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XRPL Foundation fixes critical flaw that nearly reached mainnet

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Crypto Breaking News

In a security-focused update, the XRP Ledger Foundation (CRYPTO: XRP) confirmed it patched a critical flaw in an upcoming amendment to Ripple’s XRP Ledger, averting a potential on-chain exploit. On February 19, a Cantina security engineer and its AI assistant detected a logic flaw in the signature-validation routine tied to a code batch amendment. The amendment had entered voting but had not activated on mainnet, and officials stressed that no funds were at risk at the time. The incident underscores how on-chain governance, automated discovery, and rapid patching interact in the evolving security landscape of public blockchains.

Key takeaways

  • The flaw resided in the signature-validation logic of a code-batch amendment slated for the XRP Ledger, creating a theoretical path to unauthorized transactions if exploited.
  • The amendment was still in the voting phase and had not been activated on mainnet, meaning funds were not exposed at the time of discovery.
  • Cantina AI’s autonomous vulnerability hunter Apex identified the issue, highlighting the role of AI-powered tooling in proactive security workflows.
  • The XRPL Foundation described the potential exploit as capable of eroding confidence in the XRP Ledger and destabilizing the broader ecosystem if left unpatched.
  • An emergency patch, rippled 3.1.1, was released on February 23 to block the amendment from activating, reflecting a rapid, coordinated response by the Ripple engineering and validator communities.

Tickers mentioned: $XRP

Market context: The episode arrives amid increasing attention on governance safety, on-chain upgrade processes, and the growing use of AI-driven security tools to identify flaws before they can be exploited. While no funds were at risk in this instance, the incident underscores how rapid disclosure, responsible patching, and a mature validator environment help preserve confidence in public ledgers as the crypto industry navigates ongoing macro and regulatory uncertainties.

Why it matters

The XRPL ecosystem demonstrated a disciplined, defense-forward response to a potential class of vulnerability that could have had outsized consequences. In this case, the vulnerability lay in a signature-validation routine tied to a prospective amendment. Because the amendment had not yet activated on mainnet, the risk remained theoretical, but the XRPL Foundation’s decision to halt its momentum and push for a secure fix illustrates how governance processes can act as a safeguard against mischief or misconfigurations before they ever affect real users or funds.

Beyond the immediate incident, the episode spotlights the balance between improvement and risk in decentralized networks. Amendments that modify validation logic or consensus rules are powerful but carry operational risk; the governance cycle—proposal, testing, voting, and activation—must be coupled with robust security testing to prevent drift between code intent and on-chain behavior. The XRPL Foundation’s emphasis on a clear, auditable patch path reinforces the importance of reliability as developers push new features and optimizations onto a live ledger used by institutions and individuals alike.

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On the security tooling front, the event contributes to a broader narrative about AI-enabled defense. Cantina AI’s autonomous discovery tool—Apex—identified the bug through static analysis of the rippled codebase and submitted a disclosure that allowed Ripple’s engineering teams to validate and patch the issue. This incident sits within a growing backdrop where AI-driven scanners and automated auditing are increasingly deployed to detect flaws that human inspectors might miss. Anthropic’s Claude Code Security, unveiled just days earlier, has already become a talking point in security circles, illustrating a trend toward AI-powered reasoning in vulnerability detection and remediation. As AI tools become more integrated into software development and security workflows, the industry may see faster mitigations but also a need to manage the risk of false positives and new threat surfaces introduced by automated processes.

A successful large-scale exploit could have caused substantial loss of confidence in XRPL, with potentially significant disruption for the broader ecosystem.

The investigation also aligns with broader discussions about the economics of security in crypto networks. Cantina’s Hari Mulackal has framed the potential impact in monetized terms, noting that the hypothetical loss could have been dramatic, given the scale of the XRP market capitalization. While the specific asset’s price is subject to broader market dynamics, the emphasis here is on preserving trust and functionality within the ledger’s architecture, rather than on short-term price moves.

In tandem with the technical response, the incident demonstrates how AI-enabled security tooling is reshaping incident response in crypto. The use of automated code analysis, prompt vulnerability disclosure, and rapid patching can shorten the window during which an attacker could act, shifting risk dynamics in favor of users and validators who uphold the network’s integrity. The ripple effect across ecosystems is unlikely to be isolated to one project; as more blockchains integrate similar tools, the bar for secure upgrade processes rises, potentially reducing the frequency and severity of major exploits in the future.

What to watch next

  • Monitor updates on the amendment’s voting status and any new disclosures from XRPLF and Ripple’s engineering teams, including patch notes and rollback options if needed.
  • Watch validator participation in rippled 3.1.1 adoption and downstream effects on on-chain performance and upgrade timelines.
  • Follow Cantina AI’s ongoing research and any subsequent bug disclosures related to XRPL or comparable codebases embedded in other ledgers.
  • Assess how AI-driven security tools influence governance and incident response timelines across the broader crypto ecosystem.

Sources & verification

  • XRPL Foundation vulnerability disclosure report (xrpl.org/blog/2026/vulnerabilitydisclosurereport-bug-feb2026).
  • XRPLF status update confirming the non-activation of the amendment on mainnet and the emergency mitigation (XRPL Foundation).
  • Cantina AI and Spearbit leadership statements about the discovery and the Apex autonomous vulnerability hunter (X thread: https://x.com/hrkrshnn/status/2027191844988424343).
  • Rippled 3.1.1 emergency patch details and rollout timing (XRPLF status updates).

What the wider story changes: patching a future risk

Risk & affiliate notice: Crypto assets are volatile and capital is at risk. This article may contain affiliate links. Read full disclosure

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Crypto World

WTI Oil Pulls Back from Its 2026 High

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WTI Oil Pulls Back from Its 2026 High

As the XTI/USD chart shows, the price of a barrel:
→ set fresh 2026 highs above $67 earlier this week;
→ but yesterday posted a sharp reversal lower (as indicated by the blue arrow).

The spike in volatility was driven by conflicting reports from Geneva, where talks between the United States and Iran were taking place:

→ some sources suggested negotiations had reached an impasse, as Washington insists on a complete halt to uranium enrichment;
→ meanwhile, according to Omani mediators, progress has been made and another round of talks is scheduled for next week.

Technical Analysis of the XTI/USD Chart

When analysing the oil price chart on the morning of 19 February, we suggested that:

→ the market could soon set a new high for the year (which materialised, with a series of highs formed between 19 and 23 February);
→ the 65.20 level would act as support (confirmed on 23 February).

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Today’s chart indicates growing bearish pressure, reflected in the following:

→ WTI struggled to hold above its yearly highs, forming signs of potential bull traps;
→ yesterday’s candle (marked with a red arrow) shows a pronounced upper wick.

At the same time, bulls clearly defended the former resistance level at $63.73. The lower boundary of the ascending trajectory that has defined WTI price movements in 2026 also supports the bullish case.

It is worth noting that an OPEC+ meeting is scheduled for the weekend. According to media reports, analysts expect an increase in output from April, which could heighten concerns about oversupply — particularly after US crude inventories rose on Wednesday. As a result, Monday’s trading may open with elevated volatility.

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This article represents the opinion of the Companies operating under the FXOpen brand only. It is not to be construed as an offer, solicitation, or recommendation with respect to products and services provided by the Companies operating under the FXOpen brand, nor is it to be considered financial advice.

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Tether USDT Price Outlook 2026-2030

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Crypto Breaking News

Tether (USDT) Price Prediction

Tether’s USDT peg persists amid competition from yield-bearing stablecoins and evolving regulations. Reserve accumulation and cross-chain volume growth reinforce its market position. Analysts monitor depeg potential through quarterly attestations, futures open interest, and macroeconomic developments. Price scenarios for 2026 to 2030 appear next, covering base, stress, and premium cases informed by reserve structures, transaction flows, and external variables.

2026-2030 Price Scenarios

Base case projects a $0.99-$1.01 range through 2030. Annual supply growth of 8–10% tracks reserve expansion, keeping coverage modestly above 100% to maintain peg stability. Tokenization demand and emerging market absorption prevent sustained premium formation.

Stress scenarios anticipate temporary declines to $0.96-$0.98 during 2026-2027. Coverage falling below 1.01x prompts $5-10 billion in redemptions, mirroring 2022 patterns. Burns and arbitrage restore equilibrium within 30-60 days.

Premium scenarios target $1.02-$1.05 by 2030 during scarcity phases. Yield-bearing alternatives claim less than 10% market share as real-world asset tokenization accelerates. Regulatory simplification drives institutional inflows.

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Year Base Range Stress Range Premium Range Base Probability
2026 $0.99-1.00 $0.96-0.98 $1.01-1.02 85%
2027 $0.99-1.00 $0.95-0.97 $1.01-1.03 82%
2028 $1.00-1.01 $0.96-0.98 $1.02-1.04 84%
2029 $1.00-1.01 $0.97-0.99 $1.02-1.04 87%
2030 $0.99-1.01 $0.97-0.99 $1.02-1.05 88%

Reserves and Peg Stability

Latest attestations show reserves modestly exceeding liabilities, with coverage approaching parity historically triggering several billion dollars in redemptions. U.S. Treasuries and cash equivalents represent the dominant allocation, typically accounting for roughly 70–80% of total reserves, while the remainder includes secured loans, precious metals, and a limited Bitcoin position. Excess reserves fluctuate quarterly and function as a liquidity buffer rather than a fixed structural surplus.

Composition favors short-duration Treasuries, which yield compression from Fed policy affects minimally. Quarterly burns offset mints, limiting supply growth to 8% annualized. USDC trails at $75 billion circulation with similar transparency standards.

Component Allocation ($B) Share
U.S. Treasuries 112.4 80%
Reverse Repos 21.0 15%
Cash Equivalents 6.4 5%
Excess Coverage 6.8 4%

Redemption queues process within 48 hours under normal conditions. During May 2022 volatility, USDT briefly traded well below $1 on secondary markets, with intraday prints near $0.95 on some venues before arbitrage restored parity. Emerging market holdings concentrate 40% of issuance, amplifying velocity over domestic flows.

Chain Trends Driving Volume

Tron and Ethereum dominate USDT transfers. Tron leads in low-cost, high-velocity transfers, while Ethereum anchors DeFi liquidity. Solana handles a smaller share (~8%) through high throughput. Emerging markets account for ~40% of TRC20 activity, prioritizing transaction speed over smart contract depth.

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Market participants use USDT TRC20 swap tools to capture fee arbitrage during Ethereum congestion, preserving liquidity across protocols without premium costs.

Chain Volume Share Average Fee Primary Application
TRC20 45% $0.001 High-velocity transfers
ERC20 50% $0.50 DeFi liquidity pools
Solana 8% $0.0005 Rapid settlement trades

Tron issuance exceeds 80 billion tokens, reflecting sustained adoption in dollar-scarce regions. ERC20 maintains pricing anchor despite fee disadvantage. Volume distribution signals preference for cost efficiency over ecosystem lock-in.

Platform Execution for Traders

USDT pairs account for 60% of exchange volume, with futures open interest steady at $26 billion across major platforms. Binance remains the primary venue for USDT liquidity, while Coinbase lists USDT but structurally prioritizes USDC in U.S. markets. Execution differences emerge in liquidity depth and order book resilience during volatility spikes.

Traders compare Coinbase vs Binance metrics when selecting USDT pair venues, weighing spread tightness against regulatory exposure for range-bound positioning.

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Platform USDT Volume Share Open Interest ($B) Spread (bps)
Binance 45% 15 1.2
Coinbase 22% 6 2.1
Others 33% 5 1.8

Funding rates average 0.01% daily, signalling low leverage risk. Platform choice influences slippage on $1-2 billion daily rotations, particularly during attestation windows. Concentration on two venues exposes systemic liquidity risks if outflows coincide.

Technical Indicators Now

USDT trades in a narrow $0.998-$1.002 range under recent market conditions, indicating low volatility. Technical indicators, such as Bollinger Bands and RSI, suggest range-bound positioning, consistent with peg stability.

Futures open interest remains at $26 billion with funding rates near 0.01%. MACD lines converge without histogram divergence, pointing to consolidation ahead of quarterly reports. Volume profiles flatten week-over-week, consistent with range-bound positioning.

  • Support levels sit near $0.997 (50-day EMA) and around $0.99 for historical stress periods.
  • Resistance caps at $1.002 (upper band) and $1.005 (recent high).

Breakouts below $0.997 signal deeper tests of psychological support. Upper breaches require sustained mints exceeding $2 billion daily. Current setup favors mean reversion over directional bets.

Catalysts and Headwinds

Real-world asset tokenization eyes $400 billion by 2028, channeling demand to USDT pairs. Emerging markets generate 35-40% circulation growth via TRC20 in Latin America and Southeast Asia. U.S. regulatory easing curbs NYAG scrutiny, supporting $20 billion annual institutional inflows.

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Yield-bearing stablecoins take 6-8 DeFi TVL points:

  • USDe yields 4.8-5.5% APY on $12 billion.
  • PYUSD hits $1.8 billion through merchants.

Fed rate paths squeeze Treasury yields on 80% reserves. Coverage margins tighten. The EU’s Markets in Crypto-Assets framework imposes stricter reserve transparency and liquidity standards for compliant issuers, increasing scrutiny on stablecoin structures operating within the bloc.

A visible decline in reserve coverage toward parity would likely accelerate institutional redemptions, with magnitude driven by liquidity conditions rather than a fixed numerical trigger. RWA gains offset this, locking in 62-65% dominance through 2027.

Trader Tactics and Storage

Position USDT within 20-30% portfolio limits to manage concentration risk. Review reserve attestations each quarter for coverage trajectory. Store amounts over $100,000 in multi-signature or hardware wallets, keeping recovery phrases offline.

Chain preferences vary by use case:

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  • TRC20 suits transfers below $50,000 where fees stay under $0.001.
  • ERC20 fits DeFi positions despite $0.50 average costs.
  • Solana handles sub-second needs for high-frequency execution.

Primary redemptions typically settle within 1–2 business days under normal conditions. Cross-chain swaps capture fee savings during Ethereum spikes. Avoid leverage entirely. Shift 10-15% to yield options only in stable conditions. Track funding rates exceeding 0.02% daily as outflow warnings. Coverage drops below 1.02x demand immediate position cuts.

USDT Peg Outlook

Reserve buffers slightly above parity support the $0.99–$1.01 range under normal market conditions, bolstered by TRC20 efficiencies and RWA flows. Technical ranges and volume shifts confirm resilience. Yield rivals plus MiCA test margins, but redemptions cap stress at $0.96-$0.98 with rapid recovery.

Platform tactics and storage limit slippage risks. USDT continues to hold a majority share of the global stablecoin market, with dominance dependent on liquidity depth, regulatory positioning, and cross-chain accessibility. Prioritize quarterly attestations, 20-30% caps, and chain rotations before Fed yield squeezes. Premiums over $1.02 require rival erosion below 10%, unlikely by 2030.

FAQ

Will USDT maintain its $1 peg through 2030?
Base scenarios project 85-88% probability within $0.99-$1.01. Stress cases limit breaches to $0.96-$0.98 with burn-driven recovery.

What drives TRC20’s volume dominance?
TRC20 leads in low-cost, high-velocity transfers (~45% of USDT activity), while ERC20 supports DeFi liquidity despite higher fees (~50%). Emerging markets prioritize transaction speed in dollar-scarce regions, contributing to TRC20’s practical advantage.

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How do yield rivals impact USDT?
USDe and PYUSD erode 6-8 DeFi TVL points at 4.8-5.5% APY. Liquidity depth restricts share loss below 10%.

What triggers a 2026 stress depeg?
Coverage approaching parity can trigger several billion dollars in redemptions, historically absorbed by arbitrage and reserve buffers. Fed yield compression or MiCA collateral caps may accelerate outflows.

Should portfolios hold USDT long-term?
Cap exposure at 20-30% for peg reliability. Allocate 10-15% to yields during stable periods.

Can USDT trade above $1.02 sustainably?
Premium scenarios need rival erosion below 10% share. RWA scarcity supports this at 5-10% odds by 2030.

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How reliable are these projections?
Ranges derive from attestation trends and historical patterns, with coverage consistently above parity. Black swans alter probabilities.

Why prefer TRC20 over ERC20?
TRC20 suits transfers under $50,000. ERC20 anchors DeFi despite fee disadvantage.

What storage secures larger USDT positions?
Multi-signature or hardware wallets for over $100,000. Keep phrases offline; enable direct Treasury redemption.

When do Fed rates affect reserves?
Treasury yield drops on 80% allocation narrow coverage. Monitor before rate cuts for rotation signals.

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Disclaimer

This article offers informational analysis only. It does not constitute investment, financial, or trading advice. Cryptocurrency markets exhibit high volatility, and historical patterns do not predict future outcomes. Readers must conduct independent research and consult qualified professionals before making decisions. The publisher assumes no liability for any losses incurred.

Risk & affiliate notice: Crypto assets are volatile and capital is at risk. This article may contain affiliate links. Read full disclosure

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Judge Blocks Binance Bid to Force US Crypto Claims into Arbitration

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Legislation, New York, United States, Cryptocurrency Exchange, Binance

A United States federal judge ruled that Binance cannot force a group of US customers to arbitrate claims over losses on crypto tokens they bought on its global platform before Feb. 20, 2019, keeping a major class action in open court.

The decision on Thursday by District Judge Andrew Carter Jr. in the Southern District of New York held that those claims were not bound by Binance.com’s 2019 arbitration clause because users lacked sufficient notice when the company unilaterally shifted its terms of use away from the 2017 version, which contained no arbitration or class action waiver provisions.

According to the judge, Binance relied on a general change‑of‑terms clause and the posting of updated 2019 terms on its website, and there was no evidence that the exchange provided any individual notice or formally “announced” the new arbitration provision to users.

Carter found that Binance’s “new world” rhetoric about operating in a decentralized manner did not change the basic contract law analysis for internet‑based agreements.

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Legislation, New York, United States, Cryptocurrency Exchange, Binance
Williams vs. Binance. Source: CourtListener

He concluded that the 2019 arbitration clause could not be applied retroactively to claims that arose before its Feb. 20 effective date, because the contract never clearly said it would cover earlier conduct.

Related: US senator launches probe into Binance over Iran, Russia sanctions claims

Carter also held that a purported US class action waiver embedded in a section heading of the 2019 terms was unenforceable in federal court because the contract never actually sets out the terms of any such waiver and had to be interpreted narrowly against Binance as the drafter.

​​Binance says post‑2019 claims already dismissed

The case, Williams v. Binance, is a proposed class action brought by five US investors from California, Nevada and Texas who claim that Binance and founder Changpeng Zhao (CZ) illegally sold unregistered securities on Binance.com and failed to register as a broker‑dealer.

The case was previously dismissed in 2022 before the Second Circuit revived the investors’ claims in 2024, sending the dispute back to Carter’s court.

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In a statement to Cointelegraph, a Binance spokesperson said that “in response to our motion on this issue plaintiffs voluntarily and correctly dismissed all claims that accrued on or after Feb. 20, 2019.” They added that Binance would “vigorously defend the limited claims that remain in this meritless case.”

The remaining claims will now proceed in a federal US court rather than private arbitration in Singapore, as judges, rather than arbitrators, assess whether crypto platforms can rely on unilaterally updated online terms to limit investor lawsuits.