For many Glaswegians, the fire that has destroyed the Union Corner building next to Glasgow Central station is an unsettling reminder of fires that obliterated the city’s famous School of Art, first in 2014 and then again in 2018 while undergoing restoration.
Central Station is the busiest in Scotland with 25 million visitors a year. Even more pass by its grand gated entrance, bordered by a number of Victorian-era buildings like Union Corner. Built in the mid-19th century where Union Street and Gordon Street meet, the building’s famous dome (behind which brightly lit adverts acted as a beacon guiding people to the station beneath) and Victorian façade on Union Street have collapsed.
The fire will have obvious economic consequences for the city, particularly through the loss of businesses caught in and close to the fire. But the emotional effect of the fire will be felt by the city’s residents and visitors, particularly if the building lies in ruins indefinitely.
The value of built heritage and losing a building that is part of the fabric and history of a place extends beyond economic effects to something more emotional. This threat to different communities’ sense of place and cultural identity could be a catalyst for collective action.
A sense of belonging
Our built heritage has a considerable influence upon those who view and experience it. It can generate joy and even improve mental health. It also contributes to our sense of place; that is, our emotional attachment to a landscape such as an urban area. It derives from the character and distinctiveness of a place, which people perceive, in part, through buildings. As the fabric of the city, buildings and their environment act as a stage upon which social and cultural networks are made and reinforced.
Similarly, cultural identity is an implicit feeling emerging from the sense of belonging to a particular culture. It is multi-faceted and dynamic, drawing on the past while remaining permeable to the present. It can be considered a historical reservoir, created from representations of a shared past, amongst numerous other factors.
Continuity of cultural identity may rely on material continuity of the place. These important yet implicit aspects of daily life are affected when changes occur to the built fabric of a landscape, such as the loss of Glasgow’s historic buildings.
Glaswegians have faced this before in recent memory. Directly opposite Union Corner is the ornate C’a d’Oro building, built in 1872 to emulate the grandeur of the original building in Venice. It was destroyed by fire in 1987, rebuilt and reopened just three years later.
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A strong desire persists among Glasgow’s citizens to see the Art School (known affectionately as “the Mack”) rebuilt again, but renovation is yet to start thanks to a series of ongoing wrangles. The time lag of restoration in Glasgow is further evident at the Egyptian Halls, a category A-listed building, also on Union Street. It faces an uncertain future after lying empty for 30 years.
Public outcry and support
The sense of place created through built heritage often extends beyond the local community. The National Museum of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro went on fire in 2018, destroying not only the early 19th-century building but nearly all of the artefacts and documents it housed. An immeasurable loss that led to global outcry, it was likened to the burning of the library of Alexandria in 48BC. There were immediate calls for the restoration of the building and it is due to reopen in the next year.
A few months later, in 2019, Notre Dame cathedral in Paris was severely damaged by fire. Just like the Mack in Glasgow, this occurred during restorative works. The emotional connection to the historic building resulted in international outpouring of support, as well as financial aid from donors in 150 countries, which saw €750m (£650m) raised in ten days.

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The connection between built heritage and cultural identity was evident in the decision – which was not uncontroversial – to rebuild the cathedral in line with 19th-century ideas of the medieval period. This envisioning dictated the cathedral’s first major restoration in 1844 under architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.
Designated a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage Site, it was this version of the 800-year-old building with which most people were familiar and emotionally connected. It was therefore favoured over modern reimaginings or indeed interpretations focusing on other periods of the building’s long existence.
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The public demand to restore The National Museum of Brazil and Notre Dame was not driven by the economic potential of the heritage assets. Rather, a collective sense of place was profoundly affected, which transformed into action. This is seen on a smaller scale when the climate crisis causes incremental damage to built heritage.
Preservation and conservation are almost constantly called for despite growing acknowledgement that not all built heritage can be saved in the face of the climate crisis. There have been attempts to save structures before they are lost, such as the dismantling and removal of the Cruester Burnt Mound structure, a Bronze-age building on the Shetland island of Bressay, into the local heritage centre.
This collective action can extend from heritage preservation to focus on the cause of the initial problem. Greater awareness about the inevitable loss of late medieval castles in West Cork, Ireland, has instigated climate action among the local community.
This powerful yet unquantifiable sense of place and its connection to cultural identity can be a catalyst for positive action, particularly when supported by those with the power to enact and accelerate change. The full effect of the fire in Glasgow is yet to be realised, but the city’s experience of previous fires has demonstrated that collective action will likely emerge from the ashes.
