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Everyone buys from Courts. So how did this small family shop double its revenue to S$500K/mth?

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For 40 years, his parents ran Etronin Home their way. Today, he’s modernised the biz & doubled its revenue.

The pie is large enough for everyone if you know how to fight for your slice.

At a time when most Singaporeans buy their fridges and fans from Courts, Harvey Norman or Gain City, it’s easy to assume that small, independent appliance retailers have been squeezed out of existence.

But Etronin Home, a family-run retailer nestled in the heart of Tampines, proves there’s still room for smaller players. Surviving, however, has taken more than good service and a loyal customer base.

We spoke with Oh Khoon Seng, 31, the second-generation owner now running the business, on how he is modernising his parents’ four-decade-old business, navigating a challenging retail landscape, and carving out a space of their own at a time when the big chains dominate the floor.

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40 years & not a single online listing

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Khoon Seng and his parents in the 1990s./ Image Credit: Etronin Home

Etronin Home was founded in 1983 by Khoon Seng’s parents, who ran a large corner shop—a place he describes simply as the family’s “golden years.” Today, the business stocks a wide range of home appliances from ceiling fans and air conditioners to washing machines and fridges, carrying around 1,600 products across major brands.

Growing up literally above the store, Khoon Seng watched promoters and salespeople stream through the shop floor his entire childhood, though he never really got involved in the business itself.

That changed around 2019, when he was in his final year at the Singapore Management University. With more time on his hands as lectures shifted online and exams moved to digital formats due to the COVID-19 pandemic, he started helping out and spotted something his parents had missed.

The e-commerce wave was arriving, and the family business had no real presence in the online world, except for a simple website.

Khoon Seng made an early attempt to list products on then popular e-commerce platform Qoo10, but it went nowhere. His parents, who had spent decades doing business in cash, weren’t comfortable with digital payments, and without active management, the listings attracted nothing. 

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Not giving up, Khoon Seng tried more up-and-coming avenues like Shopee and Lazada, which proved more fruitful. Transaction fees were just 2% then, which made sense even for a business as old-school as theirs: it gave customers a way to pay by credit card without having to make the trip down to the shop, expanding their customer reach beyond physical transactions.

“I didn’t have a plan,” Khoon Seng admitted, recalling those early days. “I was just helping my parents out by putting our business online.” He still remembers being genuinely proud on 11.11 when he sold 10 standing fans in 2019. 

Running e-commerce operations alone

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Etronin Home’s current store./ Image Credit: Jonathan Lee via Google Reviews

When the COVID-19 circuit breaker began, Khoon Seng found himself running the entire online operation alone—listing products, managing pricing, coordinating deliveries—while keeping his parents at home to shield them from the virus.

The timing turned out to be fortuitous. Stuck at home, Singaporeans were suddenly confronted with how tired their appliances had become.

“Everyone at home suddenly felt that their fan, their aircon, was not cold enough; everyone wanted to change home appliances fast,” he recalled. “They realised that they do a lot more laundry and the washing machine spoils more quickly.”

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While demand was strong, Etronin could not fully capitalise on it. His parents had always operated on a just-in-time basis: order from the supplier only once a customer had already paid, then deliver when stock arrived. It kept risk low, but it also meant customers who needed something urgently often went elsewhere, to bigger retailers who had units sitting ready in a warehouse.

Khoon Seng learnt a big lesson from that period. Today, Etronin pre-stocks inventory in its own warehouse to fulfil orders on demand, giving it negotiating leverage with suppliers and the ability to promise faster delivery. 

“If you gave me my current setup [back then], I think we could have done a lot more,” he said.

A market that had moved on, and parents who hadn’t

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Khoon Seng’s parents at their old store at 801 Tampines Ave 4./ Image Credit: Etronin Home

When the circuit breaker lifted, and his parents returned to the business, the tension that had been brewing between the two generations came to a head.

For decades, Khoon Seng’s parents had run the business on healthy margins. Earning S$200 from a single fridge sale was considered a good day’s work. But to Khoon Seng, the market had fundamentally changed.

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With platforms like Shopee and Lazada allowing customers to compare prices instantly, retailers were constantly undercutting one another. A ceiling fan listed at S$458 would quickly become S$457, then S$456, in a race to the bottom that left little room for profit. In this environment, Khoon Seng believed independent retailers could no longer rely on large margins—they had to compete on volume.

“My parents used to say that they would rather not do this business anymore if the profit per product fell so much,” he recalled.

Delivery speed also became another point of contention, as his parents couldn’t understand why next-day delivery was necessary when they were already earning so little per unit.

Frustrated by the constant disagreements, Khoon Seng stepped away from the family business in July 2021. He handed the online operations to a close friend, refocused on his career, and eventually rose to become Head of Secondary Sales and Strategy at Zenith Education.

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Over the next four years, the business carried on largely unchanged. His friend kept operations running, but growth stalled.

When I came back, I realised a lot of things were still status quo. It didn’t grow.

Oh Khoon Seng

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(Left): Khoon Seng’s parents and Etronin’s long-time delivery staff./ (Right): Khoon Seng helping out at Etronin’s old store./ Image Credit: khoonseng7 via Instagram

In Apr 2025, his mother had a health scare. That, combined with watching the business stagnate, was enough to make Khoon Seng reconsider helping out in the family business.

Khoon Seng didn’t quit his job immediately. Instead, he gave himself a runway: he’d come back part-time, audit the books properly for the first time and make sure customer payments were being collected neatly.

But he also made one thing clear to his parents: if he was coming back, it would be on his terms. He would make the changes he believed were necessary, and they would have to trust him to do so. 

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“I felt that since I’m 30 and I don’t have kids yet, it’s quite a safe space,” he said. “We have regular customers—the business won’t become zero immediately.”

To show his family he was serious, he put S$100,000 of his own savings into the company. “Now my money is in here too,” he said. “I’m fully responsible for it.”

Playing both sides

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Etronin Home offers speedy next-day delivery for its thousands of products./ Image Credit: Bryan via Google Reviews, Etronin Home

Coming back in with fresh eyes in 2025, Khoon Seng quickly identified how dramatically the e-commerce landscape had shifted since he’d first helped his parents list on Shopee. The 2% transaction fee he’d entered with in 2019 had crept up incrementally and was now sitting at 15 to 17%.

Ironically, those rising platform costs had created a new advantage for offline retailers.

Sellers had to factor Shopee’s fees into their pricing, meaning customers shopping on the platform were often paying more than they would have if they bought directly from a physical store.

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Khoon Seng saw an opportunity in combining both channels. During major Shopee sale events, he lets the platform compete on its own terms. But outside of those periods, he uses Etronin Home’s showroom to build direct relationships with customers.

More importantly, he believes the store’s biggest advantage is something large chains cannot easily replicate: personalised advice.

As an independent retailer, Khoon Seng positions himself less as a salesperson and more as a consultant—someone who understands the products, responds quickly, and has no obligation to push a particular brand.

“At the bigger stores, they are all the individual brands’ promoters,” he said. “But if it’s an independent advisor like us, we will tell you what the best brand and plan is for your budget.”

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Etronin’s new store at 820 Tampines Street 81./ Image Credit: Etronin Home

The results of Khoon Seng’s transformation have been tangible. Monthly revenue has grown from approximately S$200,000 in May 2024, before he formally took over, to around S$500,000 today, although he acknowledged that the higher figures also come with larger-ticket products and increased operating costs.

The team has also expanded from just Khoon Seng and his parents to 11 people, including a finance staff member, an operations manager, four sales staff, and two delivery personnel who handle 30 to 40 locations a day, often working from noon until midnight.

Another milestone has been the stronger relationships Etronin has built with suppliers.

As order volumes increased, the company gained greater negotiating power, securing better pricing from agents and earning sales rebates. For example, one brand provides a 4% credit note for every S$1 million in annual sales, effectively giving Etronin S$40,000 worth of stock value to reinvest into the business.

Brands that once overlooked the small retailer began to see Etronin as a serious partner.

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“Our supplier brands started treating me seriously,” he said. “The salesman used to think, ‘ Wah, this shop every month only brings in S$10,000 in sales.’ But now we are a bit more respected.”

Earning its place

To grow beyond the base his parents built through decades of word-of-mouth, Khoon Seng is pursuing a personal branding strategy—positioning himself as the go-to “home appliance guy” online, the way some car or renovation businesses have done on TikTok.

The brand’s physical showroom, a newly renovated 800 sqft space at Block 820, opened in Feb 2026, is part of the same push. Designed to feel more modern than the original shop, it gives customers somewhere to see products in person and puts a face to the business for people who found them online first. 

The hardest part of the journey, he shared, hasn’t been competing with the big chains, but transforming a business built over four decades without losing what made it work in the first place.

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I feel it’s harder to work on a business that has already been there for 40 years than to start from a blank sheet of paper

Oh Khoon Seng

Khoon Seng’s immediate goal is a personal one: to retire his parents properly by the end of the year, with the business stable enough that they no longer need to be involved in its daily operations.

Beyond that, he is focused on Etronin’s next chapter—expanding into hobs, hoods, and ovens, adding a second delivery lorry, and continuing to build a reputation strong enough that customers choose a heartland retailer over a major chain like Gain City, even if the latter is sometimes S$10 cheaper.

For Khoon Seng, the challenge is no longer just keeping the family business alive. It is proving that a small independent retailer can still earn its place in a market dominated by giants.

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  • Find out more about Etronin Home here.
  • Read other articles we’ve written on Singaporean businesses here.

Featured Image Credit: Etronin Home/ Amando Choo via Google Reviews

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Qualcomm lands Meta as first named customer for its Dragonfly data centre chips

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TL;DR

Qualcomm signed Meta as the first customer for its Dragonfly C1000 data centre chip, due in 2028, and confirmed a $3.9bn Modular acquisition.

Qualcomm has signed Meta as the first named customer for its new Dragonfly C1000 data centre processor, the strongest signal yet that the mobile chipmaker is serious about competing in the AI infrastructure market. The company announced the deal at its investor day in New York on Wednesday, alongside a new AI300 accelerator chip and its confirmed acquisition of AI software startup Modular for roughly $3.9 billion in stock.

The Dragonfly C1000 is a general-purpose server processor designed to sit inside data centres alongside Qualcomm’s AI accelerator chips. Meta has committed to using the C1000 and its successors across its facilities. The chip will not be available until 2028, meaning the partnership is a forward-looking commitment rather than an immediate deployment.

The Dragonfly brand, which Qualcomm first revealed at Computex in early June alongside an ASIC supply deal with ByteDance, covers three product categories: data centre CPUs, AI inference accelerators, and custom silicon built with hyperscalers. Wednesday’s event filled in the product details that the Computex teaser left out.

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On the accelerator side, Qualcomm added an AI300 chip to a lineup that already included the AI200 and AI250. The AI200, built on Qualcomm’s Hexagon neural processing unit technology with direct liquid cooling and up to 768GB of LPDDR memory, is on track for initial customer shipments later this year. The AI250 is expected to follow in 2027.

These accelerators are designed for inference, the process of running trained AI models at scale rather than training them from scratch. Qualcomm argues that its decades of mobile chip design give it an advantage in power efficiency, a claim that matters as data centres strain electricity grids worldwide. Whether that mobile expertise translates to data centre performance remains unproven at scale.

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The Modular acquisition, which TNW reported was nearing completion on Monday, is now confirmed at roughly four billion dollars in an all-stock transaction. Qualcomm will issue roughly 19 million shares to Modular’s owners. The deal is expected to close in the second half of this year.

Modular makes the Mojo programming language and the MAX inference engine, software that lets AI models run across chips from Nvidia, AMD, Intel, and Qualcomm without developers rewriting code for each processor. That is a direct challenge to Nvidia’s CUDA platform, the software layer that has locked AI developers into Nvidia hardware for two decades. Breaking that lock-in is the central challenge for every company trying to compete with Nvidia in AI infrastructure.

The strategic logic is straightforward. Qualcomm can design competitive chips, but without a software ecosystem that makes developers want to use them, the hardware alone is not enough. Modular’s cross-platform tooling could give Qualcomm the kind of developer on-ramp it currently lacks.

CEO Cristiano Amon framed the deal as part of an industry movement toward open, multi-vendor architectures. That framing positions Qualcomm as the anti-Nvidia, offering flexibility where Nvidia’s CUDA demands loyalty.

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Qualcomm’s ambition is large but its data centre track record is thin. The company generates the vast majority of its revenue from smartphone processors and modems, and its previous attempt to enter the server market with the Centriq processor in 2017 ended in a shutdown. The current push has more institutional support, a named hyperscaler customer in Meta, and a clearer market opportunity in AI inference, but the gap between investor day announcements and shipped revenue remains wide.

The Meta partnership is notable for what it implies about diversification. Meta currently builds AI infrastructure primarily around Nvidia GPUs and has also invested in its own custom MTIA chips. Adding Qualcomm to that mix suggests Meta wants more supplier options as it scales inference, not that it is replacing Nvidia, which announced a multiyear strategic partnership with Meta earlier this year.

Qualcomm shares have climbed about 30 percent this year on expectations that AI would open a second growth engine beyond smartphones. The investor day was designed to turn that expectation into a roadmap. With the Modular acquisition providing the software layer, Meta providing the first marquee customer, and the AI200 approaching shipments, the pieces are assembling on paper.

Whether they assemble in practice depends on execution over the next two years. The C1000 does not ship until 2028, the Modular deal has not closed, and the AI accelerator lineup has no published benchmarks against Nvidia’s current or upcoming hardware. Qualcomm is making the right moves to enter the market, but it is entering a race where Nvidia has a commanding lead and every major cloud provider is also designing custom silicon.

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Get ready for Warhammer 40,000 11th Edition with these Prime Day Warhammer deals on paints, brushes, models & more

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Warhammer 11th Edition has arrived with the Armageddon launch box, and although a new edition seems like the perfect way into the hobby, it’s a daunting prospect. What do you need to build your models? What do you need to play the game? I’ve tried to make it easy for you by scouring Amazon for some Prime Day deals to get started.

View the full Amazon Prime Day sale

I’ve found deals on paints, brushes, Citadel plastic glue, gaming accessories and some models to complement the main starter set, whether you pick the bestial orks or the dogmatic Space Marines.

Obviously the Armageddon 11th Edition launch box set including 23 Space marines, 38 orks & rulebooks is the big-ticket item with $50 off, but I’d also recommend the Infernus Marines & Paints Set, which comes with starter paints and a paintbrush. It’s good value although there’s no discount: it’s a gentler introduction to the build and paint side of things, and easier on your wallet, too. I’ve also recommended cheaper, well-known brands like Army Painter to save you money.

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Check out the deals below, or visit our Amazon Prime Day US live blog for more deals as we find them.

Amazon Prime Day Warhammer sale — top picks

Amazon Prime Day Warhammer sale

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Public Records Bill Would Make California The ‘Most Secretive’ State In The US

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from the using-the-public’s-money-to-shortchange-the-public dept

There aren’t many governments out there actually trying to be more transparent. Every so often, a law gets passed that benefits the public more than its benefits the government, but these are the exceptions, not the rule.

California experienced one of these anomalies fairly recently. In 2019, a law was passed that finally made police misconduct records public records. They were no longer something simply buried in PD filing cabinets until they could be destroyed. They became presumptively public, putting the burden on the government to explain refusals to relinquish records.

The law enforcement wing of California’s government was less than pleased. As soon as it became apparent the bill had a good chance to become law, law enforcement agencies began destroying records. After its passage and enactment, the state’s Attorney General began pretending the law wasn’t retroactive and the state itself was sued by police unions. The law still stands and police agencies hoping to keep these records out of the public’s hands have been shut down repeatedly at multiple levels of the court system.

Now, the state is poised to take a big step backwards in terms of transparency, thanks to the efforts of a legislator whose bill doesn’t even have the support of her own party. In March, Assembly member Blanca Pacheco introduced a bill that would have erected a significant paywall for public records, with the obvious intent of deterring records requests.

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After running into internal and external opposition, Pacheco performed a legislative head-fake:

Amid opposition from transparency advocates and public access concerns from her own Assembly colleagues, though, the Downey Democrat diluted her proposal to simply give governments more time to respond to records requests, a change that allowed the measure to sail through the Assembly in May. 

Now that it’s gotten over this initial legislative hurdle, Pacheco is turning her proposal back into the one she really wants — the one that couldn’t pass without being stripped of its objectionable clauses.

Now, she’s brought the controversial elements back — and they are even more restrictive than before, drawing fierce opposition from transparency advocates.

The latest version of her proposal, Assembly Bill 1821, is co-written by the League of California Cities and the California State Association of Counties. It would allow government agencies to delay responding to certain requests and to charge $22 to $66 an hour to search for and review the records they deem are for “commercial use.” 

Government agencies could also take requests to court if they believe someone is asking for the records for a malicious reason. 

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Pacheco says this is nothing more than some needed “minor amendments or minor tweaks” meant to prevent government agencies from being “inundated” by records requests, “especially” those “generated by artificial intelligence.”

But that’s just one of several explanations given by Pacheco. She also says the new fee structure is meant to prevent taxpayers from “subsidizing” public records requests made by commercial entities. She also claims several discussions with local governments prompted this effort, as well as stuff she learned while she was enjoying paid-for trips to multiple tourist destinations for the ostensible purpose of getting better at legislating.

The initiative originated from one of Pacheco’s many trips sponsored by special interest groups last year, her spokesperson, Alina Evans, told CalMatters in March. Last year, Pacheco reported receiving more than $45,000 in sponsored travel — the most of any California lawmaker — including a study tour in Spain, a golf tournament in Pebble Beach and a conference in Maui. When asked Wednesday, however, Pacheco said she did not remember which one inspired her measure and said the idea came from multiple conversations with local governments. 

While I can absolutely believe most government agencies would prefer to handle fewer public records requests, public records request laws are supposed to benefit the public that pays for all of this, not the agencies that are supposed to serve the public.

Pacheco claims these are minor tweaks. The mandatory fees ($22 to $66 an hour) and giving agencies more options to sue records requesters aren’t small adjustments. They’re changes that will lead to exactly what so many government agencies want: fewer requests, more opacity, and a whole lot of leeway when it comes to responding.

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Pacheco’s measure would create barriers that would chill the public from filing requests, effectively gutting the state’s open records act and violating the spirit of Californians’ constitutional right to government information, transparency advocates argue. 

“The only way that there’s any government accountability is that people know what the government is doing,” said David Snyder, a former journalist and now the executive director of the First Amendment Coalition.

[…]

[C]alifornia would be the first state to explicitly allow agencies to sue for “malicious intent.” Requesters the court deems malicious would have to pay an hourly fee to obtain records to compensate agencies for their time. 

[…]

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“It would be easily weaponized by agencies seeking to thwart transparency and accountability, as has already happened elsewhere in the country,” Snyder said.

The threat of a lawsuit alone would “chill requesters from submitting public requests,” said Shaila Nathu, a senior attorney with ACLU of Northern California, which also opposes the bill. 

Governments (including those in California) are already allowed to reject requests they deem “burdensome” or “vexatious.” They’ve always been able to go to court to justify refusals to release records. This addition gives California agencies a new offensive weapon in the war on transparency.

On top of this, the proposal would allow agencies to take however long they want to respond to requests. Most requests are now handled through online portals, but the 10-14 day timeline for request responses would now only apply to requests “made in person” or via email during “normal business hours.” It seems like a small thing, but in practice would allow agencies to ignore a large majority of records requests indefinitely.

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The bill is still a few steps away from landing on the governor’s desk. But beyond a few people in government agencies who think the public has too much power, Pacheco seems to be on her own here. With any luck, it will remain that way and this terrible proposal will become something else that can be ignored indefinitely. But never underestimate the government’s constant trend towards opacity. It takes periodic resets to set it back on the road towards accountability. This is nothing more than Pacheco crafting an off-ramp, and being urged on (mostly secretly) by agencies who love the public’s money, but feel they owe nothing to the public in return for their paychecks.

Filed Under: 1st amendment, accountability, blanca pacheco, california, free speech, public access, public records, transparency

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Prime Day OLED TV deals save up to $700 on LG, Samsung, Sony

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Save up to $700 on OLED TVs from popular brands, including LG, Samsung, and Sony, with these Prime Day deals.

Whether you’re looking to run an OLED TV as an external display for your Mac or want to swap out your existing living room TV to stream programming, there are numerous Prime Day OLED TV deals in effect this week.

Shop Prime Day TV deals

Save up to $700 on current and closeout models from LG, Samsung, and Sony, ranging from 48-inch panels to 77-inch sets.

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LG OLED TV Prime Day deals

Samsung OLED TV Prime Day discounts

Sony OLED TV Prime Day sale

You can also save on Paramount Plus and Apple TV with Prime Day streaming service deals to use with your new TV.

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Here’s why Slate changed the battery in its cheap EV truck

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Slate, maker of the stripped-down EV pickup truck, found another way to simplify its product: the battery.

When the startup revealed its starting price on Wednesday — $24,950 before destination, taxes, and other fees — it also said it had changed its battery strategy, eliminating the optional 240-mile pack but bumping the standard pack from 150 miles to 205. 

How Slate pulled that off illustrates just how significantly the battery market in the U.S. has changed in the past four years.

Initially, the startup planned to use nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) cells. The chemistry is widely used in the automotive industry and favored for its energy density, which translates into longer range. But NMC is also expensive, mostly due to high nickel and cobalt prices.

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More recently, automakers have begun to use another chemistry, lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP). Battery packs that use LFP are less energy dense but cheaper by about 40%, thanks in part to lower-cost ingredients like iron, one of the main cathode materials, which replaces nickel and cobalt.

There were good reasons why Slate, and other automakers, started with NMC. The LFP supply chain today is today concentrated in China. That wasn’t always the case — early U.S. battery startup A123 Systems was founded to commercialize the technology. But after a few missteps, it fell into bankruptcy and was bought in 2013 by a Chinese auto parts company. Since then, Chinese battery companies have embraced the chemistry and dominated production of LFP cells.

LFP’s foreign origin meant that, before last summer, EVs that used it wouldn’t qualify for a $7,500 tax credit under the Inflation Reduction Act. Only batteries made of materials sourced domestically or from companies with which the U.S. had a free trade agreement would qualify. But when the One Big Beautiful Bill Act axed the tax credits, those concerns evaporated, as well. Chinese manufacturers were back in consideration. Slate said it is working with Hefei-based battery company Gotion to source the cells, which will be built at a factory in Illinois, according to InsideEVs.

The other reason automakers passed over LFP batteries was their limited range. Automakers selling into the U.S. market have prioritized range, though vehicles that can travel more than 300 miles on a charge tend to be pricey — pretty much the opposite of what Slate is going for.

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In reality, most people don’t need that much range, and as charging networks have grown in size, reach, and speed, range anxiety is gradually waning. While LFP cells will never match NMC in energy density, modern variations of the chemistry have helped close the gap. Ford, GM, Rivian, and Tesla all offer models that use LFP cells.

The industry’s embrace of LFP cells has also coincided with its transition to cell-to-pack technology, which Slate is using to build its battery packs.

Previously, when automakers assembled a battery pack, they first loaded cells into modules, which were then loaded into the pack. That setup allowed them to use pouch cells, which are cheaper and lighter. But over time, they realized the module approach canceled out the cost and weight savings the pouch cells offered. Though some EVs still use modules, the industry is moving toward cell-to-pack construction, in which rigid batteries, either prismatic or cylindrical, are loaded directly into the pack itself. 

Cell-to-pack trims manufacturing steps and boosts volumetric energy density, a helpful trait for a small EV like the Slate truck. Plus, LFP cells can be charged to 100% with fewer concerns about degradation than NMC, meaning drivers can use the full pack on a daily basis.

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While there was probably a moment when Slate’s leadership had to green-light the switch from NMC to LFP, the momentum toward that decision had been building for years. LFP won’t take over the entire market — automakers like GM are betting on an entirely different chemistry — but its combination of low cost and decent range make LFP an obvious choice for what will be the cheapest EV in the U.S. 

When you purchase through links in our articles, we may earn a small commission. This doesn’t affect our editorial independence.

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AWS beats AMD and Intel to rentable PCIe 6.0 servers while customers wait for hardware capable of benefiting

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  • AWS becomes the first cloud provider offering rentable PCIe 6.0 processors
  • Graviton5 combines 192 Arm cores with 96 PCIe lanes
  • Memory bandwidth exceeds 800GB/s across AWS’s latest server platform

AWS has quietly achieved a milestone that neither AMD nor Intel reached first in commercially available cloud infrastructure by deploying a PCIe 6.0-capable processor.

The company’s Graviton5 CPU is now generally available through Amazon EC2 M9g and M9gd instances, allowing customers to rent PCIe 6.0 hardware by the hour.

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Hubble Spots a Compact Galaxy Clearing Paths Through the Young Universe’s Gas

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Hubble Ancient Galaxy MXDFz4.4 Early Big Bang
Light from a galaxy that lived just 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang traveled more than 12 billion years to reach us. Astronomers examining long Hubble exposures of a deep sky field spotted something they had not expected to see at such an early time. The galaxy, cataloged MXDFz4.4, sent out ultraviolet radiation strong enough to change the gas in its immediate surroundings from opaque to clear.



This object existed at the tail end of a long period when neutral hydrogen gas filled space and blocked energetic light. MXDFz4.4 sits in the MUSE eXtremely Deep Field, a region already studied by several telescopes. Hubble’s visible-light images captured the galaxy’s output after cosmic expansion stretched its original ultraviolet light into wavelengths the telescope could record.


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The galaxy itself measures roughly 100 times smaller in area than the Milky Way yet forms stars about 10 times faster. Most of that activity happened in tight clusters of young, massive stars only a few million years old. Those stars produced intense radiation that broke apart hydrogen atoms in the surrounding gas. As the gas ionized and thinned, between 50 and 100 percent of the ionizing light escaped the galaxy and its immediate neighborhood.

Hubble Ancient Galaxy MXDFz4.4 Early Big Bang
Combined Hubble and Webb photos show the galaxy as part of a dense field that includes thousands of other distant objects. Colors in the composite indicate areas where light broke free and gas cleared. Instead of a continuous production, the power came from bursts of star formation. Short-lived big stars most likely exploded, causing further holes in the remaining gas.

The discovery, according to lead author Ilias Goovaerts of the Space Telescope Science Institute, was previously thought to be impossible. Hubble not only captured the departing light, but also identified the concentrated young stars driving the alteration. Co-author Marc Rafelski pointed out that astronomers were already aware of the existence of many galaxies at the time. Prior to MXDFz4.4, no one has demonstrated unambiguous evidence of ionizing photons escaping.

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Hubble Ancient Galaxy MXDFz4.4 Early Big Bang
Data from the James Webb Space Telescope provided information about the galaxy’s total mass and the evolution of its oldest stars. The European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope helped determine its exact distance and timing. Together, the three facilities demonstrated how a single tiny system may influence conditions directly around it during a pivotal shift in cosmic history. The discovery provides the first direct evidence of an individual galaxy changing its surrounding gas in this manner. Previous detections of similar fleeing light occurred later in time, around 1.6 billion years after the Big Bang or more. MXDFz4.4 brings the record closer to the time when the cosmos as a whole went from murky to clear.

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How to watch Scotland vs Brazil: Free streams & TV channels for World Cup 2026

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The air will run thick with nostalgia as Scotland face Brazil at the FIFA World Cup 2026, with both teams aiming to book their place in the knockout stage – and you can live stream the game around the world for free.

Mention this fixture to members of the Tartan Army and they will immediately go dewy-eyed, as they recall Scotland’s battles with Brazil at World Cups of yore. This is the Scots’ fifth meeting with A Selecao at the tournament – they have not played any other country more than twice – but their finals record against the five-time winners is not the best, with a 0-0 draw in 1974 followed by defeats in 1982, 1990 and 1998. It falls on Steve Clarke’s Class of 2026 to change the narrative in Miami, where they may need a point to qualify for the knockout stage following their 1-0 defeat by Morocco last weekend. Finish third, and it’s calculators out as one of the eight best records. If they do that, they will become the first Scotland side in history to progress beyond the group stage of a major tournament.

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ASUS ROG Zephyrus Duo With RTX 5090 Now Available in India

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If you’ve been waiting for ASUS’s latest RTX 50-series laptops to arrive in India, we have some great news. ASUS has finally announced the availability of its newest premium gaming and creator laptops in the country, headlined by the flagship ROG Zephyrus Duo. The lineup also includes refreshed versions of the Zephyrus G14 and G16, the TUF Gaming A14, and the creator-focused ProArt PZ14. The new machines are powered by the latest Intel Core Ultra, AMD Ryzen AI, and Snapdragon X processors, paired with NVIDIA’s GeForce RTX 50-series GPUs. ASUS is also leaning heavily into AI this year, with some models offering dedicated NPUs capable of delivering up to 80 TOPS of AI performance.

The Zyphyrus Lineup

ROG Zephyrus Duo

The most interesting laptop in the lineup is undoubtedly the ROG Zephyrus Duo. ASUS describes it as its most advanced gaming and creator laptop yet, and it’s easy to see why. The machine features dual 16-inch 3K OLED Nebula touch displays, giving users significantly more screen real estate for multitasking, streaming, video editing, or keeping multiple applications open while gaming.

Under the hood, the laptop can be configured with up to an NVIDIA GeForce RTX 5090 GPU and Intel Core Ultra processors. ASUS has also included its ROG Intelligent Cooling system to help keep temperatures under control during long gaming or rendering sessions.

For users who want flagship performance without carrying around a massive gaming laptop, ASUS is also bringing the latest Zephyrus G14 and G16 to India. Both laptops feature premium lightweight designs, OLED Nebula displays, and NVIDIA RTX 50-series graphics. The G14 gets a 73Wh battery, while the larger G16 bumps that up to 90Wh. ASUS says the machines are designed for users who want a single laptop for gaming, content creation, and everyday work without sacrificing portability.

TUF Gaming A14 & ProArt PZ14

Asus ProArt Laptop

The TUF Gaming A14 targets gamers and students who need something more portable than a traditional gaming laptop. Weighing just 1.46kg, the laptop combines AMD Ryzen AI processors with NVIDIA GeForce RTX 5060 graphics. ASUS has also retained the military-grade durability the TUF series is known for, making it a more rugged alternative to the Zephyrus lineup.

Meanwhile, the ProArt PZ14 caters to creators looking for a highly portable AI PC. The device features a detachable Bluetooth keyboard and a 2-in-1 design, allowing it to function as both a laptop and a tablet. It runs on Qualcomm’s Snapdragon X2 Elite processor and includes a 14-inch 3K ASUS Lumina Pro OLED display. At just 0.79kg, it’s easily the lightest device in the lineup. ASUS is also positioning it as an AI-focused machine, thanks to support for up to 80 TOPS of AI performance.

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Price and Availability

The new ASUS laptops are now available across ASUS Exclusive Stores, ROG Stores, the ASUS eShop, Amazon, Flipkart, Reliance Digital, Croma, Vijay Sales, and other authorized retail partners. Pricing starts at ₹1,99,990 for the TUF Gaming A14 and goes all the way up to ₹6,99,990 for the top-end Zephyrus Duo with RTX 5090 graphics. ASUS is also offering No Cost EMI options through ASUS Easy Pay for up to 18 months, with monthly payments starting at ₹11,111.

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Europe's digital euro is one step closer, designed to cut out Visa and Mastercard

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The European Parliament said the digital euro can be used to make both online and offline payments to merchants across Europe. Online payments would be processed through an account-based system, while offline payments would function more like cash, with transactions conducted directly via local storage devices such as smartphones.
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