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Surprise upset: GPT-5.5 beats Claude Fable 5 on brutal new Agents’ Last Exam benchmark

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Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley’s Center for Responsible, Decentralized Intelligence (RDI), alongside an advisory committee of over 300 domain experts, have launched Agents’ Last Exam (ALE)—a grueling new benchmark built to measure whether artificial intelligence can actually execute economically valuable, long-horizon professional workflows.

In a shocking upset, OpenAI’s GPT-5.5 from April, operating through the Codex harness, secured the absolute top spot on the new ALE Leaderboard with a 24.0% pass rate, beating Anthropic’s highly anticipated, brand new Mythos-class Claude Fable 5 model released just yesterday, which came in third with a score of 22.0%.

Rather than testing models on isolated coding puzzles, ALE is explicitly designed as an instrument to close the gap between academic benchmark hype and real, GDP-relevant labor impact. And right now, the data proves the most advanced models in the world are fundamentally failing the exam.

ALE Leaderboard full chart

ALE Leaderboard full chart. Credit: Agents’ Last Exam/UC Berkeley RDI

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ALE Leaderboard

ALE Leaderboard. Credit: Agents’ Last Exam/UC Berkeley RDI

Ending the Era of ‘Cheating’ and Brittle Graders

The fundamental shift in ALE lies in its evaluation architecture and the demands it places on the agent.

Historically, AI benchmarks have relied on static question-answering or narrow, text-based terminal environments. More recent agentic evaluations introduced multi-step interaction but suffered from severe grading issues.

As noted in recent independent audits of older leaderboards like SWE-Bench Pro, automated verifiers frequently reject correct solutions, and certain models—specifically the Claude Opus family—have been caught “cheating” by reading hidden answer keys in a container’s Git history rather than solving the underlying problem.

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ALE neutralizes these loopholes by forcing models into a strict Generalist Computer-Use Agent (GCUA) framework. To pass, an agent cannot merely execute terminal commands.

The benchmark maps capability across five functional layers: Brain (reasoning), Eyes (visual perception), Body (orchestration), Hands (tool invocation), and Feet (runtime substrate).

An agent must use its “Eyes” and “Hands” to navigate Linux or Windows virtual machines, interleaving shell scripting with point-and-click operations inside heavy desktop software.

Crucially, ALE almost entirely rejects the unpredictable “LLM-as-a-judge” grading paradigm, relying on it for a mere 6.8% of its workflows. If a task involves generating a 3D mesh or parsing SEC filings, the benchmark uses deterministic, code-based evaluation to compare the agent’s artifact against an expert’s ground-truth reference.

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Measuring Task Performance Across 55 Industries

ALE launches with 1,490 task instances and is scaling toward a massive 5,000-task target. What makes the product remarkable is its authenticity. The tasks are strictly anchored in the U.S. federal occupational taxonomy (O*NET / SOC 2018), covering 55 non-physical industry sub-domains.

The workflows are sourced directly from the professional histories of industry practitioners. Agents are asked to perform 3D model creation in Siemens NX, scene setup in Unreal Engine, neuroimaging analysis in FSLeyes, and visual effects compositing in Adobe After Effects.

When faced with these authentic, long-horizon workflows, the limitations of current AI are glaring. ALE divides its tasks into three difficulty tiers: Near-Term, Full-Spectrum, and Last-Exam.

Top 5 Agentic Harnesses on the ALE Leaderboard

Rank

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Agent Harness

Underlying Model

Pass Rate

Mean Score

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1

Codex

gpt-5-5

24.0%

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42.8%

2

Ale Claw

gpt-5-5

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23.0%

45.8%

3

Claude Code

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claude-fable-5

22.0%

40.5%

4

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OpenClaw

gpt-5-5

21.1%

41.0%

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5

Cursor CLI

composer-2-5

20.4%

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38.5%

The victory of GPT-5.5 aligns with recent third-party analysis suggesting that OpenAI’s models are currently superior at strictly adhering to multi-part, complex prompts. Conversely, users report Anthropic’s Claude architecture can sometimes be “forgetful” with multi-part instructions, abandoning required steps mid-workflow — a fatal flaw in ALE’s rigorous pipeline.

And while hitting a 24.0% pass rate is enough to claim the crown, the absolute performance ceiling remains remarkably low.

On the hardest “Last-Exam” tier — representing the frontier of professional difficulty — most configurations, including Anthropic’s older Claude Opus 4.8 and Google’s Gemini CLI, record a devastating 0.0% pass rate.

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Solving Benchmark Contamination

A core vulnerability in modern AI evaluation is “benchmark contamination”—the phenomenon where test questions inevitably leak into the massive data lakes used to train next-generation models. Once a model memorizes the benchmark, the evaluation becomes entirely useless.

ALE solves this through a dual-use deployment strategy. The project operates as an open-source research initiative, but it closely guards its evaluation data. Only about 10% of the dataset (roughly 150 tasks) is released publicly on platforms like GitHub and Hugging Face. The remaining 1,300+ tasks are kept strictly private.

For developers and enterprise evaluators, this means ALE functions as a “living benchmark”. Private tasks are systematically rotated into the public pool over time, while retired public tasks are swapped out.

This rolling release ensures that the evaluation surface remains uncontaminated across successive model generations, giving enterprise buyers confidence that an agent’s high score is earned, not memorized.

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Additionally, ALE provides transparency by tracking both “Full” and “Unlicensed” scores. Because real professional work often requires paid, proprietary software, the “Full” leaderboard incorporates tasks that rely on commercial CAD tools, paid APIs, or licensed datasets.

The “Unlicensed” tier drops these license-gated tasks to provide a clean, like-for-like comparison using only freely available tools, ensuring models aren’t simply rewarded for having access to paid enterprise software.

Bottom Line: ALE Shows Even the Highest-Performing Models and Harnesses Have Room for Improvement

For developers frustrated by the gap between marketing claims and actual production performance, ALE’s brutal grading curve is highly validating.

Zengyi Qin, an MIT PhD researcher and data contributor to the project, took to X to announce the launch, sharing images of the paper and the staggering 100+ institution contributor list.

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“Introducing Agents’ Last Exam (ALE),” Qin wrote. “Built by 300+ domain experts from 100+ institutions. Covering 55 industry domains. Claude Opus 4.8 has 0.0% pass rate on the hardest subset. Glad to have contributed to this benchmark”.

In a follow-up post highlighting the Hugging Face ArXiv paper link, Qin added:

“Very solid work from project leads @YiyouSun @Xinyang_Han_ @dawnsongtweets and @BerkeleyRDI”.

As businesses deploy billions in capital betting on AI agents, they desperately need a compass that points true north. If an agent can eventually conquer the gauntlet of Agents’ Last Exam, it won’t just be passing a test—it will be proving it is ready to join the workforce. Until then, the sobering pass rates on the leaderboard serve as a necessary reality check for the entire AI ecosystem.

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4 Of 2026’s Best Big-Screen Phones

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There was a time when smartphones rarely crossed the 5-inch mark. As the years have passed, though, screen sizes on smartphones have grown, with many devices now soaring past 6.5 inches. While there are still a handful of great compact phones, most mainstream devices are now designed around bigger screens that are generally better suited for content consumption and gaming.

Big smartphones also often pack in larger batteries, more powerful internals, and ample space for cooling. If you’re in the market for one, the good news is that you won’t have to look very hard. We’ve compiled a list of our favorite giant-screened smartphones you can buy in 2026. Since most devices — across different price points — sport screen sizes of 6.5 inches or more, we’re considering premium phones with displays measuring around 6.9 inches to be truly gigantic.

It’s worth noting that while foldables like the Galaxy Z Fold 7 technically unfold into tablet-sized displays, we’ve limited our picks to traditional candybar-style smartphones. This way, you still get to experience the perks of a larger screen without having to deal with the compromises that come with foldable smartphones. 

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OnePlus 15

OnePlus might not be a household name in the U.S., but it enjoys a very loyal user base owing to its mantra of producing flagship-level hardware at comparatively affordable price points. The company’s flagship for 2026 is the OnePlus 15 — a $900 offering that rivals the likes of the iPhone 17 Pro and Galaxy S26 Ultra in terms of performance. It also happens to sport a generous 6.78-inch LTPO AMOLED display, with thin, uniform bezels all around and a tiny notch to house the front-facing camera.

If you’re looking to maximize screen real estate for movies you’re watching or games you’re playing, the OnePlus 15 provides an excellent experience. The display’s hallmark feature this year is its ability to hit 165Hz in supported games. Being backed by the Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 SoC, the OnePlus 15 is probably one of the most powerful smartphones you can buy currently that makes good use of its internals.

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The display also supports HDR10+ and Dolby Vision and gets plenty bright outdoors with a peak brightness of 1,800 nits. Furthermore, OxygenOS remains one of the smoothest ways to experience Android. In our review of the OnePlus 15, we were particularly impressed with its 7,300 mAh silicon carbon battery, which lasted much longer than a single day in our test. The bundled 80W (or 120W in certain regions) SuperVOOC fast charger is simply the cherry on top.

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Google Pixel 10 Pro XL

At 6.8 inches, the Pixel 10 Pro XL by Google certainly lives up to its name. While Pixel smartphones aren’t necessarily known for their outright performance or endurance, they are a great option for those looking to enjoy Android in its purest form. Priced at $1,200, the Pixel 10 Pro XL features an LTPO OLED display that can hit refresh rates up to 120Hz. Google calls it a Super Actua display, which is just a fancy way of saying it can get really bright outdoors, with the display capable of up to 3,300 nits of peak brightness.

The bezels aren’t as slim as other flagships, but they’re uniform and are accompanied by a small enough notch for the front-facing camera. If you’re eyeing a Pixel, you’re likely doing it for the software experience and camera performance, both of which, as we’ve discussed in our review of the Pixel 10 Pro XL, are still among the best in the industry. Google promises up to seven years of major operating system updates, which include frequent Pixel Drops that introduce exciting new features.

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Apple iPhone 17 Pro Max

Apple went from releasing one or two smartphones a year to maintaining an entire fleet of iPhones — from the affordable iPhone 17e to the design-focused iPhone Air. The top-of-the-line iPhone 17 Pro Max is the most powerful smartphone the company sells, and it also happens to be the largest. It sports a mammoth 6.9-inch Super Retina XDR OLED display with a peak brightness of 3,000 nits. There’s support for HDR10 and Dolby Vision, and since this is a ProMotion panel, you get a 120Hz refresh rate, too.

Surprisingly, even with a much bigger notch that houses the Face ID scanner in addition to the front-facing camera, the iPhone 17 Pro Max boasts a higher screen-to-body ratio compared to the Pixel 10 Pro XL, thanks to its ultra-slim uniform bezels. The notch does get in the way when viewing widescreen movies, but human eyes are remarkably good at tuning it out in a few minutes. Besides,  the Dynamic Island housed in that notch offers some genuinely useful ways to interact with Live Activities on the iPhone.

Pricing starts at $1,200, which gets you Apple’s most powerful smartphone chip, the A19 Pro. Aside from its screen and performance, our review of the iPhone 17 Pro Max also found that its triple-camera setup is great at capturing natural-looking photos and that the phone’s large battery lasts all day. Apple is also great with OS updates, with the iOS 27 update scheduled for fall 2026 promising performance and stability improvements and an updated version of Siri.

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Samsung Galaxy S26 Ultra

If you’re in the market for a high-octane Android phone with reliable cameras, the Galaxy S26 Ultra is difficult to beat. It’s powered by the Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 chip and houses a quad-camera setup on the rear, including a 200-megapixel primary lens, two telephoto lenses, and an ultrawide sensor. Also impossible to ignore on every Galaxy S Ultra flagship is the display. This time, you get a giant 6.9-inch 120Hz AMOLED panel with a peak brightness of 2,600 nits. The display has slim bezels and a tiny hole-punch cutout for the front-facing camera.

The Galaxy S26 Ultra also offers an anti-reflective coating, which helps reduce glare when using it under harsh lighting. We’ve reviewed previous generations of the Galaxy S Ultra before, and although the changes have been pretty incremental since, it continues to offer some of the best multimedia experiences you can get on a smartphone.

Samsung’s flagship also has something that every other mainstream smartphone, irrespective of screen size, lacks — a built-in stylus. The S Pen is a great way to make the most of the Galaxy S26 Ultra’s massive display for taking notes, doodling, or simply editing images with greater precision. On top of that, Samsung’s Galaxy AI features continue to grow, and the manufacturer promises up to seven years of OS updates as well. Pricing starts at $1,300, making it as expensive as it is big.

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AI The Truly Environmentally Friendly Way

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A common complaint about the rise of commercial AI services is that they are power-hungry and thus damage the environment. If this concerns you then [Squeezlabs] has the solution, in the form of an AI powered by a handcrank.

The guts of the system is a Raspberry Pi 5 running llama.cpp and appropriate speech conversions, but it and the Large Language Model (LLM) side are not the most interesting part of this system. The power comes from a hand crank charger of the type you’ll see for sale on the likes of AliExpress, designed for USB charging. That in itself is not enough to power the Pi though, as upticks in the processing can cause brownouts that crash the machine. Thus there’s a custom-made capacitor board to take up the strain, and even with that the handle resistance varies significantly depending on the computing load.

We can see that this is not the ideal way to experience an LLM, but maybe that’s not the point. It does however point towards a future in which the power demands of processing decrease and less effort is required. Meanwhile, this is by no means the first hand cranked project we’ve seen.

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If Your Car Has A Snowflake Button Near The Gear Shift, Here’s What It Does

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Depending on the car you have and the region it’s sold in, you may have spotted a little snowflake button sitting somewhere near your gear shift. You might be wondering what it does, and even more so if you’ve also got another snowflake button in your car, sitting near the climate controls. The short answer is that it turns on a dedicated Snow Mode, a driver setting that tunes your car for snowy and slippery conditions.

In that kind of weather, it’s very easy for your wheels to spin too quickly and lose traction, so to make up for that, Snow Mode makes your car slower to react when your foot lands on the accelerator. At the same time, the transmission changes its habits, shifting into higher gears earlier than normal – so early, in fact, that it sometimes pulls away in second gear rather than first. Even the traction control, which you should never turn off, gets jumpier and steps in sooner, especially when it senses a wheel losing grip. In Hyundai’s version (available on the Tucson, Venue, and Santa Fe), the wheel spin is checked every fiftieth of a second, and if one tire starts to slide, it quietly shuffles torque over to the others, helping keep you pointed where you actually meant to go.

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Snow mode comes in various flavors

Of course, plenty of other brands offer the mode besides Hyundai. On Toyota and Lexus, you actually get proper buttons. Hop into a Highlander, for instance, and you’ll see a Snow button right on the center console, sometimes badged ECT Snow. Lexus uses a near-identical button or switch. Subaru runs its own take too, only it badges the whole thing X-Mode instead of Snow. It’s actually mostly older cars that slap the snowflake symbol on the button, though, like the Saturn Astra.

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On most other brands, the snow mode is tucked in alongside their other drive modes. Hyundai routes it through Drive Mode Select, while Ford spins it onto a rotary dial, where it’s sometimes called Slippery Mode. Then there’s Land Rover, which folds it into a combined Grass, Gravel and Snow setting. The mode may be badged differently as well, like Winter or a plain W. On newer models, you may not get any physical button or dial at all and might have to dig through the touchscreen menus to find it. However it’s presented, it basically works the same way across companies, mostly softening the throttle and reining in wheelspin.

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When to use snow mode

As for when to use it, the rule of thumb is pretty simple. It’s meant to be flipped on the moment the road turns nasty, whether that’s fresh snow, packed ice, or freezing rain. It also helps when you’re crawling up a slick hill. And some folks even use it in mud, if there’s no dedicated mode for that, since the same low-grip logic applies. The setting is usually pretty flexible too, and you don’t necessarily have to be parked to switch it on. Volkswagen, for one, lets you jump into Snow Mode mid-drive.

As for the other side of things, the mode doesn’t do anything that’d make it unsafe under normal conditions. Still, running it then is pointless since it dulls your acceleration and quietly eats into your fuel economy, so it’s best to flip it off once the pavement is dry. Just keep in mind that it isn’t magic. All it really does is make your car a bit less excitable so it doesn’t get away from you. It won’t save bald tires or rescue you off a sheet of ice. For those more extreme cases, you’d be better off fitting your tires with some of the best tire chains.

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YouTube and FIFA Expand World Cup Partnership With Inaugural Creator Cup Match

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Earlier this year, FIFA named YouTube a preferred partner for experiencing the World Cup 2026. On Wednesday, the next step in this partnership was announced, with the inaugural YouTube FIFA Creator Cup. It’s an exhibition match that’ll feature popular content creators from the platform, as well as athletes and celebrities. It’ll take place in New York City on July 12, ahead of the FIFA World Cup Final.

The Creator Cup is the latest step in FIFA’s moves to broaden soccer’s appeal through creator-involved content, potentially reaching the platform’s digital audience. The creators, athletes and celebrities competing in the match will be announced closer to the date.

Being a FIFA preferred partner means YouTube will, for the first time ever, broadcast unique World Cup-themed coverage — including the ability for viewers to stream the first 10 minutes of each game live on approved creators’ channels. 

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The roster of approved creators includes: Anwar JibawiAra y FerAshley AlexanderCeline DeptCourtreezyDeestroyingHaley KalilHorchata SotoHowieazyJeenie WeenieJenny HoyosJesserKelly WakasaKika KimKYLECTRIXKwak YoongyMax the Meat GuyNeagleNoor StarsThe SidemenSonrixsTokaiOnAirRYOViniblogger and Zhong.

According to the platform, these creators have collectively amassed more than 350 million subscribers, all specializing in different content niches from sports analysis to food features, social challenges and travel videos. This means you’ll have an array of options to choose from for unique programming featuring your favorite YouTube personalities, all while still getting your World Cup fix.

A YouTube spokesperson didn’t immediately respond to our request for further comment.

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Why the Social Media Addiction Case Isn’t Over Yet

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Algorithms. Beauty filters. Endless scrolling.

The case over “social media addiction” against Meta and Google in a California courtroom ultimately came down to these elements, legal experts say, and what a jury found was negligence on social media companies’ part when designing apps where tweens and teens would come to spend roughly one-fifth of their day.

Joseph McNally, former federal prosecutor and director of Emerging Torts and Litigation at McNicholas & McNicholas in California, says jurors agreed with the novel legal argument that Meta and Google were negligent in their design of Instagram and YouTube, respectively, contributing to the mental health problems of the plaintiff. Parent companies of Snapchat and TikTok settled with the plaintiffs before the trial.

McNally and other experts tell EdSurge the verdict will affect thousands of similar cases and influence how tech companies roll out their features — and that the legal tussle over where liability falls when it comes to youth mental health isn’t over yet. With the social media giants vowing to appeal, the case could end up before the U.S. Supreme Court.

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Email Evidence

The impact left by the presentation of internal company emails was undeniable, McNally says. Internal Meta communications showed that employees raised alarms about the potential harm to teen girls posed by a beauty filter. Documents also showed they knew that users much younger than 13 — the minimum age required for sign up — were on their platforms, he adds.

“They looked the other way because — the plaintiffs argued — they had a long-term benefit, long-term value of hooking those users early,” McNally says. “I think that the emails painted a picture of a company whose own employees were raising concerns about features in the product, and the plaintiff effectively used those emails to show that they knew about the risk of the product.”

“Addictive” Design

If Meta and Google had settled, the court wouldn’t have had cause to grapple with the legal question of whether social media companies can be held liable for harm caused by their design. But from the defense’s perspective, tech companies had been solidly protected by Section 230 in the past, explains Princess Uchekwe, corporate attorney and founder of The Chief Counsel in New York. That’s the part of the 1996 Communications Decency Act that shields websites and online platforms from being sued over content posted by users.

Just one day before the California verdict, a New Mexico jury found Meta liable in a $375 million consumer protection lawsuit over its failure to protect children from social media harm on its platforms.

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“What the lawyers for the plaintiffs were arguing is, essentially, it’s not the content that we have a problem with,” Uchekwe says, “It’s the fact that when people use your platform, you have implemented certain features that make it almost impossible for people to leave. You can scroll into the bottomless pit of hell on Instagram, and nothing ever tells you, ‘Maybe you should pause.’”

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The Appeal of an Appeal

The $6 million in damages is a drop in the bucket for the two social media giants, but McNally says there are potential benefits to appealing the ruling anyway. There are thousands more consumer lawsuits against social media companies around the country, with school districts joining as plaintiffs.

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One is that an appellate court might find that the long-time protections that social media companies have relied on should have come into play. The verdict barreled through the defenses raised by Section 230, which protects platforms from claims of harm caused by third-party content. It’s a policy that makes a free and open internet possible.

“[Section] 230 has resulted in the dismissal of hundreds of lawsuits over the years where they would’ve otherwise faced hundreds of millions of dollars in liability,” McNally says. “An appeal [based on] Section 230, which is a federal statute, could make its way up to the Supreme Court, who would have the final word on the scope. [If the] court of appeals remanded it back to the trial court and said, ‘Look, Section 230 applies,’ it would essentially bar these claims [of harm caused by the design].”

Uchekwe says failure to win an appeal could be “almost devastating” for tech companies due to the sheer amount of damages they could have to pay across thousands of similar lawsuits, along with the cost of restructuring how their apps function. That could mean rethinking features like targeted algorithms, the ability to endlessly scroll and notifications that draw users back into the app.

“Not only social media companies,” Uchekwe says, “all tech companies that have implemented things like that, especially if they have children as a base, are going to have to start reconsidering.”

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First Amendment Question

There’s also a First Amendment case to be made, McNally adds. Some legal experts, including UC Berkeley law professor Erwin Chemerinsky, argue that the “addictive” algorithms that came under fire during the trial are protected free speech. If that argument succeeds on appeal, it could stop the legal cases arguing product liability in their tracks.

“If the Supreme Court overturned it based on Section 230 and the First Amendment, it’s unlikely there’s going to be a new trial. It would likely be dismissed,” McNally says. “I won’t say that with certainty, but the prospects of dismissal would be pretty good for the defendants.”

Ripple Effect

McNally says the fact that a jury ruled Meta and Google’s app features were “unreasonably unsafe for its users” creates challenges for them in the swaths of similar lawsuits they’re facing. Plaintiffs in those cases still must prove a direct link between the social media companies and the harm they’re alleging.

“I think it’s going to result in some cases probably moving closer to settlement, but in all those cases, I think that the defendants are going to be looking closely at the causation issue,” McNally says. “There’s probably other cases out there where the evidence of causation is not as strong, and those cases may be harder for a plaintiff to get across the finish line.”

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Uchekwe predicts that if the verdict sticks, tech companies — especially those with users who are under 18 — will be forced to retool their app features to encourage users to spend less time on their platforms. That could hurt the companies’ ad revenue and their ability to gather data on users.

“Undoing some of those things may decrease their bottom line, but I’m not sure it will do it to the extent that it’s detrimental to their revenue,” Uchekwe says. “If you weigh the benefits of putting these safeguards in for children versus your revenue, I never think that your profit should come at the expense of a generation of people.”

Nadia Tamez-Robledo (@nadiatamezr) is a reporter covering K-12 education for EdSurge with focuses on student and teacher mental health and changing demographics. You can reach her at nadia [at] edsurge [dot] com.

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Which Warehouse Store Opened First?

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William Shakespeare wrote “The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark” (which, for obvious reasons, is typically referred to as just “Hamlet”) somewhere around 1600. And for centuries, the age-old philosophical question was, “To be, or not to be?” Had ol’ Willy been born in modern times, though, that question might instead have been, “To Costco, or to Sam’s Club?” Because if we’re being honest, that’s a far more important question, as it directly impacts our wallets on a near-every-day basis.

Most of us who visit these big-box stores are looking for a way to save money. When we leave pushing two carts full of stuff we didn’t know we needed in the first place, though, did we really save anything at all? Consumerist anxieties aside, believe it or not, both stores opened in 1983 and began the Costco versus Sam’s Club rivalry we still have today. They’re almost like a modern-day Hatfields and McCoy, but the preferred weapon of choice is bucks over bullets.

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Technically, Sam’s Club (founded by Walmart’s Sam Walton) struck first, flinging open the doors to its first members-only store in Midwest City, Oklahoma, in April of 1983. Costco opened its first store in Seattle, Washington, just a few months later, in September of that same year. While both started in the same year, the story of these two economic juggernauts (and their rivalry isn’t that clean and simple.

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Price Club, Costco, and Sam’s Club rattled sabers

A store called Price Club opened in 1976 in what had once been an airplane hangar on Morena Boulevard in San Diego, California. Founded by Sol Price and his son, Robert, it’s considered the world’s first membership warehouse club, and initially catered only to business customers in need of supplies and wholesale items. Jim Sinegal was the executive vice president of merchandising, distribution, and marketing for this lone warehouse store, which took off and thrived for several years.

In April 1983, Walmart’s Sam Walton launched his competing chain, Sam’s Club. Then, Jim Sinegal, taking what he had learned from Price Club, teamed up with Jeffrey Brotman to open the first Costco in September of the same year — and the big box store war truly began. A decade later, Sam’s Club was the dominant leader, raking in $14.7 billion annually at its roughly 400 stores. Second, with 94 stores, was Price Club, while Costco’s 103 stores placed it in third.

Realizing they wouldn’t be able to win the war by maintaining that status quo, Price Club merged with Costco in 1993, with the new enterprise relaunching as PriceCostco. The new company quickly generated $16 billion annually from 206 stores, edging out Sam’s Club, and eventually renamed itself Costco in 1997. Today, Sam’s Club and Costco are locked in a seemingly never-ending battle, with the two companies vying to offer the better deal on tires, televisions, and other goods to customers.

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Time Capsule support is dead in macOS 27

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Apple has terminated support for AFP in macOS 27, effectively killing off the Time Capsule. However, affected owners might be able to revive their hardware.

A long-discontinued network storage device, Time Capsules gave Mac users a way to back up over a home network using Time Machine. While the hardware hasn’t been available for quite a few years, support continued up to macOS 26.

However, as warned in macOS Sequoia 15, support for the Apple Filing Protocol, AFP, was being deprecated and removed in a future macOS release. That turned out to be macOS 27, thanks to a notice in macOS 26 warning about the end of support for AirPort Disk and other Time Capsule disks.

This is an issue that affects Time Capsule specifically, as it relies on AFP for its connectivity. While Time Capsule does include support for SMBv1 (Server Message Block), it was only supported in macOS 26 as a deprecated measure.

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From macOS 27 onwards, Time Machine will require hardware using SMBv2 or SMBv3. This will mean it will work with modern NAS devices, but not Time Capsules.

Life finds a way

While Time Capsules in their normal state won’t work for Time Machine, there are efforts to try and add the required functionality to the hardware.

A GitHub project we wrote about in April, titled TimeCapsuleSMB, aims to update the outdated SMB layer with a newer one, while keeping Apple’s firmware untouched. This way, Apple’s file sharing stays enabled, so your internal disk, or connected USB ones, keep auto-mounting and working on the forthcoming macOS 27.

Really, it’s a modern Samba build to manage file sharing that’s loaded onto the Time Capsule. It runs Samba 4.24.3 server, advertises itself with Bonjour, and accepts authenticated SMB3 connections.

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At that point, assuming the project ever works, you can connect to the server using a normal SMB URL, and then use it for Time Machine backups.

When we first wrote about the project, there were concerns that it was more a proof-of-concept than a full project. However, at the time of publication, there have been many commits to the project, including some that are just hours old.

According to the project’s requirements, you need to use a Mac running macOS 14 or later, or a Linux device on the same local network as the Time Capsule. You also need the password for the Time Capsule, as well as Homebrew, Python 3.9 or later, and smbclient installed locally.

The instructions to install it are quite complex, which puts the project out of reach of the typical user. However, near the top is a “Quick Start” option that relies on just five commands, streamlining the process.

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As it stands, Time Machine users have few choices in how they maintain their backups. They could look for an external drive or invest in a NAS, as the most obvious, if expensive, solutions.

But, with a project like TimeCapsuleSMB, there’s a chance of reviving an underappreciated part of Apple’s former product line.

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Every employee’s password was stored in a single Excel file

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SECURITY

The CEO thought this was the best way to deal with some email issues

PWNED Welcome, once again, to PWNED, the weekly screed where we highlight those who did not do the deed of securing their systems. If someone left their passwords or their access exposed, we will be writing about them here.

Have a story about someone leaving a gaping hole in their network? Share it with us at pwned@sitpub.com. Anonymity is available upon request.

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This week’s terrifying tale of poor security hygiene comes courtesy of Luke Irwin, CEO and principal consultant at Aegis Cybersecurity. He’s been in the industry for more than a quarter of a century and he knows where the bits are buried. 

At one point, Irwin consulted for a company that was a large national facility services organization, a 2,000-employee firm that provided cleaning, security guards, industrial abseiling (cleaning the facade), and other things that other large businesses need to keep their physical plants running smoothly.

The CEO had one very peculiar idea about how to keep his own house in order: he wanted to have access to every one of his employees’ login credentials.

The chief executive had an Excel spreadsheet sitting right on his desktop with a complete list of all the employee usernames and passwords. Let that sink in for a second. One person had all the keys to the castle in a single, easily accessible file.

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In any decent security setup, no one in the company has access to anyone else’s password. Even the head of the IT department should not know another employee’s password. I say this as someone who used to work for a company where the IT department would ask you to DM them your password if you had computer problems.

But this company’s CEO wanted the usernames and passwords for reasons I’m sure any of his employees would appreciate: so he could go into their email accounts! He had an experience where one colleague had sent secret information to the entire company via email and he had spent the evening logging into every single account and deleting the message before anyone could see it.

Just in case other messages were sent in error in the future, the CEO wanted the ability to log into all the relevant accounts and delete them himself. Perhaps for the same reason, he would not allow MFA (multi-factor authentication), because that would have kept him out of people’s inboxes. He was adamant even though the company had been the victim of a ransomware incident previously. 

“Despite repeated advice, he held that position for around four months, until we were able to demonstrate that the IT team could remove messages centrally using fairly simple administrative commands, without needing everyone’s password,” Irwin said.

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Even after getting rid of the Excel sheet of shame, the boss still refused to turn on MFA and the company subsequently suffered two data breaches involving sensitive client data. 

Unfortunately, this company wasn’t the only one that Irwin worked with where the management had something against MFA. Another client, this one in the medical sector, was opposed to multi-factor authentication because it “made things just a little too hard” for the external consultants they were using to access their systems.

During the time that Irwin worked with that company, they got lucky and no one breached them. But since then, he’s seen signs that their data was available on the dark web. No word on whether they ever switched MFA on.

There’s plenty to learn from Irwin’s two clients, but it’s all pretty obvious. First, don’t let anyone, even administrators or CEOs, have other people’s passwords. If someone has to get into another person’s email account, have IT use administrative access. Second, always enable MFA, preferably MFA with passkeys. ®

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The researcher Microsoft threatened just dropped a seventh Windows zero-day hours after Patch Tuesday

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TL;DR

Chaotic Eclipse dropped RoguePlanet, their seventh Windows zero-day, hours after Microsoft’s record Patch Tuesday. It grants SYSTEM access on fully patched machines.

Chaotic Eclipse, the security researcher Microsoft threatened with criminal prosecution, has published a seventh Windows zero-day exploit. Called RoguePlanet, it grants attackers SYSTEM privileges on fully patched Windows 10 and 11 machines. The researcher released the proof-of-concept hours after Microsoft shipped its June Patch Tuesday update, which fixed a record 200 vulnerabilities.

RoguePlanet exploits a race condition in Windows Defender’s internal processing logic. Specifically, it is a Time-of-Check to Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) vulnerability. An unprivileged user can redirect a file operation performed by Defender, which runs as SYSTEM, to execute attacker-controlled code at the highest privilege level.

The exploit is a race condition, so it’s a hit or miss,” the researcher said. “I have managed to get a 100% success rate on some machines while it struggled to work on others.

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Security firm ThreatLocker confirmed the flaw works and published a video demonstration. “Our initial analysis confirms that the RoguePlanet exploit is viable and performs as described,” said CEO Danny Jenkins. He added that application allowlisting can prevent the exploit from executing.

The proof-of-concept was published on a self-hosted Git repository after the researcher said Microsoft had both GitHub and GitLab repositories hosting earlier work removed. This is part of an escalating dispute. Microsoft invoked its Digital Crimes Unit against the researcher and revoked access to their Microsoft Security Response Center account.

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Chaotic Eclipse has disclosed seven zero-days in a matter of months: BlueHammer, RedSun, UnDefend, YellowKey, GreenPlasma, MiniPlasma, and now RoguePlanet. Microsoft’s June Patch Tuesday fixed two of them, GreenPlasma and YellowKey, but the rest remain unpatched. The researcher says the disclosures are retaliation for how Microsoft handled the process.

They mopped the floor with me and pulled every childish game they could,” the researcher wrote. “I was wondering if I was dealing with a massive corporation or someone who is just having fun seeing me suffer.

The timing is pointed. Microsoft’s June Patch Tuesday was its largest ever, fixing 200 vulnerabilities including 33 rated critical and three publicly disclosed zero-days. Analysts attribute the surge in part to AI-assisted code auditing, which is finding vulnerabilities faster than defenders can patch them. RoguePlanet arriving hours after the record update underscores the gap: even the biggest patch cycle in Microsoft’s history was immediately obsolete for anyone running Windows Defender.

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Process 4 Billion Pixels Per Second From 16 DIY Cameras For The Best V-Tubing Rig Ever

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[Dennis] is on YouTube with his channel “Made By Dennis,” but for the record he is a maker, not a V-tuber. On the other hand, his latest project– creating a profesisonal-level tracking rig with DIY IR cameras and a whole lot of moxie–does mean he’s now equipped to make the move to the prestigious, high-status world of pretending to be an anime girl.

That is of course not why he did it. Like most projects around here, the motivation was more a case of “I wonder if I can…”– in this case [Dennis] wondered what it would take for him to pull off the same sort of optical motion capture, or MoCap, that is used in Hollywood studios. Optical mocap has the advantage of being very precise, able to track things at high speeds, and not being in any way limited to the human form like the slew of AI-assisted methods hitting the market right now. The disatvantage is that you need to place markers on any part of your subject you want tracked, film them from all angles, and process a whole lot of pixels. In [Dennis]’s case, it ended up being about four billion. Keeping in mind that actually locating those points in 3D space is dependent on knowing exactly where your cameras are: if you want sub-millimeter precision, your cameras need to be fixed with sub-millimeter tolerance. It’s a big project, hence a long video, which is embedded below.

The DIY cameras use a AR0234 MIPI camera on a custom PCB with M12 lenses and IR filters. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio on optical MoCap, it’s standard to use near-IR light. The camera boards, as you might expect given the MIPI interface, hook into Raspberry Pi compute modules– the cheapest CM4 should work, though he’s using CM5s. The compute modules sit on custom boards that provide PoE, and some other niceties– like a small microcontroller driven by the pulse-per-second pin to help trigger the cameras in sync.

Each camera gets a ring light of near-IR LEDs that pulse at 160 W, which would be way more than PoE is specced to provide, but since the LEDs are only on when the camera is taking a frame, the average power is well within allowable limits. With 16 cameras each having their own ring light, that’s a lot of near-IR photons. Don’t forget your safety squints!

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Rather than process the images with OpenCV, he has his own custom solution optimized for this use-case that [Dennis] reports is 300x faster. Luckily, he’s put his implementation on GitHub, along with the rest of the project. Even if you don’t have any v-tubing ambitions, this project is very impressive and worth checking out in its entirety.

Optical MoCap isn’t the only game in town, of course. If you want to do this cheap and easy, you can strap a bunch of IMU sensors to yourself– just don’t expect the same precision.

Thanks to [Dennis] for the tip!

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