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Allergic to the cold? It’s a real thing and it can even kill

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Allergic to the cold? It’s a real thing and it can even kill

For most people, cold weather is an inconvenience, requiring an extra layer of clothing or the thermostat to be turned up. For others, exposure to cold can trigger an allergic reaction severe enough to cause them to collapse.

Cold urticaria is a rare but potentially dangerous condition in which contact with cold temperatures causes the immune system to misfire. The results can be hives, swelling, pain and in some cases, life-threatening anaphylaxis.

The condition was first described in 1792 by a German physician called Johann Peter Frank. Today, we know it is almost twice as common in women than in men, with the average age of onset in the early twenties, though it can affect people at any age.

There is some good news: between 24% and 50% of people with the condition see improvement – or even full recovery – over the years.

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There are two forms of the condition. Primary cold urticaria is the most common, accounting for about 95% of cases and often has no known cause. The remaining 5% are classified as secondary urticaria, which is linked to underlying conditions or infections, such as the Epstein-Barr virus, certain types of lymphoma (blood cancer), HIV and hepatitis C.

Primary cold urticaria typically causes a rash, swelling, bumps or hives, though some people also report fatigue, fever and aching joints. Symptoms usually appear when the skin is exposed to cold, but can also occur as the skin warms up again. Triggers aren’t limited to cold weather – they can include swimming, eating frozen food, drinking cold liquids and handling cold objects.

Aside from a few very rare genetic causes, why some people develop primary cold urticaria remains unknown. What is clear is that mast cells are involved. These sentinel cells act as first responders in the body’s tissues – including the skin – alerting the immune system to danger signals or germs.

What triggers their activation in cold urticaria remains a mystery, though one theory suggests that cold exposure causes the body to produce so-called autoallergens – substances that trigger an immune response against the body’s own tissues. Much more research is needed to understand how this happens.

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When mast cells are activated, they release a chemical called histamine. Think of histamine as an alarm that alerts other immune cells to rush to the area. It also makes the blood vessels in that part of your body widen and become “leakier”, which causes the telltale swelling, redness and itchiness.

Normally, this response is helpful – the extra blood flow and leaky blood vessels allow immune cells to squeeze out of the bloodstream and into the surrounding tissue to fight off a genuine threat. But in cold urticaria, it’s a false alarm. Your body is mounting a full-scale immune response when there’s nothing to fight, causing discomfort without any benefit.

Cold foods can trigger the condition.
etorres/Shutterstock.com

Doctors test for cold urticaria by placing an ice cube on a patient’s forearm and watching what happens after they remove it. This test typically follows patients noticing they develop welts, hives or rashes on exposure to cold things. This must be done by a medical professional because in about 20% of cases, it can trigger anaphylaxis.

The condition is quite rare, affecting six in every 10,000 people. But it may be underdiagnosed as not all sufferers have severe symptoms and, in some countries, particularly tropical ones, temperatures tend not to drop below 0°C in winter.

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Once diagnosed, it’s important to help people with cold urticaria avoid or recognise their trigger temperatures. There are two measures that may be assessed, depending on the availability of measuring devices. One is the cold stimulation time test, which indicates how quickly your skin reacts to cold with a lump or rash (a shorter time suggests a more active response). The other measure is the critical temperature threshold, which is the warmest temperature that can still trigger symptoms.

Antihistamines and beyond

There are treatments that can help manage the symptoms. One approach is taking antihistamines before exposure to cold environments or stimuli.

For many people, though, a standard oral antihistamine dose isn’t enough. Sometimes, up to four times the standard dose may be needed. The trade-off is that some antihistamines can have a sedating effect, so caution is needed.

About 60% of people with cold urticaria respond well to treatment with antihistamines.

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During short flare-ups, other drugs, such as corticosteroids, may be beneficial, although longer-term use brings side-effects, such as weight gain, indigestion and mood changes.

Severe cases can be treated with a monoclonal antibody called Omalizumab, which targets immunoglobulin E, a molecule involved in mast cell activation.

Another option is desensitisation: gradually exposing the skin to cooler temperatures over several days (although, sometimes over a few hours) to try to overcome the response and histamine release. There have been some successes with this approach, but most of the studies have been small.

For people with the most severe cases, adrenaline is a lifesaving option in response to anaphylaxis, though it appears to be under-prescribed in patients with cold urticaria.

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People with this condition also face increased risk during surgical procedures, where anaesthetic drugs reduce core body temperature and operating theatres are kept deliberately cool. While warming measures are used during surgery, for people with heightened sensitivity to cold, this can present an additional risk.

As winter continues, it’s worth remembering that for some people, the cold isn’t just uncomfortable – it can be genuinely dangerous. Understanding and recognising cold urticaria could make all the difference.

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Landmark trial against Meta highlights mental health risks for children

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Landmark trial against Meta highlights mental health risks for children

SANTA FE, N.M. (AP) — A daunting stream of testimony and evidence has been presented in a New Mexico case that explores what social media conglomerate Meta knew about the effects of its platforms on children.

State prosecutors allege Meta failed to disclose the risks that its platforms pose for children, including mental health problems and sexual exploitation. Meta’s attorneys have said the company has built-in protections for teenagers and weeds out harmful content but acknowledged some dangerous content gets past its safety nets.

The trial is approaching its seventh week. Jurors aren’t deliberating yet. But if they find that Meta — which owns Instagram, Facebook and WhatsApp — violated New Mexico’s consumer protection laws, prosecutors say sanctions could add up to billions of dollars. Meta, however, says it would seek a different calculation.

The trial that started Feb. 9. is one of the first in a torrent of lawsuits against Meta and comes as school districts and legislators want more restrictions on the use of smartphones in classrooms.

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A slated second phase of the trial, possibly in May before a judge with no jury, would determine whether Meta created a public nuisance with its social media platforms and should pay for public programs to fix matters.

Here’s what to know about the possible outcomes of the trial:

A reckoning in courts for social media platforms

Meta is confronting three counts of violating the New Mexico Unfair Trade Practices Act that protects consumers from deceptive or predatory business practices.

After closing arguments, jurors will weigh whether Meta knowingly misrepresented the risks on its platforms — by omission or active concealment at the least.

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The case could sidestep or challenge immunity provisions that protect tech companies from liability for material posted on their social media platforms under Section 230, a 30-year-old provision of the U.S. Communications Decency Act, as well as a First Amendment shield.

In California, a jury already is sequestered in deliberations on whether social media companies should be liable for harms caused to children using their platforms, in one of three bellwether court cases that could set the course for thousands of similar lawsuits.

New Mexico’s case is built on a different foundation — including a state undercover investigation where agents created social media accounts posing as children to document sexual solicitations and the response from Meta.

The lawsuit, filed in 2023 by New Mexico Attorney General Raúl Torrez, also says the dangers of addiction to social media haven’t been fully disclosed or addressed by Meta. Meta hasn’t agreed that social media addiction exists, but executives acknowledge “problematic use” and say they want people to feel good about the time they spend on Meta’s platforms.

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Among thousands of pages of documents, the New Mexico trial examines a raft of internal Meta documents and communications. Jurors also heard testimony from Meta executives, platform engineers, whistleblowers who left the company, psychiatric experts and tech-safety consultants.

The jury also may be influenced by testimony from local public school educators who have struggled with disruptions linked to social media, including the exchange of violent and sexually explicit images, along with sextortion schemes targeting children in New Mexico.

Questions of unconscionable and willful conduct

The two additional counts of consumer protection violations allege that Meta engaged in “unconscionable” trade practices that were grossly unfair.

In opening statements, prosecution attorney Donald Migliori emphasized accusations that Meta targeted social media engagement with children in an unconscionable way as a source of long-term profit while knowing children were at risk of sexual exploitation on social media. Meta disputes that argument by highlighting platform safety features and content filters for teenagers, who are seen by Meta as trendsetters with limited purchasing power to satisfy advertisers.

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The jury would decide whether the conduct was “willful” and merits civil penalties of up to $5,000 per violation, and may help calculate the number of violations.

Torrez says those penalties could add up, given the number of people in New Mexico using Meta’s platforms. Meta, however, has asked to cap those sanctions at one penalty per misleading statement or fair-trade violation — and not the number of social media views or users.

Nuisance allegations to be decided by judge

State District Judge Bryan Biedscheid is overseeing both phases of the trial. He would decide nuisance allegations as the case advances — and whether the company is on the hook financially to repair damage.

Prosecutors have accused Meta of carelessly creating a marketplace and “breeding ground” for predators who target children for sexual exploitation. They allege Meta’s platforms also undermine the mental health of teenagers in a variety of ways — from sleep deprivation and depression to self-harm.

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Attorneys for Meta accuse prosecutors of cherry-picking evidence as well as shoddy investigative work that may have made matters worse.

At trial, Meta executives described robust systems for detecting child sexual abuse material on its platforms and notifying law enforcement — but said the company also cautions users that its enforcement isn’t flawless.

“We believe it’s important to disclose the risks, but to do so in a consistent and rigorous way,” Instagram head Adam Mosseri said, describing a philosophy that extends to blog posts, service agreements and more.

In a video deposition played at trial, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that “safety is extremely important for the service and having it be something that people trust and want to use over time.” He said Meta in 2017 stopped linking business performance goals directly to the extended amount of time users spend on its platforms.

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Torrez says he will request court-ordered relief to make Meta change the way it does business and remedy the harm to children from social media.

“We’re going to have meaningful investments in targeted strategic programming around how you use the internet and how you use social media in ways that are responsible and healthy,” he said on the opening day of the trial.

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Iranian Kurds in Iraq hope US-Israeli war weakens Iran’s theocracy

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Iranian Kurds in Iraq hope US-Israeli war weakens Iran's theocracy

QUSHTAPA, Iraq (AP) — They fled Iran as children and now, living in Iraq as adults, they express guarded hope that the U.S.–Israeli war with Iran will weaken the theocracy that forced them into exile decades ago.

Behind that hope is the longing of Iranian Kurds in Iraq that they can someday return to homes they only remember through paintings on their walls and faded photographs.

But the thousands of Kurds know their aspirations for political autonomy and their historical opposition to Iran’s clerical rule have made that unlikely. They say they will only go back if a new Iranian government is installed, guarantees their safety and supports their goals.

Among them are more than 300 families of Kawa Camp in Irbil’s Qushtapa district in northern Iraq’s autonomous Kurdish region. They were displaced after Iran’s 1979 Islamic Revolution, which sparked a decades-long conflict with Kurdish separatists.

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Many are descendants of those fighters. They fled as children with their families from the northern Iranian province of Kermanshah. Some joined the resistance in exile, carrying out attacks against security forces inside Iran. Most eke out a living on the margins of the Iraqi Kurdish society, where they lack citizenship and don’t have full civil rights, access to services or the ability to own property.

In Kawa Camp, their hope of returning is tempered by deep mistrust of foreign powers that have long exploited their cause for geopolitical ends. Many viewed recent reports that the Trump administration considered calling on them to support ground operations in Iran as the latest example.

“From 1979 until now, this has been our only hope — that the regime will fall. I’m watching the clock; if it falls now, I’ll return home the next second,” said a 57-year-old member of the Iranian Kurdish opposition party living in Kawa, who fled Iran at age 11.

The person, like most of those interviewed for this article, spoke on condition of anonymity, citing fear of reprisal from Iran-backed Iraqi militias that have stepped up attacks on Iranian Kurdish bases. They also cite surveillance by Iranian intelligence, since many still have relatives in Iran.

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A life of displacement for Iranian Kurds in Iraq

Iraqi Kurds govern a semiautonomous area in northern Iraq. Many have waged insurgency campaigns seeking to establish their own state, which they call Kurdistan. Iranian Kurds have a long history of grievances against the Islamic Republic and also the monarchy that preceded it.

In the Kawa home of community leader Jehangir Ahmadi hangs a painting of an alley in his native village in Iran’s Kurdish-majority Kermanshah province, which borders Iraq. He hasn’t seen the alley in nearly 50 years, and his childhood reels like an old film: He played among those sandy walls while village elders would chat beneath the poplars.

Ahmadi remembers the mad dash to leave home and the days spent waiting to cross the border. The family first lived in a camp close to the border before being moved to another, in the deserts of western Anbar province. Security rapidly deteriorated after the fall of Saddam Hussein following the 2003 U.S.-led invasion, prompting the United Nations to rehouse them.

Over the years, tents gave way to permanent homes, markets sprang up, and the Iranian Kurds obtained the right to work, many as merchants, taxi drivers and factory workers. But buying a house or a car requires finding an Iraqi sponsor who must assume legal responsibility for them, effectively tying their fate to that sponsor, Ahmadi said.

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“For all our lives in Iraq we were paying the price of leaving. Until now people look at us like we are slaves,” Ahmadi said. “Until now we don’t have good work, no good place to live.”

In his view, Kurds, and especially Iran’s Kurds, have historically been victims. There was the short-lived self-governing Republic of Mahabad in northwestern Iran, backed briefly by the Soviet Union before its fall in 1976; Iran withdrawing support in 1975 for a failed Kurdish uprising against Iraq; Iraq’s use of chemical weapons against the Kurds in 1988; territorial losses in northeast Syria after the fall of President Bashar Assad in December 2024.

So Ahmadi says he was skeptical of the reported U.S. request to back an Iranian Kurdish force in the current war.

“We didn’t trust that they will support us because we are wounded nation, we have been betrayed many times,” he said.

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Kurdish groups have come under attack from Iran’s proxies

Armed Iranian Kurdish opposition groups based in Iraq have come under attack from Iran’s proxies in Iraq since the Iran war started.

Commanders and Iraqi Kurdish political leaders say they lack the capacity to mount a genuine ground offensive without U.S. air cover, and that the idea floated by the United States was never seriously discussed with Washington.

A senior Iraqi Kurdish official said that some Iranian Kurdish groups initially hoped for a swift collapse of Iran’s theocracy and envisioned storming into Iranian Kurdish territory to declare victory. Other Iraqi Kurdish leaders, seeing the administration in Tehran as more resilient, warned them bluntly: “You will be massacred,” according to the official.

Unit commander Rebaz Sharifi hid in a mountainside crevice when a drone launched by Iran-backed militias struck a base of the Kurdistan Freedom Party, waiting for further strikes to pass. The party is an Iranian-Kurdish nationalist separatist group known by the local abbreviation PAK.

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Sharifi said there are roughly 8,000 to 10,000 Iranian Kurdish fighters — a figure corroborated by two other Iraqi Kurdish officials. Beyond basic assault rifles, they lack sophisticated modern weaponry and do not possess drones, a crucial capability in modern warfare.

He said Iranian-Kurdish groups are asking for security guarantees, especially air cover, to counter Iranian missiles and drones.

“We don’t want to go now because we know we will die because of (Iranian) airstrikes and missiles,” he said. “It’s not the right time for this because Iranian forces still have power to control the skies.”

At the mere possibility that the groups might be mobilizing for deployment, Iran-backed groups in Iraq launched a near-daily volley of air attacks.

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“So, imagine what they will do if we move there now,” Sharifi said.

Kawa Camp residents face threats from all sides

The threat of continued attacks drove Kurdish fighters to move their families out of military camps and into nearby communities seeking safety.

In Kawa, a local resident affiliated with the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan is sheltering the wife and children of a fighter from the party’s armed wing. They moved from the party’s camp in Koya, near the border, because of constant attacks in the first days of the war.

The militia drone attacks haven’t targeted civilian communities so far, but the party member fears that might change as the war progresses.

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“Every day we are afraid of the militias,” he said. “We are nervous at night because we think they might hit here also.”

And he fears Iran’s intelligence working in the area.

“My relatives in Iran told me that they know where I work, what I do, and where I live,” he said.

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Hazelgrove Court Care Home Saltburn pensioners pen book

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Hazelgrove Court Care Home Saltburn pensioners pen book

The residents from Hazelgrove Court Care Home in Saltburn, have taken part in an intergenerational project as part of The Together Project’s Crafting Connections.

As part of the scheme, residents were encouraged to write short stories for their young Crafting Connections friends.

Eight-year-old Iris Sutherland with a story written by her Crafting Connections friend Joyce Tibbett, 92, a resident at Hazelgrove Court Care Home (Image: Supplied)

Sharon Lewis, the care home’s activities co-ordinator, said: “Our residents came up with some amazing stories, so we decided to have them made into a book.

“They are very excited about seeing their stories in print and we are going to send a copy to each one of their Crafting Connections friends as a gift.”

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The stories were so well received that Ms Lewis arranged to have them printed as a professionally bound book titled “Our Stories for our Crafting Connections Friends.”

Sheila O’Neill, 85, with the book of children’s stories written by residents at Hazelgrove Court Care Home. (Image: Supplied)

Among them is The Panda That Asked Why, written by 92-year-old Joyce Tibbett.

Mrs Tibbett said: “I wanted to write a story about a panda as I know this is Iris, my Crafting Connections friend’s, favourite animal.”

Ninety-five-year-old Joyce Baxtrem based her story on her young partner.

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Joyce Tibbett, 92, a resident at Hazelgrove Court Care Home. (Image: Supplied)

She said: “Sam has been my friend for a long time, and he is like a superhero to me, cheering me up every month, so I wrote about a superhero called Sam.”

Other stories include The Frog Who Wanted To Sing, written by 94-year-old Ellen Else.

She said: “I love to sing, so wanted to write a story about singing, so wrote the frog who wanted to sing.”

– Ellen Else, 94, showing her story, The Frog Who Wanted To Sing, published in a book of children’s tales written by residents at Hazelgrove Court Care Home. (Image: Supplied)

One of those friends is eight-year-old Iris Sutherland, who received Joyce Tibbett’s panda story.

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She said: “I really like the story that Joyce sent me because my favourite animal is a panda and it keeps asking questions – it was a funny story.”

Iris’ mum, Alex Sutherland, who works for The Together Project, said: “The thing they loved about the story was that the panda was just like Iris – always asking questions and looking at the world in a funny way.”

Hazelgrove Court Care Home plans to continue taking part in Crafting Connections, with residents already discussing ideas for future projects.

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The best rattan garden furniture for 2024, recommended by experts

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The best rattan garden furniture for 2024, recommended by experts

As we approach longer days and warmer weather, now’s a good time to look for the best rattan garden furniture. You’ll want garden chairs on the patio, the barbecue going and a bottle of rosé chilling in an ice bucket.

Former Telegraph gardening writer Cinead McTernan is a rattan enthusiast. “My modular corner sofa has absolutely transformed how much we use our outdoor space,” she says. “I go for synthetic polyethylene rattan because it’s so light and easy to look after. A quick blast with a pressure washer at the start of the season and you’re ready to go.”

As McTernan suggests, synthetic rattan garden furniture is a good choice because it’s usually more waterproof and sold with a long warranty. McTernan bought her set from Sweeek but there are great selections at Maze and Outsunny among others, ranging from under £300 to over £2,000. You can find our full reviews of the best rattan garden furniture below, followed by answers to frequently asked questions. But if you’re in a hurry, here’s a quick look at our top five:

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The best rattan garden furniture: At a glance


What makes good rattan furniture?

There’s an assumption that natural rattan is superior, McTernan says, but it’s not weatherproof and is only suitable for sunny days: “Natural rattan does look more beautiful, but isn’t as hard wearing and fades in the sunlight.”

PE rattan (polyethylene – also known as synthetic rattan or polyrattan) can shrug off rain, snow and, as long as you give it an occasional light scrub with soapy water, mould and algae.

“The properties of the polymer PE are in between a plastic and a wax,” says Peter Bridgman, founder of Bridgman furniture store, which specialises in rattan furniture. “That gives it a very natural look and feel. It doesn’t look plasticky and it also has no toxins.” For more detail, read the FAQs at the end of this feature.


How we chose the best rattan furniture

The experts, including McTernan, The Telegraph’s own gardening writer of more than 10 years, were our guide to the quality and durability of rattan furniture, but we also took into consideration affordability, style and a range of uses from sun lounging to outdoor entertaining. All the furniture below is chosen from the respective retailers’ most popular products, at a range of budgets.

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Remember to check out our guides to the best patio heaters and fire pits, too. That way you can enjoy outdoor seating all year round.


The best rattan garden furniture of 2026

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Scarborough’s armed forces day will return this year

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Scarborough's armed forces day will return this year

Scarborough will host this year’s Armed Forces Day on Saturday, June 27, with the free free public event featuring a full day of parades, air displays, live music and family activities.

It is hosted by North Yorkshire Council as part of its commitment to the Armed Forces Covenant.

Armed Forces Day in Scarborough is really special for military veteran David “Johnny” Purvis (Image: Supplied)

David Purvis, known as Johnny, is a former sergeant with the Green Howards and the Military Provost Guard Service who lives in Scarborough.

Mr Purvis said: “Armed Forces Day in Scarborough is something really special and the atmosphere is always fantastic.

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“The seafront becomes a sea of colour and energy, with families lining the streets and people of all ages gathering to watch the parade.

“Standing alongside fellow veterans, supporting the community stalls and marching in the parade is a powerful reminder that events like this bring the Armed Forces and the public together, strengthening that bond of respect and understanding.”

Mr Purvis joined the British Army in 1983 and became part of the 1st Battalion, The Green Howards the following year.

Scarborough will host Armed Forces Day on Saturday, which will see spectacular air displays alongside colourful parades, musical performances and family activities (Image: John Westgarth)

He completed operational tours in Northern Ireland, including postings in West Belfast and Londonderry, and spent two years in Northern Ireland during the period of ongoing security operations.

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He later worked with the King’s Division Recruiting Team, helping to guide new recruits into the Army.

He described the pride he feels during the event’s dramatic aerial displays.

Mr Purvis said: “When the aircraft come over the bay and the crowds look up together, it creates a real sense of pride and excitement that you don’t easily forget.”

This year’s full air display programme and additional attractions will be announced in the coming weeks.

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The event will include the traditional parade of veterans, standard bearers and cadets—among them, the iconic Chelsea pensioners.

On display will be a Jackal military vehicle equipped with a deactivated machine gun, which will lead the parade.

Army Cadets will be leading the flag-raising ceremony at Scarborough Town Hall on Monday, June 22 to mark the official opening of the event.

Councillor Carl Les, leader of North Yorkshire Council, said: “Scarborough Armed Forces Day is more than an event – it’s a show of unity, pride and community spirit.

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“The event is one of hundreds held across the country on this day to show our support for the men and women who make up the Armed Forces community to selflessly and bravely serve our country, from the troops currently serving to service families, veterans and cadets.

“As the countdown begins, together we thank and celebrate all who serve or have served.”

North Yorkshire is home to more than 12,000 Ministry of Defence personnel and 3,000 children from service families.

The county also supports a wide network of barracks and military infrastructure, including Catterick Garrison, one of the largest in the UK.

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Councillor Kevin Foster, North Yorkshire Council’s Armed Forces champion, said: “Scarborough Armed Forces Day is one of the biggest and most popular annual events in Yorkshire.

“The breath-taking air displays are, for many spectators, the main highlight of the day and this year’s line-up will be no exception.

“I am proud of Scarborough’s involvement in the annual day, which is an opportunity to celebrate the contribution and sacrifice of the Armed Forces present and past.”

The event is being sponsored for the second year by Skipton Building Society.

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David Travis, group secretary and general counsel at Skipton, said: “We look forward to being part of this important annual event for the town and sharing it with the people of Scarborough and thousands of visitors.”

Further information about this year’s event is available at www.scarborougharmedforcesday.co.uk.

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Motorcyclist rushed to hospital after crash on busy Bridgend road

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Wales Online
Motorcyclist rushed to hospital after crash on busy Bridgend road | Wales Online