto could become a meaningful, verifiable outcome rather than a theoretical ideal.

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Balaji Urges Crypto Industry to Build Tools for Refugees

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Balaji Urges Crypto Industry to Build Tools for Refugees

Tech investor and former Coinbase chief technology officer Balaji Srinivasan has called on the crypto industry to develop more financial tools for refugees and stateless people.

In a Saturday post on X, Srinivasan said the number of displaced individuals could grow as global conflicts intensify and economic migration increases. He pointed to examples ranging from Ukrainians fleeing war to workers leaving the Gulf countries amid regional tensions.

“We should build more crypto tools for refugees and stateless people,” Srinivasan wrote, suggesting that blockchain-based systems can provide financial infrastructure when traditional institutions fail or become inaccessible.

Srinivasan described crypto as “wartime mode for the internet,” arguing that decentralized networks were designed to operate even under hostile conditions such as cyberattacks, infrastructure failures or financial restrictions. He said that public blockchains can continue processing transactions even if centralized systems face disruptions.

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Related: Bitcoin ‘passing geopolitical stress test’ as BTC price spikes above $72K

Crypto rarely builds for refugees despite clear need

His comments came in response to a separate post from Andi Duro, founder of research site TwoCents, who argued that while crypto could serve refugees effectively, the industry rarely builds products specifically for them.

“It’s very unfortunate that crypto is a great solution for refugees who are stateless and forced to interact with crumbling institutions and payment rails,” Andi wrote. “But nobody in crypto builds for refugees because they’re not useful consumers for gambling.”

Srinivasan calls on crypto to build more tools for refugees. Source: Balaji Srinivasan

However, Srinivasan noted that crypto has had some success in building such tools. He pointed out the growing role of stablecoins, which he said are already gaining global reach as a borderless form of digital money. “But we can do more,” he added.

Related: US Senate bill targets prediction markets on war and assassinations

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UAE capital flight boosts USDC

As Cointelegraph reported, the market capitalization of the USDC (USDC) stablecoin is nearing a record $80 billion as supply surges in recent weeks. USDC’s circulating supply reaching roughly $79.2 billion, surpassing its previous high set in December after rising from about $70 billion in early February.

One Dubai-based analyst attributed the spike to capital flight from the United Arab Emirates amid turbulence in the real estate market. The DFM Real Estate Index has dropped sharply since the start of the war.

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