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our study revealed how it affects the brain, cognition and mental health

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our study revealed how it affects the brain, cognition and mental health

Menopause is a key period in a woman’s life. This transition is often accompanied by wide-ranging physical and psychological symptoms — some of which can be debilitating and affect daily life. Menopause has also been linked to cognitive problems — such as memory, attention and language deficits.

To mitigate the effects of menopause — including hot flashes, depressive symptoms and sleep problems — many women turn to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). In England, an estimated 15% of women are prescribed HRT for menopause symptoms. In Europe, this number is even higher – varying between 18% in Spain to 55% in France.

But there’s limited understanding of the effects of menopause and subsequent HRT use on the brain, cognition and mental health. To address this, we analysed data from nearly 125,000 women from the UK Biobank (a large database containing genetic and health data from about 500,000 people).

We placed participants into three groups: pre-menopausal, post-menopausal and post-menopausal with HRT. The average age of menopause was around 49 years old. Women who used HRT typically began treatment around the same age.

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In short, we found that menopause was associated with poorer sleep, increased mental health problems and even changes within the brain itself.

Post-menopausal women were more likely than pre-menopausal women to report symptoms of anxiety and depression. They were also more likely to seek help from a GP or psychiatrist and to be prescribed antidepressants.

Sleep disturbances were more common after menopause, as well. Post-menopausal women reported higher rates of insomnia, shorter sleep duration and increased fatigue.

Brain imaging analyses also revealed significant reductions in grey matter volume following menopause. Grey matter is an important component of the central nervous system which is composed mainly of brain cells. These reductions were most pronounced in regions critical for learning and memory (namely the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex) and areas key in emotional regulation and attention (termed the anterior cingulate cortex).

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Notably, the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are among the earliest affected in Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia.

The changes we observed in our study could suggest that menopause-related brain changes may contribute to increased vulnerability to Alzheimer’s disease later in life. This could help explain why there’s a higher prevalence of dementia observed in women.

We also investigated whether taking HRT post-menopause had any effect on health outcomes. Notably, HRT did not improve the reduction in brain grey matter.

In addition, we found that women using HRT showed higher levels of anxiety and depression compared to post-menopausal women who had never used HRT. However, further analyses indicated that these differences were already present. This suggested that pre-existing mental health problems may have influenced the decision to begin using HRT rather than these symptoms being caused by the medication itself.

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HRT had some benefit on cognitive performance.
Andrey_Popov/ Shutterstock

One potential benefit of HRT use was noted in cognitive performance – particularly for psychomotor speed. Psychomotor slowing is a hallmark feature of ageing.

Post-menopausal women who had never used HRT showed slower reaction times compared with both pre-menopausal women and post-menopausal women who had used HRT. This indicates that HRT helps to slow the menopause-related declines in psychomotor speed.

HRT and menopause

There’s still much we don’t know about HRT – and more evidence on its benefits and risks are still needed.

Some studies report that those taking HRT have an increased dementia risk, while others suggest a decreased risk of dementia.

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More research is also needed to understand the effects of HRT and how the different routes and dosages affect menopause symptoms. But according to one UK Biobank study of 538 women, the effects don’t appear to differ – regardless of factors such as the formulation, route of administration and duration of use.

Importantly, however, it’s difficult to establish whether women are actually receiving an effective dose. One in four women using the highest licensed dose of HRT still had low levels of estradiol (oestrogen) – around 200 picomoles per litre. Older women and HRT patch users were more likely to have lower levels.

Optimal plasma levels to relieve menopause symptoms are between 220-550 picomoles per litre. This means that for 25% of the women in the study, HRT would not have had optimal benefit for menopause symptoms.

Considering that most women go through the menopause, it’s important to resolve the question of whether HRT is beneficial – including preventing brain grey matter volume reductions and reducing the risk of dementia. It will also be important to know what the best dose and route of administration are.

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There is evidence to suggest healthy lifestyle habits may mitigate these menopause-related changes in brain health.

Our work and that of other research groups shows that a number of lifestyle habits can improve brain health, cognition and wellbeing, thereby reducing the risk of cognitive decline associated with ageing and dementia. This includes regular exercise, engaging in cognitively challenging activities (such as learning a new language or playing chess), having a nutritious and balanced diet, getting the right amount of good-quality sleep and having strong social connections.

Research also shows regular physical activity can increase the size of the hippocampus, which may help mitigate some of the menopause-related reductions observed in this region.

Sleep is also critically important as it supports the consolidation of memories and helps clear toxic waste byproducts from the brain – processes that are essential for memory, brain health and immune function.

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Having a healthy lifestyle may offer an accessible and effective strategy to promote brain health, cognitive reserve and resilience to stress during and after the menopause transition.

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‘Outrageous abuse of power’: Sen. Mark Kelly rebukes Trump admin’s reported push for criminal charges over ‘illegal orders’ video

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‘Outrageous abuse of power’: Sen. Mark Kelly rebukes Trump admin’s reported push for criminal charges over ‘illegal orders’ video

Senator Mark Kelly has blasted Donald Trump’s “outrageous abuse of power,” after a grand jury in Washington reportedly refused to indict him and other Democratic lawmakers in connection with a video in which they urged U.S. military members to resist “illegal orders.”

“This is an outrageous abuse of power by Donald Trump and his lackies,” Kelly, a former NASA astronaut and U.S. naval officer wrote on X Tuesday night, following reports of the behind-closed-doors hearing.

“It wasn’t enough for Pete Hegseth to censure me and threaten to demote me, now it appears they tried to have me charged with a crime — all because of something I said that they didn’t like. That’s not the way things work in America.”

At the urging of U.S. Attorney Jeanine Pirro, the DOJ had reportedly opened an investigation into the video featuring Kelly, as well as Michigan Senator Elissa Slotkin and four other Dems, who urged service members to follow established military protocols and reject orders they believe to be unlawful.

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Senator Mark Kelly has blasted Donald Trump’s ‘outrageous abuse of power,’ after a grand jury in Washington reportedly refused to indict him and other Democratic lawmakers in connection with a video in which they urged U.S. military members to resist ‘illegal orders’

Senator Mark Kelly has blasted Donald Trump’s ‘outrageous abuse of power,’ after a grand jury in Washington reportedly refused to indict him and other Democratic lawmakers in connection with a video in which they urged U.S. military members to resist ‘illegal orders’ (Copyright 2026 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.)

All the lawmakers previously served in the military or at intelligence agencies, and included Representatives Jason Crow, Maggie Goodlander, Chrissy Houlahan and Chris Deluzio.

“Donald Trump wants every American to be too scared to speak out against him. The most patriotic thing any of us can do is not back down,” Kelly added in his post.

Prosecutors had sought to persuade the civilian members of the grand jury that the lawmakers violated a law that does not allow interfering with “the loyalty, morale or discipline of the U.S. armed forces,” The New York Times reported.

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The Independent has reached out to the DOJ and Pirro’s office for comment.

In her own lengthy post, Slotkin wrote: “Today, it was a grand jury of anonymous American citizens who upheld the rule of law and determined this case should not proceed. Hopefully, this ends this politicized investigation for good.

At the urging of U.S. Attorney Jeanine Pirro, the DOJ had reportedly opened an investigation into the video featuring Kelly, as well as Michigan Senator Elissa Slotkin and four other Dems, who urged service members to follow established military protocols and reject orders they believe to be unlawful

At the urging of U.S. Attorney Jeanine Pirro, the DOJ had reportedly opened an investigation into the video featuring Kelly, as well as Michigan Senator Elissa Slotkin and four other Dems, who urged service members to follow established military protocols and reject orders they believe to be unlawful

“But today wasn’t just an embarrassing day for the Administration. It was another sad day for our country.”

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She added: “Because whether or not Pirro succeeded is not the point. It’s that President Trump continues to weaponize our justice system against his perceived enemies. It’s the kind of thing you see in a foreign country, not in the United States we know and love.”

Crow, a former Army Ranger wrote, “Donald Trump’s DOJ just tried—and failed—to indict me in front of a grand jury. We will continue to fight back against their rising tyranny. Don’t Give Up the Ship.”

California Senator Adam Schiff, who was not named in the investigation, wrote: “That the DOJ would even contemplate such an action demonstrates what a repressive regime is now running this country.”

Grand jurors in Washington declined to sign off on charges in the latest of a series of rebukes of prosecutors by citizens in the nation’s capital, a source told The Associated Press.

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It wasn’t immediately clear whether prosecutors had sought indictments against all six lawmakers or what charge or charges prosecutors attempted to bring.

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

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Villagers hope to ‘protect the future’ of beloved Cambridgeshire pub

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Cambridgeshire Live

A group has come together in an attempt to buy the property, with one member saying that “it feels like now or never”

A campaign group in a Cambridgeshire village hopes to buy a former pub and Indian restaurant. Save The Hoops – a group of residents in Little and Great Eversden – has come together to “protect the future” of The Hoops.

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The award-winning restaurant, Cam Spice, formerly known as The Hoops Tandoori, in Great Eversden, closed its doors last year. The property has since been listed on Rightmove for sale as an Asset of Community Value (ACV).

The community has until the middle of April to submit a bid to the owner. An ACV protects local assets from being sold or redeveloped without the community having a chance to bid.

Paul Trivett, a member of Save The Hoops, has lived in Great Eversden for around seven years. He said: “We don’t have a shop, we don’t have a post office, we don’t have anything that’s open on a regular basis.

”So, this seems to be our last opportunity to have such a thing,” he said. “Once lost, a pub is almost irreparable to replace, with a permanent impact on village life.”

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Save The Hoops has launched a website asking people to put pledges in for when the community share offer opens. This is to help strengthen their bid and unlock grant funding, as the group aims to raise £700,000. Around 20 people have come together to raise the funds, including marketing professionals, gardeners, builders, surveyors, and roofing contractors.

Abigail Newnham is a parish councillor for Little and Great Eversden, and a member of the Save The Hoops group. She said: “It feels like now or never. So we either sit back as a village and show no interest in this, or we see what is possible.”

She added: “It is about making sure we don’t lose this community asset, however it might operate in the future, whether that is a pub, a restaurant, a café or shop.”

Another member of the group, Alan Woods, has lived in Great Eversden for 45 years. He said that protecting the pub is important to him because it is “the main centre of the village”. He added: “I have lived here 45 years and there’s more things that go on at the pub than anywhere else.”

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The group aims for the community to purchase the property and lease it to a hospitality operator. This would keep it as a community asset without expecting the community to work shifts.

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Canadian police say at least 9 killed in British Columbia mass shooting involving a school

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Canadian police say at least 9 killed in British Columbia mass shooting involving a school

At least nine people have been killed in a mass shooting involving a school in British Columbia Tuesday and dozens more are injured, Canadian police say.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police said in a news release the nine victims and the suspected gunman are dead after the shooting that took place across multiple locations in Tumbler Ridge.

Six people were found dead inside Tumbler Ridge Secondary School and another died when being taken to a hospital, according to RCMP. Two more people were found dead in a home in the community, police said.

The suspected shooter was also found dead with “what appears to be a self‑inflicted injury” inside the school, police say. The identities of the suspected shooter and victims are unknown at this time. A motive for the shooting was not immediately clear.

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Police said they received a report of an active shooter at the Tumbler Ridge school at around 1:20 p.m. MT Tuesday.

At least nine people have been killed in a mass shooting involving a school in British Columbia Tuesday, Canadian police say

At least nine people have been killed in a mass shooting involving a school in British Columbia Tuesday, Canadian police say (Google Earth)

“The alert was officially canceled at 5:45 p.m. as police do not believe there are any outstanding suspects or ongoing threat to the public,” RCMP said.

Aside from those killed in the shooting, two more victims were airlifted to a hospital with “serious or life‑threatening injuries,” according to police.

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RCMP said about 25 others were being treated for “non-life-threatening” injuries. The rest of the students and staff were “safely evacuated” from the school, police said.

Authorities said they are searching other homes and properties for more victims or people “otherwise linked to today’s events.”

“This was a rapidly evolving and dynamic situation, and the swift cooperation from the school, first responders, and the community played a critical role in our response,” Superintendent Ken Floyd, North District Commander, said in a statement.

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney offered his 'prayers and deepest condolences' to 'the families and friends who have lost loved ones to these horrific acts of violence'

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Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney offered his ‘prayers and deepest condolences’ to ‘the families and friends who have lost loved ones to these horrific acts of violence’ (Fabrice Coffrini/AFP via Getty Images)

“Our thoughts are with the families, loved ones, and all those impacted by this tragic incident. This has been an incredibly difficult and emotional day for our community, and we are grateful for the cooperation shown as officers continue their work to advance the investigation,” Floyd continued.

The local school district said in a statement that the Tumbler Ridge secondary and elementary schools will be closed for the rest of the week “due to the tragic events that unfolded.”

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney said he was “devastated” by the shooting and offered his “prayers and deepest condolences” to “the families and friends who have lost loved ones to these horrific acts of violence.”

“I join Canadians in grieving with those whose lives have been changed irreversibly today, and in gratitude for the courage and selflessness of the first responders who risked their lives to protect their fellow citizens,” Carney wrote on X.

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B.C. Premier David Eby called the shooting an 'unimaginable tragedy'

B.C. Premier David Eby called the shooting an ‘unimaginable tragedy’ (REUTERS/Bhawika Chhabra)

B.C. Premier David Eby called the shooting an “unimaginable tragedy.”

“Our hearts are in Tumbler Ridge tonight with the families of those who have lost loved ones,” Eby wrote. “Government will ensure every possible support for community members in the coming days, as we all try to come to terms with this unimaginable tragedy.”

Bob Zimmer, a member of Parliament for Tumbler Ridge, also expressed his condolences, writing, “My sincere thoughts and prayers go out for the victims still in hospital and for those Tumbler Ridge families who have lost loved ones today.”

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NHS warning to anyone with ‘4’ symptoms – it could be ‘fatal’

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Wales Online

The NHS has also warned people that they may need to dial 111 or 999 in some circumstances

The NHS has warned anyone feeling unusually “tired” to see their GP. However, in some cases, you may need to dial 111 or 999, as a “fatal” situation can develop quickly.

On social media, the health service highlighted the signs of type 1 diabetes, which can appear at any age. It urged people to remember the four T’s.

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Listing “Toilet, Thirsty, Tired and Thinner” as four common signs to look out for, it said that if any of these symptoms come on suddenly, or they are unusual for you, it is time to seek help.

In its post, it took to X, it warned: “Do you know the signs of type 1 diabetes? They can happen at any age, and if left undiagnosed, it can be fatal.”

Type 1 diabetes – explained

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Type 1 diabetes is a condition where the body cannot produce insulin, causing blood sugar levels to rise. People with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin daily and manage their blood glucose through regular monitoring, diet, and insulin adjustments. There is no cure, but it can be managed effectively.

Remember the 4 T’s

It advised people to remember four words – each starting with the letter T. These are:

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  • Toilet – “going for a wee more often, especially at night”
  • Thirsty – “being constantly thirsty and drinking more than usual”
  • Tired – “being very tired and having less energy.”
  • Thinner – “losing weight without trying to or looking thinner than usual”

Dial 111

After sharing these common signs, the NHS warned: “Ask for an urgent GP appointment or call NHS 111 if you think you or your child has type 1 diabetes.”

According to the NHS website, other signs of type 1 diabetes include:

  1. blurred vision
  2. breath that smells sweet or fruity (like nail polish remover or pear drop sweets)
  3. cuts and wounds are taking longer to heal
  4. getting frequent infections or infections that do not get better, such as thrush or nappy rash

The NHS warns: “The symptoms develop quickly, over a few days or weeks.”

It may be time to call 999

The NHS warns you should call 999 if you or your child has been peeing more, feeling very thirsty and tired, and:

  • your symptoms are getting worse quickly
  • you have stomach pain, diarrhoea, or you’re feeling or being sick
  • you’re feeling sleepy or confused
  • you’re breathing faster and more deeply than usual

“These could be signs of diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life-threatening if not treated quickly”, it cautions.

Diabetes UK has a free helpline that’s open from 9am to 6pm, Monday to Friday. You can call 0345 123 2399 or email helpline@diabetes.org.uk for support and advice.

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ICE chief questioned in Congress over Trump’s immigration policies

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ICE chief questioned in Congress over Trump's immigration policies

WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump’s top immigration officials appeared before Congress Tuesday for the first time since the shooting deaths of two American citizens in Minneapolis, seeking to defend their officers’ actions as their agencies face intensifying scrutiny over nationwide immigration enforcement operations.

Todd Lyons, who is the acting head of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, came in for some of the sharpest questioning during a more than 3-hour-long hearing in front of the House Homeland Security Committee. He appeared alongside Rodney Scott, who heads Customs and Border Protection, and Joseph Edlow, who leads U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.

Lawmakers asked them about issues that have dominated the public discourse since Trump launched his mass deportations agenda at the start of his second term. Here are some of their answers.

Defending officers after 2 Americans were killed in Minneapolis

Lyons and Scott faced scrutiny over the killings of Renee Good and Alex Pretti but they repeatedly declined to answer questions, citing active investigations.

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Lyons was asked if he would apologize for the way some Trump administration officials characterized Good as an agitator, which he declined to do.

“I welcome the opportunity to speak to the family in private. But I’m not going to comment on any active investigation,” Lyons said.

Lyons said he had seen the video that captured Pretti’s shooting but said he could not comment because of the ongoing investigation.

Masks worn by immigration officers

Democrats painted masked officers as lawless and unaccountable. Republicans said masks are needed to protect officers from doxing.

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Asked if he would commit to making his officers take off their masks and requiring them to wear “standard uniforms with identifiable badges,” Lyons answered with one word: “No.”

Lyons has said repeatedly that he supports officers who feel that they need to wear masks to protect their identities and their families.

Body cameras being deployed to officers

Lyons and Scott said thousands of federal immigration officers are already outfitted with body cameras, with more to come.

Lyons said the body camera footage caught in Minneapolis would be released to the public.

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“That’s one thing that I’m committed to is full transparency. And I fully welcome body cameras all across the spectrum in all of our law enforcement activities,” Lyons said.

Lyons denies 5-year-old boy was used as bait

The case of Liam Conejo Ramos, who was wearing a bunny hat and Spider-Man backpack while he was surrounded by immigration officers, has sparked controversy over the administration’s crackdown in Minnesota.

The boy and his father, Adrian Conejo Arias, who originally is from Ecuador, were detained in a Minneapolis suburb on Jan. 20.

Asked about the case, Lyons denied that the boy was used as bait to get one of the parents out of the house, as neighbors and school officials have alleged.

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“He was obviously upset. We comforted him. The officers actually placed him in one of our vehicles, played his favorite song, favorite music. Then they took him to McDonald’s,” Lyons said.

A DHS funding lapse will threaten the country’s security, officials said

The congressional hearing took place in the shadow of a looming government shutdown that would only affect the Department of Homeland Security.

Democrats are threatening to block funding for the department when it expires unless there are more restraints for ICE and other law enforcement agencies carrying out Trump’s federal immigration agenda.

Republican Rep. Michael Guest of Mississippi blamed Democrats for a possible shutdown and asked the agency heads whether such a shutdown would make the country less safe. They all answered that it would.

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“It will have a great impact,” said Lyons. He said a shutdown would particularly harm the department’s task forces on transnational crimes and terrorism.

ICE at the World Cup

Lyons was asked if he would agree to pausing ICE operations during this year’s FIFA World Cup.

A Democratic lawmaker said visitors were concerned by ICE’s tactics. But Lyons declined to commit to a pause.

“ICE is dedicated to ensuring that everyone that visits the facilities will have a safe and secure event,” Lyons said.

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Questions over guarding voting precincts

With Trump’s call for the federal government to “take over” elections, the ranking member of the committee, Democrat Bennie Thompson of Mississippi, asked the officials to answer if they are involved in any efforts to guard voting precincts, with the midterms set for later this year.

“You’ve not been asked to start deploying people for areas anywhere?” Thompson asked.

Lyon and Scott each replied, “No, sir.”

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Sick mum amputated her 11-month-old baby’s arms because ‘God told her to’

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Daily Mirror

WARNING: DISTRESSING CONTENT Schlosser used a knife to cut off both of her 11-month-old daughter’s arms before attempting to kill herself, in an incident that shocked police and the wider public

When the police operator picked up Dena Schlosser’s call, they would never have expected from her relaxed demeanour and calm tone that something utterly tragic had happened.

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When asked if there was an emergency, she showed no panic or hysteria, and was in fact so quiet that the sound of a hymn playing softly in the background could be heard during the 2004 call.

When asked by the 911 operator why she was calling and what had happened to her baby, Schlosser’s answered simply: “Yes.” I cut her arms off.”

Police rushed to an apartment in Plano, Texas, where they found a scene so disturbing it would stay with investigators for years. Schlosser sat quietly in the living room, covered head to toe in blood.

Nearby, her baby daughter lay in a crib, catastrophically injured. The child was rushed to hospital but sadly died shortly afterwards from her injuries.

Schlosser had used a knife to cut off both of her 11-month-old daughter’s arms before attempting to kill herself. Somehow, she had survived a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head.

As officers secured the apartment, Christian music continued to play. Those at the scene would later say Schlosser appeared eerily peaceful, even humming hymns as she was taken into custody.

What made the case even harder to comprehend was how normal everything had seemed before it happened.

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Neighbours described Schlosser as seeming attentive and even affectionate. She pushed her baby around the neighbourhood most afternoons, she took her children swimming, even stopping to engage in cheery conversations with those she bumped into.

“There were never any red flags,” one neighbour said. “She looked like a great mum.”

But behind closed doors, things had been unraveling.

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Earlier that year, Schlosser had suffered a severe psychotic episode following childbirth and was diagnosed with postpartum mental illness.

Child protection services had investigated the family after she was hospitalised, but the case was later closed when she appeared stable and compliant with treatment.

On the day of the killing, something in Schlosser’s brain clearly went very, very wrong.

Psychologists later testified Schlosser believed she was receiving direct instructions from God, becoming convinced her baby was part of a divine plan connected to the apocalypse, and that she was being commanded to mutilate herself and her child.

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Hours after her arrest, officers reported hearing her whisper prayers, repeatedly thanking Jesus.

She was initally charged with murder, before medical experts concluded Schlosser was suffering from a profound psychotic break and was incapable of understanding the reality or consequences of her actions.

She was found not guilty by reason of insanity and committed to a state psychiatric hospital. The remainder of her children were removed from the home and she was permanently barred from ever seeing them again.

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New plans proposed to revitalise Whitby Fish Market

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New plans proposed to revitalise Whitby Fish Market

North Sea Conservation have proposed to extend and re-develop the watchtower at Whitby Fish Market – with the long-term plan to move it into public view along Pier Road.

The plans also include essential works and the creation of a new, two-storey glazed entrance, making the market attractive to residents and thousands of visitors of the town each year.


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Still well used by the fishing industry, the 80-metre-long building added a lobster hatchery and marine discovery centre in 2023.

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The juvenile lobsters are used by the site to educate the public and raise additional income.

Plans have been submitted to introduce a two-storey, glazed entrance to the Fish Market (Image: Supplied)

Above this area lies a two-storey watchtower which accommodates the Harbour Master Watchkeep in the watchtower.

The area above the Watchkeep, developers say, has been left underused.

Plans include a new and higher roof to transform the “tired looking” watchtower, which will be moved from its existing location to a more prominent street position for tourists and residents alike.  

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Drawings of the proposal along Pier Road (Image: Supplied)

The developer argued: “The fishing industry has been within the thriving heart of Whitby for generations.

“However, it is clear that recent decades have seen a steady decline of the inshore fishing industry along the north-east coast, and within the town.

“Despite the cultural importance has been made in the industry locally to attract a new generation of fishermen.

“It is hoped that the investment in the existing Fish Market building by the proposed development, will help to inspire young people and demonstrate that a positive future and livelihood can be found working in the fishing industry in Whitby.”

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Essential repairs include the replacement of the building’s existing roof coverings, windows and doors, with a paint refresh and steel foundation repairs.

Developers are inviting members of the community to visit the Marine Discovery Centre to learn about the proposals and pose questions to the project team.

This will be held from 3pm till 7pm on Thursday (February 12).

For more information, please visit https://whitbylobsterhatchery.co.uk/.

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Why ‘activating’ your vagus nerve has become the latest wellness trend

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Why ‘activating’ your vagus nerve has become the latest wellness trend

The vagus nerve has become the internet’s favourite body part.

On social media, it is everywhere. People hum into their phones, gargle with theatrical enthusiasm, dunk their faces into bowls of ice water and poke at their ears in the hope of “activating” it. Influencers describe it as a hidden master switch for calm, digestion and emotional balance. Some claim that learning to control it can transform everything from anxiety to inflammation.

All of which makes it sound faintly mystical. In reality, the vagus nerve is not a wellness trend. It is a real, physical nerve. And a surprisingly important one.

In the fourth episode of the Strange Health podcast, we turn our attention to the body’s longest cranial nerve and ask a simple question: what does the vagus nerve actually do, and can we really hack it?

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To find out, we spoke to Arshad Majid, a professor of cerebrovascular neurology at the University of Sheffield and an expert in vagus nerve stimulation. As he explains, the vagus nerve is one of 12 cranial nerves that emerge directly from the brain. Its name comes from the Latin for “wanderer”, which is fitting. It begins in the brainstem and travels down through the neck into the chest and abdomen, connecting to the heart, lungs, gut and even the liver.

It is less a single-purpose wire and more a busy two-way information highway. Most of its activity involves carrying signals from the body back to the brain, keeping it updated on what is happening internally. It is also part of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates the processes we do not consciously control, such as heart rate, breathing and digestion.

Within that system, the vagus nerve plays a key role in the parasympathetic response, sometimes known as “rest and digest”. When this system dominates, heart rate slows, blood pressure drops and the body shifts into a calmer, more restorative state. That much is well established. What is less clear is how easily we can influence it ourselves.

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Despite the explosion of vagus nerve content online, Majid is cautious about claims that it can be switched on like a light. Slow breathing, singing, humming or splashing cold water on the face may indirectly influence vagus nerve activity, but it is not an on-off button and the effects vary widely between people. In some cases attempting to stimulate the vagus nerve can trigger headaches and even depression.

Vagus nerve stimulation is more firmly grounded in medicine. Implanted devices that stimulate the nerve directly have been used for years to treat conditions such as treatment-resistant epilepsy and depression. More recently, researchers have begun exploring non-invasive approaches. Some medical devices stimulate a small branch of the vagus nerve in the ear using gentle electrical pulses.

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Majid and colleagues are currently running a major clinical trial investigating whether this kind of non-invasive stimulation can improve arm function in people recovering from stroke by encouraging the brain to rewire itself. If successful, it could transform rehabilitation for many patients.

Despite the online hype, then, scientists are only beginning to understand what this wandering nerve can do and how it might be used therapeutically.

Listen to Strange Health to find out why the vagus nerve has captured so much attention, what the science actually says, and why the next few years of research could reshape how we treat conditions from stroke to depression.

Just maybe hold off on aggressively poking your ear in the meantime.

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Strange Health is hosted by Katie Edwards and Dan Baumgardt. The executive producer is Gemma Ware, with video and sound editing for this episode by Anouk Millet. Artwork by Alice Mason.

In this episode, Dan and Katie talk about social media clips via TikTok from drjoedamiani, ayuswellness and prettyspatricia.

Listen to Strange Health via any of the apps listed above, download it directly via our RSS feed or find out how else to listen here. A transcript is available via the Apple Podcasts or Spotify apps.

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NHS issues ‘fatal’ message to anyone who always feels ‘thirsty’

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Daily Mirror

The NHS also said you may have to call 111 or 999 in more serious cases

The NHS has said that anyone who feels “thirsty” may need to “call 111”. Taking to social media, the health service said if ignored, it could be “fatal.”

In its post, it took to X, formerly Twitter, and said: “Do you know the signs of type 1 diabetes? They can happen at any age, and if left undiagnosed, it can be fatal.”

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With this in mind, it urged people to learn the four T’s. “The most common symptoms are the 4 Ts: Toilet, Thirsty, Tired, Thinner”, it explained.

What is Type 1 diabetes?

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Type 1 diabetes is a condition in which your body cannot make the hormone insulin. This causes the level of glucose (sugar) in your blood to get too high.

The NHS adds: “If you have type 1 diabetes, you’ll need to take insulin every day to manage your blood glucose levels. There’s currently no cure for type 1 diabetes, but it can be managed by checking your blood glucose regularly, tracking what you eat and drink, and adjusting how much insulin you take.”

Four T’s

According to the NHS there are four Ts to remember. These are:

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  • Toilet – “going for a wee more often, especially at night”
  • Thirsty – “being constantly thirsty and drinking more than usual”
  • Tired – “being very tired and having less energy.”
  • Thinner – “losing weight without trying to or looking thinner than usual”

Call 111

After sharing these common signs, the NHS warned: “Ask for an urgent GP appointment or call NHS 111 if you think you or your child has type 1 diabetes.”

According to the NHS website, other signs of type 1 diabetes include:

  1. blurred vision
  2. breath that smells sweet or fruity (like nail polish remover or pear drop sweets)
  3. cuts and wounds taking longer to heal
  4. getting frequent infections or infections that do not get better, such as thrush or nappy rash

The NHS warns: “The symptoms develop quickly, over a few days or weeks.”

Call 999

The NHS adds that if you should call 999 if you or your child has been peeing more, feeling very thirsty and tired, and:

  • your symptoms are getting worse quickly
  • you have stomach pain, diarrhoea, or you’re feeling or being sick
  • you’re feeling sleepy or confused
  • you’re breathing faster and more deeply than usual

“These could be signs of diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life-threatening if not treated quickly”, it cautions.

Diabetes UK has a free helpline that’s open from 9am to 6pm, Monday to Friday. You can call 0345 123 2399 or email helpline@diabetes.org.uk for support and advice.

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Shootings at school and home in northeastern British Columbia leave 10 dead, including shooter

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Shootings at school and home in northeastern British Columbia leave 10 dead, including shooter

VANCOUVER, Canada (AP) — A shooting at a school in British Columbia left eight dead including the suspect, with two more people found dead at a home believed to be connected to the incident, Canadian authorities said Tuesday.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police said more than 25 people are injured, including two with life-threatening injuries, after the shooting at Tumbler Ridge Secondary School.

School shootings are rare in Canada.

The town of Tumbler Ridge, which has a population of about 2,400 people, is more than 1,000 kilometers (600 miles) north of Vancouver, near the border with Alberta. The provincial government website lists Tumbler Ridge Secondary School as having 175 students from Grades 7 to 12.

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RCMP Superintendent Ken Floyd told reporters that investigators had identified the shooter but would not release a name, but that the suspect’s motive remained unclear.

“We are not in a place to understand why or what may have motivated this tragedy,” Floyd said.

He added that police are still investigating how the victims are connected to the shooter.

“As part of the initial response to the active shooting, police entered the school to locate the threat. During the search, officers located multiple victims. An individual believed to be the shooter was also found deceased with what appears to be a self‑inflicted injury,” RCMP said in a statement.

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“Six additional individuals, not including the suspect, have been located deceased inside the school. Two victims have been airlifted to hospital with serious or life‑threatening injuries. A third victim died while being transported to hospital.”

The Peace River South School District said earlier Tuesday that there was a “lockdown and secure and hold” at both the secondary school and the Tumbler Ridge Elementary school.

Larry Neufeld, the member of the legislature for Peace River South, told reporters at the legislature that an “excess” of resources, including RCMP and ambulance support, have been sent to the community.

He said he didn’t want to release any more information over concerns that it might jeopardize the safety of the ongoing operation.

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Gillies reported from Toronto.

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