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VMware Workstation Pro 25H2 focuses on platform updates, adding USB 3.2 support, newer virtual hardware, improved Hyper-V detection, and compatibility with recent Linux releases like Debian 13, Fedora 42, and RHEL 10, plus a new dictTool utility for working with configuration files.

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What Exoskeleton Technology Learned From One User

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It’s easy to assume that Robert Woo was defined by the accident that took away his ability to walk.

Certainly, the day of his accident—14 December 2007—was a turning point. Woo, an architect working on the new Goldman Sachs headquarters in New York City, hadn’t attended his company’s holiday party the night before, and that morning he was the only one in the trailer that served as the construction-site office. He was bent over his laptop when, 30 floors above, a crane’s nylon sling gave way, sending about 6 tonnes of steel plummeting toward the trailer. The roof collapsed, folding Woo in half and smashing his face into his laptop, which smashed through his desk.

“I was conscious throughout the whole ordeal,” Woo remembers. “It was an out-of-body experience. I could hear myself screaming in pain. I could hear the voices of the rescue workers. I heard one firefighter say, ‘Don’t worry, we’re getting to you.’” The rescue workers hauled him out of the rubble and got him to the emergency room in 18 minutes flat; with one lung crushed and the other punctured, he wouldn’t have lasted much longer. In those frantic early moments, a doctor told him that he might be paralyzed from the neck down for the rest of his life. He remembers asking the doctors to let him die.

Woo simply couldn’t imagine how a paralyzed version of himself could continue living his life. Then 39 years old, he worked long hours and jetted around the world to supervise the construction of skyscrapers. More important, he had two young boys, ages 6 months and 2 years. “I couldn’t see having a life while being paralyzed from the neck down, not being able to teach my boys how to play ball,” he recalls. “What kind of life would that be?”

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Robert Woo walks inside the Wandercraft facility in New York City using the company’s latest self-balancing exoskeleton. Nicole Millman

But in a Manhattan showroom last May, Woo showed that he’s not defined by that accident, which left him paralyzed from the chest down, but with the use of his arms. Instead, he has defined himself by how he has responded to his injury, and the new life he built after it.

In the showroom, Woo transferred himself from his wheelchair to a 80-kilogram (176-pound) exoskeleton suit. After strapping himself in, he manipulated a joystick in his left hand to rise from a chair and then proceeded to walk across the room on robotic legs. Woo’s steps were short but smooth, and he clanked as he walked.

This exoskeleton, from the French company Wandercraft, is one of the first to let the user walk without arm braces or crutches, which most other models require to stabilize the user’s upper body. The battery-powered exoskeleton took care of both propulsion and balance; Woo just had to steer. The bulky apparatus had a backplate that extended above Woo’s head, a large padded collar, armrests, motorized legs, and footplates. Walking across the room, he appeared to be half man, half machine. On the other side of the showroom’s plate-glass window, on Park Avenue, a kid walking by with his family came to a dead halt on the sidewalk, staring with awe at the cyborg inside.

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Person seated wearing a full lower-body robotic exoskeleton for mobility assistance

Close-up of a hand operating the joystick and controls on a powered wheelchair armrestRobert Woo prepares to walk in a Wandercraft exoskeleton; the device’s controller enables him to stand up, initiate walk mode, and choose a direction. Bryan Anselm/Redux

The amazement on the boy’s face was reminiscent of Woo’s young sons’ reaction when they saw a photo of Woo trying out an early exoskeleton, back in 2011. “Their first comment was, ‘Oh, Daddy’s in an Iron Man suit,’” he remembers. Then they asked, “When are you going to start flying?” To which Woo replied, “Well, I’ve got to learn how to walk first.”

The title of exoskeleton superhero suits Woo. He’s as soft-spoken and mild-mannered as Clark Kent, with a smile that lights up his face. Yet the strength underneath is undeniable; he has built a new life out of sheer determination.

For 15 years, he’s been a test pilot, early adopter, and clinical-study subject for the most prominent exoskeletons under development around the world. He placed the first order for an exoskeleton that was approved for home use, and he learned what it was like to be Iron Man around the house. Throughout it all, he has given the companies detailed feedback drawn from both his architectural design skills and his user experience. He has shaped the technology from inside of it.

Saikat Pal, a researcher at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, in Newark, met Woo during clinical trials for Wandercraft’s first model. Like so many others in the field, Pal quickly recognized that Woo brought a lot to the table. “He’s a super-mega user of exoskeletons: very enthusiastic, very athletic,” Pal says. “He’s the perfect subject.”

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By pushing the technology forward, Woo has paved the way for thousands of people with spinal cord injuries as well as other forms of paralysis, who are now benefiting from exoskeletons in rehab clinics and in their homes. “Our bionics program at Mount Sinai started with Robert Woo,” says Angela Riccobono, the director of rehabilitation neuropsychology at Mount Sinai Hospital, in New York City, where Woo became an outpatient after his accident. “We have a plaque that dedicates our bionics program to him.”

Robert Woo walks down a sidewalk in New York City in 2015 using a ReWalk exoskeleton, one of the first exoskeletons designed for use outside the rehab clinic. Eliza Strickland

It’s a fitting tribute. Woo’s post-accident life has been marked by victories, frustrations, deep love, and one devastating loss, and yet he has continued to devote himself to bionics. And while his vision for exoskeletons hasn’t changed, experience has reshaped what he expects from them in his lifetime.

Long before Woo ever stood up in a robotic suit, he had developed the habits of mind that would later make him an unusually perceptive test pilot.

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Woo has always been a builder, a tinkerer, a fixer. Growing up in the suburbs of Toronto, he put together model kits of battleships and airplanes without looking at the instructions. “I just put things together the way I thought it would work out,” he says. He trained as an architect and in 2000 joined the Toronto-based firm Adamson Associates Architects, a job that soon had him traveling to Europe and Asia to work on corporate high-rises.

Adamson specializes in taking the stunning designs of visionary architects and turning them into practical buildings with elevators and bathrooms. “Most of the design architects don’t really have a clue about how to build buildings,” Woo says. He liked solving those problems; he liked reconciling beautiful designs with the stubborn reality of construction. That talent for understanding a structure from the inside and spotting the flaws would prove essential later.

After his accident, Woo had two major surgeries to stabilize his crushed spine, which required surgeons to cut through muscles and nerves that connected to his arms. For two months, he couldn’t feel or move his arms; there was a chance he never would again. Only when sensation began creeping back into his fingertips did he allow himself to imagine a different future. If he wasn’t paralyzed from the neck down, he thought, maybe more of his body could be brought back online. “My focus was to walk again,” he says.

Woo was discharged in March 2008 and went back to his New York City apartment. He was still bedridden and required around-the-clock care. He doesn’t much like to talk about this next part: By May, his then-wife had moved back to Canada and filed for divorce, asking for full custody of their two children. Woo remembers her saying, “I can’t look after three babies, and one of them for life.”

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It was a dark time. Riccobono of Mount Sinai, who met Woo shortly after he became an outpatient there in 2008, recalls the despondent look on his face the first time they talked. “I wasn’t sure that he wasn’t going to take his life, to be honest,” she says. “He felt like he had nothing to live for.”

One photo shows a smiling man in an exoskeleton with his arm around a smiling woman. The other photo shows a metal plaque saying that the Rehabilitation Bionics Program was made possible by the advocacy and dedication of Robert Woo.Angela Riccobono of Mount Sinai Hospital (left) credits Woo with jump-starting the hospital’s bionics program; a plaque in the department of rehabilitation medicine recognizes his role.

Yet Woo harbors no animosity toward his ex-wife. “If we hadn’t separated and gone through the custody hearing, I don’t think I would have gotten this far,” he says. To win partial custody of his children, Woo had to become independent. He had to get off narcotic pain medications, regain strength, and learn how to navigate life in a wheelchair. He had to show that he no longer needed constant nursing, and that he could take care of both himself and his boys.

There were milestones: learning how to get back into his wheelchair after a fall, learning to drive a car with hand controls, learning to manage his body as it was, not as it had been. The biggest change came when he reconnected with his high school sweetheart, a vivacious woman named Vivian Springer. She was then dividing her time between Toronto and New York City, and she had a son who was almost the same age as Woo’s two boys. Springer had worked in a nursing home and knew how to change the sheets without getting him out of bed; she was currently working in human resources and knew how to deal with insurance companies. “You wouldn’t believe how much stress it lifted off of me,” Woo says. Over time, they became a family.

Man using a robotic exoskeleton with support, shopping and standing with children.Robert Woo’s wife, Vivian, was trained in how to operate the device he used at home. His sons, Tristan (left) and Adrien, grew up watching their dad test exoskeletons. Left: Lifeward; Right: Robert Woo

Once Woo had that foundation in place, Riccobono witnessed a profound change. “He went from focusing on ‘what I can’t do anymore’ to ‘What’s still possible? What can I do with what I have?’” At Mount Sinai, Woo remembers asking his doctor Kristjan Ragnarsson, who was then chairman of the department of rehabilitation medicine, if he would ever walk again. “His response was, ‘Yes, you can walk again,’” Woo remembers, “‘but not the way you used to walk.’”

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First Steps in an Exoskeleton

As soon as he had regained use of his hands, Woo had started googling, looking for anything that could get him back on his feet. He tried rehab equipment like the Lokomat, which used a harness suspended above a treadmill to enable users to walk. But at the time, it required three physical therapists: one to move each leg and one to control the machine. It was a far cry from the independent strides he dreamed of.

Several years in, he learned about two companies that had built something radically different: exoskeleton suits for people with spinal cord injuries. These prototypes had motors at the knees and the hips to move the legs, with the user stabilizing their upper body with arm braces. Woo desperately wanted to try one, although the technology was still experimental and far from regulatory approval. So he took the idea to Ragnarsson, asking if Mount Sinai could bring an exoskeleton into its rehab clinic for a test drive. Ragnarsson, who’s now retired, remembers the request well. “He certainly gave us the kick in the behind to get going with the technology,” he says.

Man in robotic exoskeleton walks with canes during rehab demo as clinicians observeRobert Woo tries out an early exoskeleton from Ekso Bionics at Mount Sinai Hospital, where he first began testing the technology. Mario Tama/Getty Images

Ragnarsson had seen decades of failed attempts to get paraplegics upright, including “inflatable garments made of the same material the astronauts used when they went to the moon,” he says. All those devices had proved too tiring for the user; in contrast, the battery-powered exoskeletons promised to do most of the work. And he knew one of the founders of Ekso Bionics, a Berkeley, Calif.–based company that had built exoskeletons for the military. In 2011, Ekso brought its new clinical prototype to Mount Sinai.

The day came for Woo’s first walk. “I was excited, and I was also scared, because I hadn’t stood up for almost five years,” he remembers. “Standing up for the first time was like floating, because I couldn’t feel my feet.” In that first Ekso model, Woo didn’t control when he stepped forward; instead, he shifted his weight in preparation, and then a physical therapist used a remote control to trigger the step. Woo walked slowly across the room, using a walker to stabilize his upper body, his steps a symphony of clunks and creaks and whirs. He found it mentally and physically exhausting, but the effort felt like progress.

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Robert Woo stands using an exoskeleton and embraces his wife, Vivian. Woo says that exoskeleton use has both physical and psychological benefits. Mt. Sinai

Riccobono was there for those first steps, with tears running down her face. “I remembered how he looked the day I first met him, so defeated,” she says. “To see him rise from the chair, to see him rise to a standing position, to see how tall he was, to see him take those first steps—it was beautiful.” Ragnarsson saw clear benefits to the technology. “Any type of walking is good physiologically,” he says. “And it’s a tremendous boost psychologically to stand up and look someone in the eye.” Woo remembers hugging his partner, Springer, and for the first time not worrying about running over her toes with his wheelchair. I first met Woo a few days later, during his third session with the Ekso at Mount Sinai.

Two people stand outside; one uses blue exoskeleton crutches for mobility.Ann Spungen (left), a researcher at a Veterans Affairs hospital, led early clinical trials of exoskeletons. Her research focused on the medical benefits of exoskeleton use. Robert Woo

Later that same year, at a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital in the Bronx, Woo got to try a prototype of the world’s other leading exoskeleton: the ReWalk, from the Israeli company of the same name (since renamed Lifeward). VA researchers, led by Ann Spungen, were keen to determine if exoskeleton use had real medical value for veterans with spinal cord injuries. Woo was part of that clinical trial, for which he had more than 70 walking sessions, and he’s since been in many others. But he remembers the first VA trial with the most gratitude. “Dr. Spungen’s first exoskeleton clinical trial really turned things around for me,” he says.

Over the course of the trial’s nine intense months, Woo says he saw noticeable improvements to many facets of his health. “By the end of the trial, I eliminated about three-quarters of my medication intake,” he says, including narcotic pain pills and medication for muscle spasms. He grew fitter, with less body fat, more muscle mass, and lower cholesterol. His circulation improved, he says, causing scrapes and cuts to heal more quickly, and his digestion improved too. The results Woo experienced have generally been borne out in research studies at the VA and elsewhere—exoskeletons aren’t just good for the mind, they’re good for the body.

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Improving Exoskeletons From the Inside

During the VA trial, Woo began to think of exoskeletons not as miraculous machines, but as works in progress.

Man wearing robotic exoskeleton and using crutches on a city sidewalkPierre Asselin (right), a biomedical engineer, worked with Robert Woo during clinical trials of exoskeletons. He says Woo was always pushing the limits of the technology. Robert Woo

Pierre Asselin, the biomedical engineer coordinating the VA’s study, watched participants respond very differently to the equipment. “These devices are not the equivalent of walking—you’re tired after walking a mile,” he says. He notes that later models of both the Ekso and ReWalk enabled users to initiate each step through software that recognized when they shifted their weight. Asselin adds that the cognitive load is “like learning to drive a manual transmission car, where at first you’re really struggling to coordinate the clutch and the brake.” Woo picked it up immediately, he remembers.

Man in a leg exoskeleton reaches into a kitchen cabinet while another observes.Robert Woo uses an exoskeleton to reach items in a kitchen cabinet during a test of the device’s utility for everyday tasks. Eliza Strickland

Woo became an invaluable partner, Asselin says. “When we first started with the devices, there was no training manual. We developed all of that through collaboration with Robert and other participants.” Woo pushed the limits of the technology, Asselin says, whether it was seeing how many steps he could take on one battery charge or simulating a failure mode. “He’d say, ‘What happens if I was to fall? What would be the approach to getting up?’”

Woo approached the ReWalk the way he had approached buildings in his previous life: He looked inside the structure and found the weak points. An early model left some users with leg abrasions where the straps rubbed—a small injury for most people, but a serious risk for someone who can’t feel a wound forming. Woo suggested better padding and stronger abdominal supports to redistribute the load. He also hated the heavy backpack that carried the battery and computer, so one afternoon he grabbed an old pack, cut off the straps, and rebuilt it into a compact hip-mounted pouch. Then he snapped photos and sent them to the company. The next model arrived with a fanny pack.

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Hand-drawn concept sketch of a modular device labeled \u201cReWack 6.0\u201d with notes and arrowsRobert Woo sent detailed design sketches as part of his feedback to exoskeleton engineers. Robert Woo

Sometimes his fixes were more ambitious. One Ekso unit that he used at Mount Sinai kept shutting down after 30 minutes. Woo felt the hip motors and found them hot to the touch. “I said, ‘Can I remove these? I’m going to make a really quick fix, okay? Give me a drill and I’ll put a couple of holes in it,” he recalls telling the therapists, proposing to create a DIY heat sink. He wasn’t allowed to modify the prototype, but a year later the company introduced improved cooling around the hip motors. “There is a Robert Woo design on this device,” one therapist told him.

Eythor Bender, who was then the CEO of Ekso, called Woo to thank him for his feedback and invite him to spend a week at Ekso’s headquarters. “There was no lack of engineering power in that building,” says Bender. “But sometimes when you work with engineers, they overlook important things.” Bender says Woo brought both design skills and lived experience to his weeklong residency. “He told the engineers, ‘Guys, this has to be something that people actually like to wear.’”

Patient in exoskeleton uses walker, flanked by doctor in lab coat and man in suitEkso Bionics CEO Eythor Bender and Mount Sinai physician Kristjan Ragnarsson were both on hand for Woo’s early trials of the Ekso device. Ragnarsson says he saw physical and psychological benefits of exoskeleton use. Robert Woo

The longer Woo tested, the further ahead he started thinking. With motors only at the hips and knees, every exoskeleton still required crutches. Add powered ankles, he told the Ekso and ReWalk teams, and the suits could balance themselves, freeing the user’s hands. But Woo was ahead of his time. “They said they weren’t going to do that. They weren’t going to change their whole platform,” he remembers. Years later, though, hands-free exoskeletons like those from Wandercraft would emerge built around exactly that principle.

When the Exoskeleton Came Home

By the mid-2010s, Woo had pushed the technology as far as he could in clinics. What he wanted now was to use an exoskeleton at home.

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That milestone came after ReWalk’s exoskeleton became the first to win FDA approval for home use in 2014. ReWalk engineers still remember Woo’s help on the final tests for that personal-use model. It was the end of May in 2015, recalls David Hexner, the company’s vice president of research and development. “He said, ‘Guys, this is great. I’m going to buy it.’”

Woo was the first customer to buy an exoskeleton to bring home, paying US $80,000 out of pocket. His insurance wouldn’t cover the cost, but he was able to make the purchase in part because of a legal settlement after his accident. The home-use model came with a requirement that the user have at least one companion who was fully trained in operating the device. In Woo’s case, that meant that Springer learned to suit him up, realign his balance, and help him if he fell.

On delivery day, two SUVs drove up to a hotel down the street from Woo’s condo in the Toronto area. The technicians hauled two huge boxes into a hotel room and assembled his personal exoskeleton. They took Woo’s measurements, made adjustments, checked the software. This latest version could be controlled by either weight shifting or tapping commands on a smartwatch, and Woo had the app ready. He tested out everything in the hotel room, signed off, and then the technicians drove his robot legs to his home.

That was the start of his golden period with the ReWalk—similar to the excitement many people experience with a new piece of exercise equipment. “I used it every day for a few hours, and then I started logging how many steps I’d done,” Woo says. “My last count was probably just slightly over a million steps,” he says, with half of those steps taken in his home unit and half in training programs and clinical trials.

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Person using a ReWalk exoskeleton with crutches beside stacked ReWalk shipping boxes The ReWalk was the first exoskeleton available for use outside the clinic. Robert Woo’s ReWalk arrived in two large boxes. ReWalk engineers assembled it in a hotel room, and Woo tried it out in the hallway before taking it home. Robert Woo

Tristan, Woo’s eldest son, remembers doing laps with his dad in the condo’s underground parking garage while his dad was training for a 5-kilometer race in New York City. Tristan admits that he had previously been embarrassed about his dad, but training for the race shifted something for him. “I was so used to not wanting to tell people that my dad was in a wheelchair, but then I shared his passion for the training,” he says. “When people would come up to us, I’d tell them about it.”

The ReWalk could turn ordinary moments into small engineering projects. On weekends, Woo would take his boys to the golf course behind their condo and bring a baseball. He had rigged two holsters to the sides of the suit so he could stash a crutch and stand on three points (two legs and one arm) while he pitched or caught. Throw, switch crutches, catch. On the day of his accident, he never thought such a scene would be possible. But with the exoskeleton, it became just another design problem to solve. “It’s a little more work. It’s not perfect,” he says. “But in the end, you still get to do what you want to do—which is play ball with your sons.”

Tristan, now a college student, says he didn’t realize at the time how hard his dad worked to make those mundane activities possible. “Reflecting on it now,” he says, “he has shaped almost every element of my life, and he definitely is my hero.”

But even during that golden stretch, the ReWalk had a way of asserting its limits. Every so often it would freeze mid-stride and require a reboot—a small technical hiccup in theory, but a serious problem when there’s a person strapped inside. Once, when he was walking on his own in the parking garage (without his mandated companion), the suit glitched and went into “graceful collapse” mode, lowering him to a seated position on the ground. Woo had to ask security to bring his wheelchair and a dolly.

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He had imagined the exoskeleton would be most useful in the kitchen. Woo loves to cook, and he had pictured himself standing at the stove, looking down into pots, and moving easily between counter and sink. The reality, he found out, was more complicated. “It’s actually very time-consuming and troublesome” to cook in an exoskeleton, he says.

Preparing a meal meant first rolling through the kitchen in his wheelchair to gather every ingredient and utensil, then transferring himself into the ReWalk and moving himself into position at the counter, stopping at just the right moment. “That’s when I fell once,” Woo says. “I collided with the counter and then lost my balance and fell backward.” If all went well, he’d lean either on one crutch or the counter to keep his balance while he worked. But if he’d forgotten to grab the vinegar from the cabinet, he’d have to go into walk mode, crutch over to it, and figure out how to carry the bottle back to his workstation.

Powered exoskeleton suit and crutches positioned in a modern clinical room Sitting unused in Robert Woo’s home, his ReWalk exoskeleton reflects both the promise and the limits of early devices. Robert Woo

Gradually, he stopped trying. The suit, which he’d once worn every day, spent more time sitting idle in the hallway; like so many abandoned treadmills and stationary bikes, it gathered dust. Part of the reason was the exoskeleton’s practical limitations, but part of it was a shocking development: In 2024, Vivian was diagnosed with an aggressive form of breast cancer. She died in November of that year, at the age of 54.

Woo was scheduled to begin a new round of clinical trials for the Wandercraft home-use exoskeleton that month. In the aftermath of Vivian’s death, he postponed his sessions and questioned whether he would ever go back. “At the time, I thought, ‘What’s the point?’” he remembers.

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He did go back, though. “He just rolled up, right into my office,” says Mount Sinai’s Riccobono. “He still had Vivian’s box of ashes on his lap. That’s how fresh it was.” Woo brought the box into a meeting of spinal cord injury patients and shared the story of losing the love of his life. And he told them that he heard his wife’s voice in his head every day, telling him to get back to work. Once again, he was figuring out how to move forward with what he had.

How Close Are We to Everyday Exoskeletons?

In the Wandercraft showroom last May, Woo steered toward the door to the street, technicians flanking him like spotters. The slope down to the sidewalk was barely an inch high, but everyone tensed. He shifted his weight and took a step forward. The suit halted automatically. He tried again—step, stop; step, stop—as the suit kept detecting the slight decline and a safety feature kicked in. The Wandercraft isn’t yet rated for slopes of more than 2 percent, and even the gentle pitch of Park Avenue was enough to trigger its safeguards. When he finally reached the sidewalk, Woo broke into a grin. A man in the back seat of a stopped Uber leaned out his window, filming.

Knee brace with straps and a leg showing a fresh, red incision scar.During testing of the Wandercraft exoskeleton, straps caused an abrasion on Robert Woo’s leg, which he documented as part of his feedback to the company. Robert Woo

Woo had recently completed seven sessions with the Wandercraft at the VA hospital and had been impressed overall. But at the showroom, he rolled up his pants leg to reveal an abrasion on his shin, the result of a strap that had worn away a patch of skin during a long walking session. He would later send Wandercraft a nine-page assessment with photos and a technology wish list, asking the company to work on things like padding, variable walking speeds, and deeper squats.

Wandercraft’s engineers relish that kind of user feedback, says CEO Matthieu Masselin. Exoskeletons are a far more difficult engineering problem than humanoid robots, he explains. “You basically have two systems of equal importance. You know about the robot—it’s fully quantified and measured. But you don’t know what the person is doing, and how the person is moving within the device.”

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Since Woo began testing exoskeletons 15 years ago, both the technology and the market have made strides. ReWalk and Ekso won FDA clearance for clinical use in the 2010s, and both now sell home-use versions. The companies have sold thousands of exoskeletons to rehab clinics and personal users, and they see room for growth; in the United States alone, about 300,000 people live with spinal cord injuries, and millions more have mobility impairments from stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other conditions. The VA began supplying devices to eligible veterans in 2015, and Medicare recently established a system for reimbursement, a move that private insurers are beginning to follow. What was once experimental is slowly becoming established.

Researchers who test the devices say the technology still has significant limits. Pal, of the New Jersey Institute of Technology, mentions battery life, dexterity, and reliability as ongoing challenges. But, he says with a laugh, “Our bodies have evolved over many millions of years—these machines will need a bit more time.” Pal hopes the companies will keep pushing the technological frontier. “My lifetime goal is to see the day when someone like Robert Woo can wake up in the morning, put this device on, and then live an ordinary life.”

For Woo, the real question about the self-balancing Wandercraft was: Could he cook with it? In the VA hospital’s home mockup, he tried it out in the kitchen, stepping sideways to retrieve items from cabinets and squatting to grab something from the fridge’s lower shelf. For the first time in years, he could work at a counter without leaning on crutches. “The self-standing exoskeleton changes everything,” he says. He imagines a user placing a Thanksgiving turkey on a tray attached to the suit and walking it into the dining room.

Back in the showroom, Woo finishes the demo and brings the suit to a seated position before transferring back to his wheelchair. After so many years of testing prototypes, he’s now realistic about the technology’s timeline. A truly all-day exoskeleton—the kind you live in, the kind that replaces a wheelchair—may be a decade or more away. “It may not be for me,” he says. But that’s no longer the point. He’s thinking about young people who are newly injured, who are lying in hospital beds and trying to imagine how their lives can continue. “This will give them hope.”

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Top gamepads for iPhone & Android

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Whether you simply like to keep entertained on your commute or you generally prefer mobile gaming, a decent mobile game controller will significantly level up your experience.

Regardless of whether you favour free-to-play titles or more premium console-level games, you’ll likely agree that playing on a phone isn’t always the most seamless experience. Sure, many of the best gaming phones and best smartphones are powerful enough to run more graphic-hungry titles, tapping away at a touchscreen is certainly not reminiscent of the traditional gaming experience.

And that’s where one of the best mobile game controllers comes in. Essentially, a mobile game controller is a brilliant portable accessory that slots onto your phone and offers you more of that typical game controller experience you’re likely used to.

However, with so many options on the market, it can be difficult to determine which mobile controller is actually worth it. Are some options fitted with more features than others – and if so, how relevant are those additions to your own gaming preferences? Does it matter if you own an iPhone or an Android smartphone?

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As not all mobile controllers are built equally, we’re here to help. We’ve reviewed a plethora of mobile controllers, from budget friendly options designed for casual use to the more hefty models for hard-core gamers. Regardless of their price, we put every controller through the same range of strict tests and have handpicked the best performers for this guide.

Read on to see our round-up of the best mobile game controllers we’ve reviewed below. Otherwise, if you’re more of a traditionalist, our list of the best game controllers reveals the best options to enhance your PC and console gameplay. Finally, if you want to enjoy the big-screen gaming experience, visit our best games consoles and best gaming monitors guides instead.

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Best mobile controllers at a glance

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Learn more about how we test mobile controllers

Every mobile controller we test is used by the reviewer as their main gamepad for at least a week. During that time, we’ll test it on a variety of mobile games, from FPS shooters to racing games.

We’ll test both wired and wireless connectivity where available to ensure there’s no latency or issues that may impede your gaming experience. In instances where the controller needs power for use, we’ll also check the pad’s battery life, measuring how much playtime it offers before needing to be charged.

Where applicable, we’ll also test how customisable they are and delve into the companion apps to see what they offer.

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  • Excellent mobile gaming controls

  • Improved and updated hardware compatibility

  • Excellent all-encompassing UI

  • Still expensive

  • Can be fiddly to fit your phone

  • Not very different from the original

The Backbone One (2023) is the best mobile controller for iOS and Android that we’ve tested. It not only looks and feels great, but it offers wide compatibility with both USB-C and Lightning variants, and its companion app is one of the better options around right now.

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While the Backbone One might not look all that different from the swathe of clamp-style mobile controllers on the market, small tweaks to its already premium design make it all the more accommodating. These include new swappable magnetic adapters that allow support for phones of all shapes and sizes, along with returning favourites like a 3.5mm headphone jack for wired audio and a USB-C port for passthrough charging.

The Backbone One offers your usual slate of console-esque controls including analogue sticks, a D-pad, buttons and rear triggers, with the company offering both PlayStation and Xbox-specific branding for compatibility with their respective cloud game streaming apps. The quality and build are top-notch, with a tight tolerance on both the buttons and triggers that make them feel ultra-responsive in titles like Resident Evil Village.

The accompanying Backbone app is also polished to a high level, providing shortcuts to installed games on your phone as well as links to cloud gaming services in a PlayStation-esque UI. And for games that don’t offer controller support, Backbone’s clever TouchSync software automatically maps controls.

It might be pricey, but it offers a top-notch gaming experience.

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  • Chunky and comfortable frame

  • Precise and solid-feeling triggers and thumbsticks

  • Clever software integration

While there are plenty of options on this list for casual gamers who just like to drop into a bit of Stardew Valley or Balatro when the mood strikes, the Razer Kishi Ultra is for the gamers on the other end of that equation, the ones who simply have to play the latest titles as they launch and are obsessed with having the best input method money can buy.

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As you might expect, the Razer Kishi Ultra works with both Android phones and USB-C touting iPhones, but what’s quite surprising is that it also works with the iPad Mini. If you’re a fan of gaming on Apple’s tablet range, this controller will help you to make the most of the form factor, especially if you have access to Apple Arcade.

Having that extra bit of device compatibility is great but what really sets the Razer Kishi Ultra apart is its use of haptic feedback to elevate the gaming experience. Having the sensation of rumble as you play just makes the game at hand feel far more immersive – we delved into a session of Dirty Rally 2.0 via Steam Link and it was incredible to feel the car’s movement over gravel.

Because the Kishia Ultra is large enough to accommodate an iPad Mini, the controller itself is nice and chunky in the best way possible. You can get a comfortable grip on this thing, a feeling that’s only emboldened by the responsive triggers and thumb sticks that really help you to get lost in the enjoyment of whichever game you’re playing.

As if all that wasn’t enough, there’s also RGB lighting on this thing which can be customised via the Razer Nexus app, giving you the chance to add a bit of personal flair to the overall design. For all that you get with the Razer Kishi Ultra, it’s hard to imagine recommending anything else for seasoned gamers who want a console-like experience on their smartphone.

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  • Superb build quality and controls

  • Replaceable Hall Effect analogue sticks

  • Works with a wide range of phones

  • Iffy software, especially for iPhone users

  • Not the most portable controller of its kind

  • Not cheap

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When it comes to mobile gaming hardware, it’s hard to fault the GameSir G8 Galileo. It’s one of the more premium options from the accessory maker, but it’s well worth the cost.

It sports the same clamp-style design as most other mobile controllers, but the expanding mechanism offers less of a fight to get the phone into place. It features a wide and smooth-sliding bridge, the open rubberised grip system means you don’t need any fiddly adapters to make phones fit into place, and the experience is further improved by a hinged USB-C connector.

The controller is big and heavy at 253g, but that’s because the G8 Galileo adopts a full-size controller shape – like an Xbox controller that has been split in two. It includes the regular combination of buttons and analogue sticks, and you can swap the sticks for Hall Effect alternatives that come in the box to further tailor the experience. There are two remappable controls on the rear too.

With hardware like that, the G8 Galileo was in the running for our ‘best overall’ award – but the GameSir companion app puts a dampener on things compared to the likes of the Backbone One and Razer Kishi V2 Pro.

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The app not only lacks the general polish of the competition, but it regularly failed to recognise the controller on iOS (though it still worked fine in games) and even though it provides profiles for games that lack controller support like Call of Duty Mobile, these didn’t work in testing.

  • Bluetooth connectivity means wider game compatibility

  • Ergonomic design

  • Clever portable design

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  • Clunky sticky pad mounting system

  • Bluetooth means no pass-through charging or wired headphones

  • Controls not as premium-feeling as top rivals

The Turtle Beach Atom is a rather unique mobile controller as, unlike the majority that are connected by some kind of spring mechanism, the Atom is made of two distinct parts that connect via a proprietary 2.4GHz wireless link. So rather than fiddling with a clamp mechanism, the left and right portions attach snuggly to the sides of your phone using vertical clamps.

The only downside to this approach is how Turtle Beach handles securing phones into place, providing a couple of sizes of sticky pads that stick on each side of controller. It feels comparatively cheap compared to the magnetic alternative from Backbone, and the spongey texture will likely flatten and become less useful over time.

Fit niggles aside, the Atom’s design allows for it to be impressively portable, with magnets holding the two halves together when not in active use. The use of Bluetooth instead of USB-C also allows for wider compatibility with both Lightning and USB-C devices, though as a result, you’ll have to charge the controller separately to use it.

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Importantly, the gaming experience from the full-size controls is solid, if not quite as premium as other options in our chart. The accompanying Turtle Beach Atom app not only provides shortcuts to games, but allows you to customise elements like analogue dead zones and responsiveness to get the best performance possible from the accessory.

  • Compact and light

  • Solid gaming performance

  • Bonus trigger controls

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  • Overpriced

  • HyperSense haptics not entirely successful

  • Doesn’t feel as premium as BackBone One

The Razer Kishi V2 Pro started life as a dedicated controller for the Razer Edge gaming tablet, but the company has since started offering the controller separately – and with its USP, it’s not hard to see why.

You see, unlike most mobile controllers on the market, the Razer Kishi V2 Pro actually offers haptic feedback in the form of the company’s HyperSense system. It might seem odd, but iOS and Android don’t officially offer haptic feedback for controllers – it’s one of the biggest disparities between mobile gaming and PC/console gaming.

Razer got around this issue by taking audio input as a cue to generate rumbling haptic feedback to explosions, gunshots, and the like. The downside is that the rumble sometimes kicks in at odd times. It’s not explicitly programmed, as would be the case with PC and console gaming, but it does help bridge the gap somewhat.

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Elsewhere, the Razer Kishi V2 Pro is a familiar device with the same expanding design as most other options in our chart. It’s complete with the usual smattering of controls and triggers, though there are additional digital buttons on the top edge to help give you an edge in online games. The performance is refreshingly solid, too, with clicky responsive feedback that translates well to games like Dead Cells.

The big issue right now is compatibility; even with a USB-C connection suited to the iPhone 15 range, the controller doesn’t currently work with iOS devices. Razer claims a fix is on the way, but for now, this one is for Android gamers only. It’s also very expensive compared to other options in our chart, so be sure you’ll make the most of the haptics before investing.

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  • Unique active cooling system

  • Chunky, comfortable holding position

  • Flexible control set-ups

  • Need to plug in for cooling

  • Janky, unintuitive software

  • Controls don’t feel the most premium

The GameSir X3 may not achieve the same lofty heights as the company’s own Galileo G8, but it does offer something that most competitors don’t: active cooling.

You don’t need us to explain that smartphones can get pretty hot when playing games, especially over longer periods, but you might not know that this can have a negative impact on performance as phones essentially throttle performance to keep things cool. The GameSir X3 helps negate this issue with the use of a Peltier cooling system that draws heat away from your phone’s body using a combination of silicone plates and a big old fan.

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This does mean that the USB-C-enabled GameSir X3 is a chunky, hefty controller that, at 292g, is a whopping 40g heavier than the already-cumbersome G8 Galileo. You do get a carry case with the controller, but it doesn’t really make it that much more portable.

The bigger downside is that the controller needs to be plugged into a wall outlet to be powered, which pretty much makes the X3 an at-home device. And that’s a bit of a shame, considering the Nintendo Switch-esque design and digital triggers for fast response times deliver a pretty solid gaming experience, improved by the active cooling of the controller.

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  • Hall Effect joysticks

  • Clicky microswitch buttons

  • Good fit for players and devices

  • Passthrough charging port can’t be used to connect to other devices

  • Not quite as portable as some other mobile controllers

  • No 3.5mm headphone passthrough

You’ll have already spotted from the contenders on this list that GameSir has given some of the more widely known brands a run for their money, and that continues to be the case when shopping for more budget friendly mobile controllers.

At just £49.99/$46.99, it’d be easy to assume that the GameSir X2s would offer a serviceable, albeit compromised gaming experience in order to meet its budget price but in spite of those assumptions, it actually offers up some premium specs in a few areas – most notably in its joysticks.

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The GameSir X2s utilises Hall Effect joysticks which don’t rely on friction in order to register an input, meaning that they won’t develop any issues with joystick drift. This design also makes the joysticks more durable in the longrun, which is great to see.

The shoulder buttons also feel incredibly tactile thanks to their use of microswitches to register trigger-finger inputs. For fast paced games like Dead Cells, these types of buttons can make all the difference.

The GameSir X2s itself features a more playful aesthetic than some of its competitors, making it feel more accessible from the jump. In fact GameSir has supposedly taken some design cues from the Nintendo 2DS of all things for the development of this device.

It’s certainly an impressive package for the price, but the GameSir X2s isn’t completely without fault. One of the biggest omissions is the lack of a 3.5mm headphone jack, which many mobile game controllers tend to have. If you use Bluetooth headphones then this won’t be a dealbreaker, but it’s sure to put off those who prefer using a wired connection for high fidelity audio.

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The X2s is also a bit chunkier than other controllers when not in use. There’s a sizeable bit of a space between each end of the controller when it’s retracted, so it won’t fit into a pocket quite in the same way that the Turtle Beach Atom can.

  • Superb build quality and controls

  • Replaceable Hall Effect analogue sticks

  • Works with virtually everything

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  • GameSir app needs work

  • Big and heavy

  • Requires charging

While there are plenty of great games to play on mobile, if you have another portable console like the Nintendo Switch, it may be a better shout to pick up a controller that works across your main devices. With that in mind, the GameSir G8 Plus is the perfect pick.

Because this controller uses Bluetooth instead of a direct connection via USB-C or Lightning, it is able to pair wirelessly with your smartphone, Nintendo Switch and PC/laptop. That level of versatility is a rare thing to come by, but it means that you can jump from one device to another without ever feeling like you need to downgrade your control set-up in the process.

Just like many of GameSir’s other products, the G8 Plus utilises Hall Effect analogue sticks that prevents them from succumbing to the ‘drift’ problem that plagues other controllers, which in turn makes the accessory a better alternative to the problematic Joy-Cons that come with the Nintendo Switch.

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Even though there isn’t a physical connector to keep devices in place, the G8 Plus uses a rubberised grip in its interior, alongside a tight clasp to make sure that everything stays where it needs to be during gaming. Our reviewer never had an issue during testing wherein they felt that a device could have been at risk of falling out of the controller.

Because of the lack of a physical port however, this does mean that the G8 Plus also ships without a 3.5mm headphone jack. While that’s unlikely to be a dealbreaker for most people, it will be an annoyance to anyone who swears by wired headphones for their audio fidelity.

In order to fit larger devices like the Nintendo Switch, the G8 Plus isn’t the most pocketable controller that GameSir has ever made either, although it’s still small enough to be transported in a backpack.

A great controller that goes well beyond the realm of mobile gaming, there’s a lot to like about the GameSir G8 Plus.

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  • Comfortable in-hand

  • Excellent compatibility

  • Responsive inputs

  • Rivals have more advanced features

  • No software support

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If you’ve invested in a budget gaming phone and you don’t have too much cash left over for picking up accessories, then you might want to check out the Acer Nitro Mobile Gaming Controller. Despite having a big name brand like Acer on the box, this controller still packs an affordable price point of £69.99 which is brilliant for all the features you get with it.

For starters, you don’t have to worry about compatibility as this controller thankfully works with both Android phones and iPhones that use USB-C, so if you do ever swap from one ecosystem to another then you’ll still be able to use the controller to enjoy your favourite games.

When it comes to the design, Acer has done an excellent job here. The buttons are wonderfully tactile and responsive, and we found the performance to be up to scratch when delving into a bit of Forza Horizon 5 and EA FC 24 via the Games Pass cloud service. When you’re done, the Nitro is also collapsible, so it can easily fit into a small back after the fact, making for a more portable experience than some of the larger gaming handhelds provide nowadays.

It’s also worth mentioning that the controller just feels great in the hand, and is very comfortable to hold for long periods of time. It can be easy to overlook comfort when you’re distracted by software features, but as far as we’re concerned, this is a crucial part of any mobile gaming controller that’s worth investing in, as the last thing you’d ever want is to buy a controller and then discover that it cramps your hand after just a short while of use.

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As a final note, the Nitro is also plug-and-play so you don’t have to waste any valuable time with a laborious set-up process. Just attach the controller to your phone and you’re away. There’s even a USB-C slot to allow for up to 18W of charging as you play, keeping any pangs of battery anxiety at bay.

FAQs

Do all USB-C controllers work with the iPhone 16?
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They should, but we’ve mentioned specific cases above (like the Razer Kishi V2 Pro) where support is not yet available.

Should I buy a wired or wireless controller?

It depends on your use case. Wired controllers deliver lower latency and potentially features like passthrough charging and a 3.5mm headphone jack, but you’ll also be tied to whatever connector is used. Wireless Bluetooth controllers, on the other hand, are compatible with a wider range of devices, though they’ll need charging separately.

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Test Data

  Backbone One (2023) Razer Kishi Ultra GameSir G8 Galileo Turtle Beach Atom Razer Kishi V2 Pro GameSir X3 GameSir X2s GameSir G8 Plus Acer Nitro Mobile Gaming Controller
Weight via scales 266 grams 195.6 grams

Full Specs

  Backbone One (2023) Review Razer Kishi Ultra GameSir G8 Galileo Review Turtle Beach Atom Review Razer Kishi V2 Pro Review GameSir X3 Review GameSir X2s Review GameSir G8 Plus Review Acer Nitro Mobile Gaming Controller Review
UK RRP £99.99 £149.99 £79.99 £69.99 £130 £88 £49.99 £64 £69.99
USA RRP $99.99 $149.99 $79.99 $79.95 $130 $100 $79.99
Manufacturer Backbone Razer Turtle Beach Razer Acer
Size (Dimensions) 176.2 x 32.6 x 93.9 MM 110.8 x 244.8 x 64.3 MM x x INCHES x x INCHES 180 x 33 x 92 MM x x INCHES 177.9 x 84.36 x 37.53 MM 230 x 55 x 107 MM 112 x 157 x 64 MM
Weight 138 G 266 G 253 G 184 G 138 G 292 G 172 G 314 G 195.6 G
ASIN B0CCT2TJW4 B0CM3C9HRG B0CBCRRVBT B0CDBM6261 B0B3RJ6SXK B08H7MBRYQ
Release Date 2023 2024 2023 2023 2021 2022 2024 2024 2025
First Reviewed Date 30/11/2023 30/04/2025 05/01/2024 21/01/2024 19/02/2024 16/02/2024 23/04/2024 26/07/2024 17/04/2025
Ports USB-C USB-C USB-C USB-C
Connectivity USB-C USB-C USB-C Bluetooth USB-C

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Cotton On says it isn’t closing stores or exiting Asia

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Australian clothing brand Cotton On has no plans to exit Asia, nor close any operations in the region, said the retail store giant in a statement on Tuesday (Mar 31).

The statement came after media reports suggested that Cotton On stores in Asia were shutting down, citing a Government Gazette notice on Monday (Mar 30).

The notice referred to the winding up of Cotton On Asia and an extraordinary general meeting held via video call last Wednesday (Mar 25), during which PwC Singapore was appointed as liquidator to wind up the business. A separate notice also called on creditors to submit details of outstanding debts or claims.

“There have been misleading media reports suggesting that Cotton On stores operating in Asia are being closed, this information is incorrect and we have no plans to exit the Asia region,” the company said.

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Cotton On clarified that Cotton On Asia, the liquidated entity, never operated any stores or employed staff. “It was an inactive holding company that was no longer required. This has no impact on customers, team members, stores, suppliers, or operations within the Asia region,” the statement added.

Cotton On Singapore, a second entity, continues operating as a retail business.

Cotton On was first started by Nigel Austin in Australia back in 1991. It opened its first Singapore store at Wisma Atria in 2007 and later established its Asia headquarters here in 2014, employing more than 90 staff. As of Mar 31, the Cotton On website listed over 30 stores in Singapore.

According to the group’s website, it operates eight brands across 20 countries and 1,300 stores, employing about 20,000 people. 

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  • Read other articles we’ve written on Singaporean businesses here.

Featured Image Credit: Peifeng via Google Reviews

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Anthropic accidentally exposed Claude Code source, raising security concerns

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The exposure traces back to version 2.1.88 of the @anthropic-ai/claude-code package on npm, which was published with a 59.8MB JavaScript source map intended only for internal debugging. The map file enabled the reconstruction of roughly 512,000 lines of TypeScript code powering Claude Code’s orchestration layer and CLI. Within hours of…
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WheatForce: Learning From CPU Architecture Mistakes

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Nothing ever made is truly perfect and indeed, CPU architectures like x86, RISC-V, ARM, and PowerPC all have their own upsides and downsides. Today, I aim to make an architecture that learns from all these mistakes and improves architecture design for everyone.

I’ve consulted with many people opinionated on the matter, both from a software perspective, and from a hardware perspective. I have taken all their feedback in mind while creating this initial draft of the WheatForce architecture (PDF). It is inspired by pieces from many architectures: segmentation inspired by x86, hash table-like paging from PowerPC, dynamic endianness control from RISC-V and PowerPC, and more. Let’s look into each feature in a little bit more detail.

Segmentation

The local descriptor table (left) points to main memory (right) via its segment descriptors
x86′ segmentation scheme by [John] on Wikipedia

Segmentation is a powerful virtual-memory feature that is tragically underused today. I believe this is due to limited flexibility, so I have added an improvement above the model that x86 had used: every single register can now use its own segment selector. With this added flexibility, one can surely make better use of the address translation powers of segmentation with minimal extra overhead.

Hash Table-Like Paging

PowerPC’s hash table-like paging makes its paging vastly superior to the likes of x86, RISC-V and ARM by decreasing the number of required cache line fetches drastically. Much like a true hash table, the keys (or input addresses) are hashed and then used as an index into the table. From there, that row of the table is searched for a cell with a matching virtual address, which can be accelerated greatly due to superior cache locality of the entries in this row.

Dynamic Endianness Control

A diagram of PowerPC's paging structures
A diagram of PowerPC’s paging structures from the PowerPC manual

RISC-V and PowerPC both have some real potential for better compatibility with their dynamic endianness control. However, both these architectures can only change the endiannes from a privileged context. To make this more flexible, WheatForce can change the data endianness at any time with a simple instruction. Now, user software can directly interoperate between big-endian and little-endian data structures, eliminating the need for a costly byte-swap sequence that would need many instructions. Finally, you can have your cake and eat it to!

Conclusion

WheatForce has observed the mistakes of all architectures before it, and integrates parts of all its predecessors. You can read the full specification on GitHub. After you’ve read it, do let me know what you think of it.

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It's still Steve Jobs's company and Apple will never change, says Cook

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In a new interview, Apple CEO Tim Cook talks about how the company’s 50th anniversary is making him remember Steve Jobs, and insists that working with Trump doesn’t mean its values are changing.

Two men are talking indoors. One holds a white mug, wearing glasses and a black shirt. The other crosses his arms, wearing a dark polo.
Tim Cook (left) with Steve Jobs — image credit: Apple

Before Apple’s birthday celebrations began, and even before Tim Cook wrote an open letter about the anniversary, he spoke to Esquire magazine about planning for the 50th — and thinking back to Steve Jobs.
“I think about him often — and in the last few months, thinking about the fiftieth anniversary, even more so, honestly,” said Cook. “You think about the things he believed in.”
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Irish drone delivery firm Manna confirms $50m raise, plans 400 new jobs

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The 400 new jobs are understood to break down as 300 in Ireland and 100 in the US, bringing total headcount to more than 570.

Dublin’s Manna Air Delivery, Bobby Healy’s drone delivery company, has officially confirmed a $50m Series B funding round and announced plans to create 400 new jobs across Ireland and the US.

The round, which brings total investment in the company to $110m, sees funding from ARK Invest -the fund known for backing OpenAI, Anthropic, Tesla and SpaceX – Boston-based Schooner Capital and the Ireland Strategic Investment Fund (ISIF), alongside existing investors Enterprise Ireland, Coca-Cola HBC and Molten Ventures.

Today’s (1 April) announcement confirms details first reported last week by Sky News City editor Mark Kleinman, who said that Manna was close to finalising the round, with ISIF, ARK Invest and Schooner Capital among the backers.

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The 400 new roles will span robotics, software engineering, mechanical engineering, aviation operations, ground operations and regulatory functions, with a strong focus on STEM disciplines. The positions will be spread across Manna’s Irish operational hubs and its expanding US operations, bringing the company’s total headcount from 170 to more than 570.

The Irish roles are understood to number some 300, with 100 in the US. In Ireland, roles are expected to be split between those working on manufacturing and developing drones, and aviation personnel at operational bases.

“Ireland is the foundation of everything we do. We design and build our drones here, develop our software here, and have spent seven years refining our operations in communities across the country,” said Bobby Healy, CEO and founder of Manna. “These 400 new roles are high-quality STEM positions and we’re competing with some of the largest companies in the world and winning.”

Manna, which was founded in 2019, designs, builds and operates its drones and software in Ireland. The company says it has completed more than 250,000 regulated drone flights, including 60,000 in Blanchardstown.

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It currently operates in Dublin (Blanchardstown), Balbriggan, Moneygall, Oranmore and Cork, as well as internationally in Texas and Finland. The company delivers food, clothing, books and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, and recently simulated hospital sample transport with The Rotunda Hospital. Its principal competitors include Wing and Zipline.

Visiting Manna’s Dublin headquarters today, where the company designs, builds and flies its drones, Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment Peter Burke, TD welcomed the announcement saying it represented “a powerful endorsement of Ireland’s standing as a global centre for innovation and advanced manufacturing”.

“The creation of so many highly-skilled positions across robotics, software engineering, aviation and regulatory disciplines underscores the depth and quality of Ireland’s STEM talent base.”

Rebekah Brady, interim director at ISIF, said the fund is “committed to supporting Manna as part of our mandate to invest commercially in ways that deliver long-term economic impact for Ireland”.

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Kevin Sherry, executive director at Enterprise Ireland, described Manna as “a standout example of an Irish company with clear global growth opportunities driven from an Irish headquarters”.

One investor source cited in Kleinman’s original Sky News report suggested that the successful conclusion of this round could herald a further, larger capital injection, so Manna certainly continues to be one to watch.

Don’t miss out on the knowledge you need to succeed. Sign up for the Daily Brief, Silicon Republic’s digest of need-to-know sci-tech news.

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Claude Code leak exposes how Anthropic’s AI really works

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Anthropic has accidentally revealed a huge chunk of how its AI coding tool actually works.

A debug file bundled into version 2.1.88 of its Claude Code package briefly exposed a 500,000+ line codebase (via VentureBeat). This gave developers an unusually detailed look at the system behind one of the fastest-growing AI tools right now.

The file was pulled quickly, and Anthropic says no customer data or credentials were exposed. However, the damage, at least from a competitive standpoint, is already done. The code has been widely mirrored and picked apart online.

At a glance, the leak confirms that Claude Code is far more than just a chatbot wrapper. In fact, it’s effectively a multi-layered system for managing long-running AI tasks. There is also a heavy focus on memory, specifically solving the problem of AI “forgetting” or getting confused over time.

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Developers analysing the code pointed to a “self-healing memory” system that avoids storing everything at once. Instead, it keeps a lightweight index (called MEMORY.md) and pulls in relevant information only when needed. The idea is simple: less clutter, fewer hallucinations.

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Another standout is something called KAIROS, which hints at a shift towards more autonomous AI. Rather than waiting for prompts, Claude Code can run background processes. This includes a feature dubbed autoDream that tidies up its own memory while idle. Consequently, it’s a more proactive approach than most current AI tools.

The leak also reveals internal model codenames and performance struggles. Notably, one newer model variant reportedly shows a higher false-claim rate than earlier versions. This suggests Anthropic is still ironing out reliability issues even as it scales.

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There are also signs of more experimental features, including an “undercover” mode designed to let the AI contribute to public codebases without revealing it’s AI-generated.

For users, Anthropic says there’s no immediate risk. However, the company has warned developers to update away from the affected version and avoid npm installs from a specific window tied to a separate supply-chain attack.

For everyone else, this is a rare glimpse behind the curtain, and a reminder that the race to build smarter, more autonomous AI is still very much in progress.

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Oracle layoffs could reach 30,000 as company doubles down on AI

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The company declined to comment on the total scope of the layoffs, though some estimates suggest they could affect as many as 20,000 to 30,000 workers. Oracle employed about 162,000 people worldwide as of the end of May.
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80% of jobs in Singapore don’t look at your degree anymore

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S’pore employers are moving towards skills-based hiring

The Ministry of Manpower released its 2025 jobs report on Mar 20, and the numbers tell a story that would have seemed improbable just a decade ago. 

Academic qualifications were not the main determinant in hiring for 79.6% of job vacancies last year, up from 78.8% in 2024 and 74.9% in 2023. The movement is slow enough to miss if you’re not looking, but steady enough to reshape who gets hired in Singapore.

Employers who have made the shift to skills-based hiring report faster recruitment, access to a broader talent pool, and improved employee performance.

Specifically, the change is taking hold in software development, data analytics, and AI-enabled roles across technology, finance, and engineering—the very positions where Singapore is concentrating its growth, and can see some of the highest pay.

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A shift driven by tech giants

google office californiagoogle office california
Image Credit: Framalicious via Shutterstock

This movement did not begin with Singaporean startups going out of the ordinary to see beyond academic qualifications. It actually started with multinational corporations that had the data and scale to test what actually predicted job performance.  

Between 2017 and 2022, the share of Google job postings requiring a college degree dropped from 93% to 77%, according to analysis by the Burning Glass Institute

Google co-founder Sergey Brin noted in early 2026 that the company hires “tons of people who don’t have bachelor’s degrees.” They would rather employ individuals who “just figure things out on their own in some weird corner.” 

Google isn’t alone in this approach.

IBM built an apprenticeship program explicitly marketed with the tagline “No Degree? No Problem!” in 2017. It went even further and stripped bachelor’s degree requirements from half of its job openings in 2021.

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Today, IBM’s share of United States hires without degrees approaches 20%. The company has proven that capability can precede credentials—and that the door opens wider when employers look at what candidates can do, not where they studied.

Firms in S’pore are starting to follow, particularly in the age of AI

singapore jobs hiringsingapore jobs hiring
Image Credit: Freepik

Now, firms in Singapore across finance, logistics, and retail are starting to follow.

Beyond academic degrees, companies now look for curiosity, problem-solving, and the ability to learn. This is skills-based hiring—and it’s becoming the default, particularly in the age of artificial intelligence.

More companies are adopting AI into digital workflows, and the tech is rewriting what “entry-level” and “job-ready” mean.

A Sept 2025 report from Morgan Stanley predicts that AI could impact 90% of occupations to some extent. This shift means hiring teams must focus on candidates whose skills align with long-term company goals, many of which will increasingly involve AI.

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Thus, what matters is not what someone learned five years ago, but their capacity to learn what is needed five years from now.

Singaporeans are increasingly embracing this mindset, with growing numbers tapping into lifelong learning initiatives like SkillsFuture to stay relevant in a rapidly changing job market.

Over 606,000 Singaporeans tapped into SkillsFuture-supported training in 2025, up from 555,000 in 2024. Of these, 458,000 used their SkillsFuture Credits—a sharp increase from 260,000 the year before. 

Nearly 123,000 mid-career individuals specifically chose courses designed to boost employability, up from 112,000 in 2024. These are not hobbyists killing time, but workers betting that skills, not credentials, will be the currency of the next decade.

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The results suggest they are not wrong. 73% of respondents to SkillsFuture surveys reported that training improved their work performance, up from 69% in 2024. Moreover, two in three respondents attributed career advancements directly to their courses. 

The door is still there, but it is no longer the only way in

It’s no longer about where you went to school. The pathway to hiring has become more flexible, as seen from how a portfolio can open doors that a transcript cannot.

singapore jobssingapore jobs
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But here comes the uncomfortable reality: Singapore’s education system and its labour market are running on slightly different timelines.

The system still sorts students by qualifications. The market increasingly sorts them by capabilities. The firms now following, in finance, logistics, and retail, are playing catch-up in a game where the rules are still being written.

But that doesn’t mean your degree is useless—it’s just insufficient, as nearly 80% of job vacancies don’t consider your educational qualification when hiring.

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What you can do is starting to matter more than what you studied. The workers who understand this distinction—and who invest accordingly in skills that demonstrably transfer to the work itself—are the ones who will define the next decade of Singapore’s economy.

The door is still there, but it is no longer the only way in.

  • Read other articles we’ve written on Singaporean businesses here.

Also Read: ⁠GDP is growing—so why does it feel like there are “no jobs everywhere” in Singapore?

Featured Image Credit: iStock

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