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HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1 Review

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Verdict

If you’re after a scanner to tackle a mound of paperwork, or even just to stay on top of correspondence and photos, the HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1 could be just the trick. It’s fast, produces good quality images, and can even handle passports and ID cards – useful if you’re running a B&B or similar business. While we wouldn’t recommend this for everyday scanning, it’s a decent document scanner, and worthwhile if that’s what you’re looking for.


  • Fast document scanning

  • Reasonably simple software

  • Good document image quality

  • Not the most fully featured software

Key Features


  • Trusted Reviews IconTrusted Reviews Icon


    Review Price: £470

  • A colour document scanner


    This scanner is designed to capture high volumes of printed pages very quickly. It can even scan both sides of each page at once, or capture ID documents including passports.


  • Searchable PDFs

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    The ScanJet Pro 4200 s1 supports a variety of file formats, including PDF files with recognised, searchable text.

Introduction

While the general-purpose scanners built into multifunction printers are great for capturing kids’ drawings, photos, or the odd letter, they’re not usually ideal for digitising whole stacks of correspondence. Step forward the HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1, a sheet-fed document scanner capable of ingesting and digitising up to 40 A4 pages per minute.

The 4200 s1 is designed for the desktop, and built for single users – it connects to one PC via USB, not several over the network.

It’s designed specifically for front-of-house duties, such as a reception desk at a hotel, B&B or health club, where its ability to capture ID cards and passports could be quite a time and hassle saver.

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Talking of less hassle, this scanner is duplex (double-sided) ready, meaning it can image both sides of each sheet as it passes through – in this mode it captures up to 80 images (sides) per minute (ipm).

Design and Features

  • Convoluted design looks best when closed
  • Good physical features
  • Lacks advanced scan workflow software

Built specifically to power through long documents and archival jobs, the HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1 isn’t your run-of-the-mill scanner – that’s reflected in its fairly high price. If you’re mostly interested in document scans you can find cheaper choices than this, but rivals don’t all have this scanner’s party trick: the ability to capture thicker ID documents in a comparatively quick and simple way.

That said, ‘simple’ isn’t the adjective I’d use for this scanner’s design. It follows a reversed U-path, which is a grand way of saying that pages are fed in from a front tray, and ejected into a parallel output tray behind it. When out of use, this output folds up around the scanner body, keeping dust out – in this closed configuration the 4200 s1 looks great.

Front top view of the closed scanner, showing fetching blue top panel.Front top view of the closed scanner, showing fetching blue top panel.
Image Credit (Trusted Reviews)

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Detail view of the power, start and stop buttonsDetail view of the power, start and stop buttons
Image Credit (Trusted Reviews)

Unfurl the rear tray and it doesn’t feel especially rugged, although there is a clever stand that drops down to desk level for extra support. Next you’ll need to pull up the input tray, which feels a bit more solid, with adjustable paper guides. Configured ready for work this scanner suddenly looks a lot more light grey and utilitarian.

View of the scanner with both trays extended. It looks... business-like.View of the scanner with both trays extended. It looks... business-like.
Image Credit (Trusted Reviews)

Still, it’s a decent design. If any paper gets jammed during scanning you can open the mechanism lid, or tilt the whole centre section back to get at anything wedged in the bottom feed. That bottom slot is where you’ll offer up any driver’s licenses, passports or other ID – documents presented here are drawn backwards in a straight path, essential for plastic cards, and helpful if you don’t want irate guests with bent passports.

This being 2026 there’s no software in the box – you’ll need to download it from HP’s website. The HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1 comes with a fully-featured version of HP’s usual scan interface, which in this case is both a blessing and a curse. I usually criticise this software for being oversimplified, but here it mostly does a good job of blending advanced features with a comparatively intuitive interface.

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More experienced users might wonder where all the features are: most are hidden in the Document tab on the ‘More’ page. I’ll come back to this shortly, but for now I want to highlight that you don’t get the advanced workflow or batch scanning options common on Canon’s ImageFORMULA or Epson’s WorkForce document scanners – only likely an issue in an enterprise setting.

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Scan speed and quality

  • Very fast scanning
  • Good quality on documents, less so on photos

I was disappointed with my first test scans with the HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1. Most document scanners are configured to slightly over-expose white paper, but not its contents, creating a crisp image without a dingy, photorealistic background. Not this one, and not even with the autoexposure feature turned on. I had to delve into the settings to find the ‘Remove background (make white)’ feature, which fixed this issue – it seems odd this isn’t on by default.

Document page of the detailed scan settings, adjusting the background settingsDocument page of the detailed scan settings, adjusting the background settings
Image Credit (Trusted Reviews)

Talking of which, neither is the blank page removal feature, useful if you’re scanning a stack of double-sided paper, not every page of which is printed on both sides. One thing I couldn’t fix is that you can set this scanner to simplex (single-sided) or duplex scanning, but there’s no auto-detect feature to work it out for you.

With the software tweaked a bit more to my liking, the HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1 started to deliver excellent document scans. Once finished with the physical part of the job, you get to preview thumbnails of the pages you’ve just captured. On this screen you can rotate any disorientated sides, or delete any blanks that may have crept through before accepting and saving the job.

Thumbnails appearing in the post-scan viewerThumbnails appearing in the post-scan viewer
Image Credit (Trusted Reviews)

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I found I had to tweak the blank page detection, increasing the sensitivity somewhat, after which it got it right every time. One nice feature here is that sides detected as blank are shown in the preview, but marked, so it’s easy to spot if a lightly-printed page has been wrongly flagged as blank.

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Document page of the detailed scan settings, adjusting the blank page detection settingsDocument page of the detailed scan settings, adjusting the blank page detection settings
Image Credit (Trusted Reviews)

If you’re not familiar with document scanners, prepare to be amused by just how quickly they work. I piled a stack of 10 sheets in the input tray, and the scanner needed just 19 seconds to capture them all single-sided. A duplex version of the same job was no slower. This scanner’s fastest performance on my test was to capture a 12-page, 24-side duplex job in 21 seconds, a rate of 34.3 pages per minute (ppm), or 68.6 images per minute (ipm) – I’ve no doubt it would get closer to the stated 40ppm/80ipm maximum on a longer job.

Next I loaded the input with a truly unpleasant document comprising a mix of ageing, very thin magazine pages and a few A4 sheets. This particular document has passed through at least 50 scanners multiple times over the years, and it represents about the toughest test there is. The HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1 fed it without any issues, no matter how haphazardly I arranged it in the input.

View of the scanner with trays extended and a source document loadedView of the scanner with trays extended and a source document loaded
Image Credit (Trusted Reviews)

Like every document scanner I’ve tested, the 4200 s1 struggled to correct the orientation of one huge title page from a magazine, but otherwise the scanned document was straight and correctly orientated. I had no misfeeds, double-feeds or crumpling in my tests, although I expect the wide-opening mechanism would make it easy to retrieve anything that did get stuck.

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Upping the resolution to the maximum 600 dots per inch (dpi), I fed the scanner a batch of 22 postcard-sized photos. You can only scan the front side of these, which is a shame if you have a stack of actual postcards to capture, but it fed them through safely without bending them noticeably. The scanner moves more cautiously at this detail level, but it still completed the full job in a minute and a quarter.

Finally, I tried scanning my driving licence and passport. Here I found the bottom slot was a bit more picky about how you presented documents, but once I’d worked it out it proved reliable and fast.

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Front right view of the scanner with an Irish passport loaded in the lower slot.Front right view of the scanner with an Irish passport loaded in the lower slot.
Image Credit (Trusted Reviews)

I was very pleased with the quality of general document scans – at least I was once I’d tweaked the settings. Text and images were clear, and the sharpness and exposure were perfectly good enough for archival use in an office. ID card scans were fine, too, easily capturing numbers, photos and signatures.

This isn’t marketed as a photo scanner, and I wasn’t surprised to find the quality was a little weak. In particular, the HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1 struggled to get the details from dark shots, like the ripples on the water of a busy port at night. I used a Kodak Q60 colour target to check the scanner’s dynamic range; sure enough, it struggled to distinguish between very light shades, and it clumped together the darkest shades too. While photo scans were fine for occasional use, this wouldn’t be the right device to digitise your photo archive, even if doing so would be quick.

Front left view of the closed scannerFront left view of the closed scanner
Image Credit (Trusted Reviews)

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Should you buy it?

Buy if you need a front-of-house scanner

This is a specialised scanner, and it’s great for its intended role. If you need front-of-house scanning in a shop, hotel, bank or similar, it will do the job nicely.

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Don’t buy for more general use

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For everyday scans I’d recommend an MFP instead – ideally one with an automatic document feeder.

Final Thoughts

This looks like an overcomplicated scanner, but for the most part it’s very capable. It’s great for long documents, or for working your way through years of correspondence, and it’s ideal if you also need to capture ID. I love the way it closes up into a small, smart accessory when you’re not using it.

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That said, it’s a niche device. While it may be excellent for front desk or reception work, it’s not the best value document scanner I’ve tested, and its software may be a little lacking for power users. For everyday use, I’d choose an MFP with an automatic document feeder (ADF), but if you do run a hotel you’ll love it.

Test Data

  HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1

Full Specs

  HP ScanJet Pro 4200 s1 Review
Model Number 8Q4W2A#B19

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Daily Deal: Nix Mini 3 Color Sensor

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from the good-deals-on-cool-stuff dept

Instantly become a color expert with the Nix Mini 3 Color Sensor. This portable device puts all paint fan decks in your pocket, offering access to over 200,000 brand-name paint colors and essential color codes like RGB, HEX, and CMYK. Perfect for designers, contractors, and homeowners. The Mini 3 features Bluetooth connectivity, Debris and splash resistance, and free access to the Nix Toolkit app for precise and convenient color matching. This newest version improves accuracy with 3x enhanced resolution over the Mini 2 and significant improvements to battery life and Bluetooth connectivity. The Nix Mini 3 ensures reliable color management for any project. Additionally, it matches premium libraries like Pantone, RAL, and NCS with monthly or annual subscription options. It’s on sale for $69.97 for a limited time.

Note: The Techdirt Deals Store is powered and curated by StackCommerce. A portion of all sales from Techdirt Deals helps support Techdirt. The products featured do not reflect endorsements by our editorial team.

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Zillow tops estimates with $654M in Q4 revenue, up 18%

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(Zillow Image)

This story originally appeared on Real Estate News.

Despite all of the headlines Zillow faced last year involving various court cases, the company continued to outperform investor expectations in the fourth quarter.

Zillow’s revenue was up 18% for Q4 of 2025 and up 16% for the full year, according to its Feb. 10 earnings report. Zillow’s quarterly revenue, which came in at $654 million, was at the upper end of Zillow’s guidance and was slightly higher than what investors had projected.

The biggest percentage increases in revenue came from Zillow’s mortgage and rental divisions, which are both the focus of lawsuits that were filed last year. Revenue from the company’s mortgage division was up 39% to $57 million, while rental revenue was up 45% to $168 million.

And even though 2025 was a slow year for home sales nationally, traffic to Zillow’s websites and apps were up 8% in Q4 and visits were up 2% for the entire year.

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“We delivered strong results in the fourth quarter and throughout 2025, achieving all our reported full-year financial targets, including positive net income, while continuing to gain share in both For Sale and Rentals,” Zillow CEO Jeremy Wacksman said in a news release.

“As we celebrate 20 years of Zillow, our results demonstrate our disciplined and consistent execution of our strategy,” Wacksman added.

Key numbers

Revenue: $654 million in Q4, up 18% year-over-year. Residential revenue increased 8% to $418 million, mortgage revenue was up 39% to $57 million, and rentals revenue climbed 45% to $168 million.

For the full year, revenue was $2.6 billion, up 16% compared to 2024.

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Cash and investments: $1.3 billion at the end of 2025, down from $1.4 billion at the end of September.

Adjusted EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization): $149 million in Q4, up from $112 million a year earlier.

Net income/loss: A gain of $3 million in Q4, up from a $52 million loss a year ago. Zillow reported a net income gain of $23 million for the full year compared to a $112 million loss in 2024.

Traffic and visits: Traffic across all Zillow Group websites and apps totaled 221 million average monthly unique users in Q4, up 8% year-over-year, the company said. Visits were up 2% year-over-year to 2.1 billion.

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Q1 outlook: For the first quarter, Zillow estimates revenue will be in the $700 million to $710 million range.

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Stoke Space adds $350M to funding round as it gets ready for the first launch of its reusable rocket

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A propellant tank takes shape at Stoke Space's rocket factory in Kent, Wash.
A propellant tank takes shape at Stoke Space’s rocket factory in Kent, Wash. (Stoke Space Photo)

Kent, Wash.-based Stoke Space Technologies says it has added another $350 million to its previously announced Series D financing round, bringing the amount raised in the round to $860 million.

The fresh funding will go toward completing activation of the company’s Florida launch complex and expanding production capacity for its fully reusable Nova launch vehicle. Additional capital will be used to accelerate future elements on Stoke’s product road map.

Terms of the round were not disclosed. With the extension of the Series D round, Stoke has raised $1.34 billion to date.

The medium-lift Nova rocket is currently under development. First liftoff from Launch Complex 14 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station is expected sometime this year.

“We’re extremely grateful for our investors’ continued support,” Andy Lapsa, Stoke’s co-founder and CEO, said today in a news release. “We’re executing with urgency to bring Nova to market and deliver for our customers. It’s a special vehicle, and there’s more in the pipeline — we look forward to sharing those developments as they mature.”

Nova’s first-stage booster is designed to fly itself back to a landing pad, following a procedure similar to that used by SpaceX for its Falcon 9 rocket. The second stage would use an actively cooled heatshield to ease its descent through the atmosphere, and then touch down on its own set of landing legs.

While SpaceX and Blue Origin are focusing on heavy-lift rockets such as Starship and New Glenn, Stoke is targeting the medium-lift launch market. Even though Stoke Space hasn’t yet launched a rocket to orbit, it was added to the U.S. Space Force’s list of providers for national security launches last year.

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Best Speakers of 2026 – CNET

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Whether you’re interested in background music for your next party or you’re looking to upgrade a stereo system, there’s a speaker set ready for you. Speakers tend to be designed with a specific purpose in mind. For example, you might need speakers for your TV, computer speakers or a set for a specific room. Or perhaps you need portable Bluetooth speakers to take on a trip. There’s a speaker for every situation.

BLUETOOTH SPEAKER DEALS OF THE WEEK

Deals are selected by the CNET Group commerce team, and may be unrelated to this article.

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Not all speakers are created equal

I’ve highlighted the best wired and wireless speakers I’ve tested costing between $50 and $1,000. While most of the included systems are powered speakers, you’ll also find passive bookshelf speakers, such as the Elac Debut 2.0 B6.2, which just need to be paired with a great AV receiver

From smart speakers to outdoor speakers to immersive home theater systems, every model I’ve chosen boasts great sound quality and is the best speaker in its particular category. I’ll update this list periodically as we review new products, so you can take your audio setup to the next level.

Read more: Best Soundbar for 2025

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With great sound, a compact size and the Alexa voice assistant built-in, the Sonos Era 100 packs a lot of punch, making it the best smart speaker for the money.

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Elac has been belting out classic, affordable designs ever since its, er, debut in 2015. The Debut 2.0 exemplifies the brand’s appeal to both the budget-conscious and audiophiles. It offers a lively, insightful sound and attractive looks for around $400.

Pros

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  • Big, generously proportioned speakers
  • Excellent sound quality perfect for long binge sessions
  • Nothing holds a candle to it for the money

Cons

  • Could be smoother, especially with its lower register
  • Dustcaps didn’t quite line up

Want the biggest sound? You’ll need big speakers. The fit and finish of the large Fluance XL8 towers is unmatched by other speakers at its price. The sound of the XL8F is open and thrilling, but never shrill, and when fed a movie soundtrack these speakers simply zing. They’re no slouch with music either. If you truly want the maximum speaker for your money, the huge Fluance XL8F has no equal.

Pros

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  • Very compact (pocket-friendly)
  • More bass and volume than most speakers this small
  • Waterproof and dustproof (IP67)
  • Integrated strap
  • Can be linked to another StormBox Micro for stereo mode
  • USB-C charging
  • 8 hours of battery life

Cons

  • Not as durable as Bose SoundLink Micro
  • Distorts slightly at higher volumes with certain tracks

Budget Bluetooth speakers are seemingly a dime a dozen, but among the countless options there do lie some gems. The $50 Tribit Stormbox Micro is a compact, portable speaker that offers both waterproofing and excellent bass for its size.

Pros

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  • Compact, easy to set up and affordable
  • Excellent dialogue reproduction
  • Tried and true Roku experience

Cons

  • Lacks bass in movies and music

The $130 Roku Streambar is a hybrid soundbar-4K video streamer and the most welcome surprise is that it’s able to perform both tasks well. Pair it with a bedroom TV and the optional Onn Wireless Sub for a killer home theater setup.

If there was ever a bargain in home theater it was this — for around the same price as the Elac speakers above you can get a full Dolby Atmos setup. With a sub! Sound quality is excellent and the Klipsch kit includes all of the cables you need in the box.

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The Edifier R1280DB offers almost everything you could want in a PC speaker — excellent sound, a range of connections including Bluetooth and a compact footprint — and all for a reasonable $150. It doesn’t offer USB, though, so connect the headphone/line out of your PC to it instead.

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Pros

  • Excellent sound in a compact size
  • Amazon Alexa onboard
  • DTS Virtual:X
  • Articulate subwoofer

The Yamaha YAS-209 is one of the most fully featured soundbars the company has ever offered — especially at the price. With Alexa, HDMI connectivity and a wireless subwoofer, this soundbar doesn’t want for anything. The sound quality is great, too.

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Pros

  • Motorized speakers work well.
  • Excellent sound for movies and music.
  • Plenty of connections
  • Includes rears and wireless sub.

Cons

  • Not as easy to use as Sonos Arc
  • No Apple AirPlay support
  • Somewhat short surround cables

The Vizio Elevate may have one big gimmick at the core of it, that revolving height speaker, but it also offers sound quality to back up the gee-whizzery. This is a 5.1.4 Dolby Atmos soundbar, with a hefty subwoofer, and its performance is equally thrilling in both movies and music. Add in a bunch of streaming features and you have the best surround system under a grand.

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Techdirt Podcast Episode 443: The Supreme Court’s Internet Cases

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from the taking-an-interest dept

In the last few years, the Supreme Court has been paying a lot more attention to the internet than it ever has before, and the cases keep on coming. This is already having a big impact on how the internet functions, and it doesn’t look likely to stop any time soon. Given all that, this week our own Cathy Gellis joins the podcast for a discussion all about the past, present, and future of SCOTUS and the internet.

You can also download this episode directly in MP3 format.

Follow the Techdirt Podcast on Soundcloud, subscribe via Apple Podcasts or Spotify, or grab the RSS feed. You can also keep up with all the latest episodes right here on Techdirt.

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Filed Under: podcast, scotus, supreme court

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Managing your brand’s narrative in the AI age

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Earned media has always been hailed as the holy grail of PR due to its unparalleled ability to build trust. Most recent surveys state that 40%–60% of the population still trusts organic content the most, depending on the country. However, I see significant business risks in relying on organic PR only, especially now that various AI systems are on the rise. Robots don’t distinguish between earned and paid content when using it to generate answers. And that’s a wake-up call for us all to revise our PR strategies. The potential dangers of earned-only PR strategies The primary advantage of earned media,…
This story continues at The Next Web

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OpenAI policy exec who opposed chatbot’s “adult mode” reportedly fired on discrimination claim

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Ryan Beiermeister, who served as OpenAI’s vice president of product policy, was fired in January after a male colleague accused her of sex discrimination, the Wall Street Journal has reported.

“The allegation that I discriminated against anyone is absolutely false,” Beiermeister told the Journal. TechCrunch reached out to OpenAI for comment and also contacted an email that appears to be associated with Beiermeister; neither had responded at the time of publication.

Per the Journal’s report, Beiermeister’s termination came after she expressed criticism of a planned ChatGPT feature dubbed “adult mode.” The new mode would introduce erotica into the chatbot user experience. Fidji Simo, who serves as OpenAI’s CEO of Applications — a role overseeing the company’s consumer-facing products — has told reporters that the new feature is planned to launch during the first quarter of this year.

Beiermeister and others at the company have raised concerns about how the new “adult” feature could potentially impact certain users, according to the report.

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OpenAI reportedly said that Beiermeister, who was fired following a leave of absence, had “made valuable contributions during her time at OpenAI, and her departure was not related to any issue she raised while working at the company.” 

Beiermeister’s LinkedIn profile says she previously worked for four years on Meta’s product team and spent more than seven years working for Palantir.

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Discord Tries To Walk Back Age Verification Panic, Says Most Users Won’t Need Face Scans

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Discord has moved to calm a user backlash over its upcoming age verification mandate by clarifying that the “vast majority” of people will never be asked to confirm their age through a face scan or government ID.

The platform said it will instead rely on an internal “age prediction” model that draws on account information, device and activity data, and behavioral patterns across its communities to estimate whether someone is an adult. Users whose age the model cannot confidently determine will still need to submit a video selfie or ID.

Those not verified as adults or identified as under 18 will be placed in a “teen-appropriate” experience that blocks access to age-restricted servers and channels. The clarification came after users threatened to leave the platform and cancel Nitro subscriptions, and after a third-party vendor used by Discord for age verification suffered a data breach last year that exposed user information and a small number of uploaded ID cards.

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Android 17 Beta 1 is around the corner, will skip the traditional Developer Preview stage

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While Android beta testers were exploring the newly-launched Android 16 QPR3 Beta 2.1, Google decided to surprise everyone. The official Android Beta Program handle on Reddit has confirmed the arrival of Android 17 Beta 1, and it’s coming sooner than you’d think.

“We are looking forward to our next Beta program cycle that covers our Android 17 Platform Release (26Q2),” says Google. It says the upcoming update will build on the Android 16 QPR platform release and include the “latest bug fixes and improvements.”

A surprise at the end of the cycle

The timing isn’t exactly shocking, as Android 16 QPR3 Beta 2.1 is the last update in the cycle. What’s unique, however, is Google’s route. Instead of pushing Android 17 via the Developer Preview stage, the company is jumping straight into the first beta.

Current beta testers (those enrolled in the Android Beta Program with an eligible Pixel smartphone) will automatically receive the Android 17 update once it goes live (which could be sometime in the coming weeks).

On the one hand, it’s good that Google is seeding the Android 17 update promptly to beta testers, making the initial build available for a wider testing audience.

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The fine print beta testers shouldn’t ignore

However, once testers upgrade to Android 17 Beta 1, they won’t be able to roll back to the previous stable version until the cycle ends (which would be around June 2026) without wiping their device.

Anyways, that also implies that Google is planning to release the stable Android 17 version around the same time. Regular users should expect the major Android update to hit their Pixel devices in or around June 2026.

As for what’s new in Android 17 Beta 1? Google hasn’t spilled the beans yet. Even so, we expect to see the usual early-beta performance improvements and software refinements, sprinkled with a couple of visual adjustments.

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What George Washington Can Teach Us About Grace in the Wake of Violence

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This year, Americans are celebrating the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. That statement of foundational political principles and national identity in the summer of 1776 capped off a year of armed conflict marked by the first shots at Lexington and Concord, the shocking British casualties at Bunker’s Hill, and the ensuing siege of Boston in the spring and summer of 1775. Those conflicts saw the ascent of George Washington to the office of Commander in Chief of the Continental Army — the first national office held by the man who would earn the right to be called the father of our country. Like the greatest of statesmen, Washington proved equally capable of defending his country in war and of governing it in peace.

On Sept. 10, 2025, tragedy struck Utah Valley University, where I teach. At the time, my colleagues and I were hosting Junior ROTC cadets from around the state for the first of a series of Constitution Day events on the theme of George Washington’s constitutional legacy. Washington’s example of courage, moderation, wisdom and civic charity are always relevant models for American students. But that day, the importance of virtuous civic leadership in the face of threats to American prosperity and freedom was visceral and poignant.

For teachers, navigating Americans’ deep disagreements in the classroom feels risky. Early survey evidence suggests that the assassination of Charlie Kirk has only increased the tension. Rather than sparking a renewed commitment to open dialogue, Kirk’s killing has intensified the silence.

According to an October 2025 survey of college students from the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE), a notable portion of students have become less comfortable expressing their views on controversial topics in class (45 percent), in common campus spaces (43 percent), and on social media (48 percent), after what happened to Kirk.

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A general might seem like an odd model for civil discourse following such a tragic event, but in the American experience, our greatest military leaders furnish helpful examples. With Washington, this is not difficult to see.

At the most basic level, Washington’s steady devotion to the rule of law and constitutional self-government is foundational to Americans’ ability to navigate our political differences. We all operate under the same framework — the Constitution — and must adhere to it as our common bond, even as we seek to improve it and navigate our differences and disagreements about the common good.

Washington lived out this commitment in his conduct at Newburgh in 1783 when he put down a budding coup by his own disgruntled officers and later when he twice laid aside unparalleled executive power, first as commander in chief and later as president of the United States.

In his farewell address at the end of his long public service he pressed home the importance of constitutional fidelity as the bedrock of American citizenship.

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“The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their constitutions of government,” he wrote. “But the Constitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all.”

Navigating Disagreement With Respect

At a more practical level, Washington navigated constant opposition to his command of the Continental army with grace. As president, he presided over a cabinet riven by political division, and even personal animosity. He spoke to his fellow citizens across important differences in a way that reminded them of their common American citizenship and their common humanity. His letter to the Hebrew Congregation at Newport is a model.

But even more important than Washington’s ability to communicate what he held in common with his fellow citizens was his ability to do that while disagreeing with them fundamentally. While famously skeptical of political parties, Washington was not one to dodge controversy. He would not sacrifice his view of the common good for the sake of avoiding an argument.

Washington’s willingness to contend for his principles serves as an important lesson to students and teachers of civic education: civil discourse does not mean avoiding disagreement. It does not mean giving up or surrendering our convictions. It does not mean hiding or concealing our objections to laws or policies or ideas simply for the sake of maintaining the appearance of agreement and civility.

It’s easy to lament our fractured discourse. But as teachers and educators, we must work to repair it. School leaders and administrators should actively support civil discourse and defend the educators who teach it, as well as provide a forum for students who want to express their views. Fostering this courage isn’t about asking students to be martyrs for their beliefs. It’s about creating a positive environment for productive disagreement.

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For robust civil discourse, it is important to cultivate courage, humility and civic charity. To foster courage, teachers can scaffold robust debate by starting with discussion topics that lower the social risk of speaking and then building up to more challenging questions, so that each student has a chance to be heard. To instill humility, the first object of discourse should be on understanding a problem from all sides rather than settling a debate. Humility requires a recognition that we may be wrong, or at the very least that we certainly have something more to learn. Human beings are finite and rarely have a complete understanding of the question at hand.

Nurturing Humility and Reasoning Skills

Teachers can nurture civic charity by framing classroom debates as a collaborative, not confrontational, approach to a solution. The parliamentary model of addressing the chair rather than individuals in a debate can help students to see their peers not as enemies but as partners working towards a common goal.

Students should always be pressed to “steel man” arguments, even for positions they don’t hold. This builds intellectual humility, sharpens reasoning skills, and detaches contentious ideas from the people who hold them. Intellectually serious and fact-based comparisons between our present and the past are indispensable. Flippant dismissals of opposing views as fascist and communist will not advance the truth-seeking enterprise.

In other words, we can teach them to be like Washington, who used civil disagreement among his cabinet members to formulate compromises where possible and to proceed with decisions on controversial matters having treated all sides with due respect where compromise is not possible.

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I have so far suggested means of supporting civil discourse in the midst of our present divisions and about those issues that divide Americans. But perhaps the most important thing we do for students as civic educators is to help them step outside our current political divisions. Our founding principles and institutions form a pre-partisan constitutional inheritance that was crafted long before the left-right ideological frameworks and red-blue partisan divides we ham-handedly use to put ourselves in political tribes came into fashion.

Examining our country’s historical debates over how best to live up to our constitutional principles engages students with scenarios and questions for which their current partisan frameworks do not provide a clear answer. It reminds them, as Washington sought to do in his farewell address, of the inheritance they hold in common with each other as Americans.

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