10 risk factors for dementia named in new study – full list

New research published by the American Heart Association has identified 10 factors that may be linked to an increased risk of cognitive decline

Experts have identified 10 factors that could heighten your risk of developing dementia. A newly published report has shed light on some of the elements that can impact brain health.

It is estimated that nearly one million people across the UK are currently living with dementia. Most prevalent in those aged over 65, it can present itself through symptoms including memory loss, changes in behaviour, and difficulties with speech, amongst others.

While the precise cause of dementia remains unknown, research has demonstrated that certain lifestyle choices and medical conditions can elevate your risk of cognitive decline. A new report has now pinpointed 10 such contributing factors.

Published by the American Heart Association (AHA), the statement outlined 10 factors that can negatively affect the health of a person’s brain. These are:

• Early life infections
• Adverse childhood experiences
• Socioeconomic factors
• Chronic medical conditions
• Stress
• Anxiety and depression
• Pollution and environmental exposures
• Chronic inflammation
• Disruption of the gut microbiome (dysbiosis)
• Poor sleep quality

As reported by Medical News Today, these factors can impact the body in numerous ways, which in turn affects brain health. In light of the findings, researchers are urging governments to introduce policies aimed at tackling some of these issues. This encompasses tackling air pollution and enhancing air quality, as well as championing routine vaccination programmes to help individuals steer clear of infections that can harm brain health. Experts not involved in the research shared their thoughts on the significance of the findings.

Speaking to Medical News Today, Dung Trinh from MemorialCare Medical Group and Chief Medical Officer of the Healthy Brain Clinic, said: “The main takeaway is that brain health is not determined only by age or genetics.

“It is shaped across the entire lifespan by a combination of physical health, mental health, sleep, lifestyle, social support, environment, and access to care. The American Heart Association statement is important because it reframes brain health as something we can influence much earlier and more broadly than we used to think.”

Melinda Patterson, an assistant professor of neurology with the University of Rochester Medicine, added: “Many of the habits we think of as ‘heart healthy’ turn out to be ‘brain healthy’ too. This statement reinforces that idea, while also highlighting factors that do not always get enough attention in research or in everyday clinical care.

“One of the most important messages is that brain health is shaped across our entire lives and not just in old age. Experiences and choices made early in life can have a real impact decades later. That also means there is good news: no matter what stage of life you are in, there are steps you can take to lower your risk of stroke and cognitive decline.”

Supporting research

These findings are backed up by a landmark report published by The Lancet in 2024. The study revealed that approximately 45 per cent of all dementia cases could be prevented through certain lifestyle changes.

It also identified 14 risk factors for dementia. These were:

• Less education
• Hearing loss
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Depression
• Physical inactivity
• Diabetes
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Traumatic brain injury
• Air pollution
• Social isolation
• Untreated vision loss
• High cholesterol

If you or someone you know is showing signs of dementia, you should consult a GP.