Hungary is easing part of its previously strict crypto framework, repealing a requirement that forced certain transactions to pass through an additional validator. The move comes as crypto services in the country restart under the European Union’s MiCA regime, with CoinCash preparing to resume operations after receiving MiCA authorization.

According to Hungarian tax and legal outlet Ado.hu, Parliament voted to remove the crypto validator obligation, eliminating mandatory third-party approval for specific crypto transaction flows. Finance Minister Kármán András said the government rolled back the rule because earlier regulations disrupted Hungary’s crypto market and led some providers to stop operating locally.

Key takeaways

• Hungary has repealed its crypto validator requirement, removing an extra transaction-level approval step for certain crypto conversions.
• The change is expected to reduce friction for compliant service providers while MiCA licensing and broader compliance duties remain in force.
• CoinCash is positioned to restart services after the National Bank of Hungary authorized its operator under MiCA on July 20.
• Hungary previously introduced a validator process via a 2024 crypto assets law, with requirements taking effect on July 1, 2025.

What Hungary’s validator rule required—and why it mattered

Hungary’s validator requirement was introduced through the country’s 2024 crypto assets law, creating a separate validation process alongside the EU framework. As described by the Hungarian legal database, the rule took effect on July 1, 2025 and required a licensed validator to verify details before issuing a compliance declaration for certain crypto conversions.

Those checks included information tied to the origin of crypto assets, wallet ownership, and customer data. In practical terms, the validator step added another hurdle for crypto service providers operating in Hungary—on top of MiCA obligations already covering authorization and ongoing compliance.

Industry implications were significant: the extra approval layer increased operational complexity and compliance costs, and some platforms chose to suspend services rather than continue under the combined set of rules.

MiCA still sets the baseline, but the approval step is being reduced

The validator repeal does not remove MiCA as the governing structure for crypto-asset service providers. Hungary’s broader approach has been to align its national rules with EU requirements while tightening implementation timelines.

Notably, earlier reporting highlighted that Hungary applied a shortened MiCA transition period for crypto asset service providers (CASPs), requiring compliance by July 1, 2025 rather than the EU’s maximum transition deadline of July 1, 2026. That accelerated schedule, combined with Hungary’s additional transaction-level validator process, left less room for gradual operational adjustment.

Minister Kármán framed the repeal as a response to market disruption. In a Tuesday Facebook post, he argued that “many players” had terminated Hungary-related crypto services due to the “negative and market-shaking regulations,” while he also suggested the market is now showing signs of recovery.

CoinCash gets MiCA authorization as it prepares to restart

While Hungary removed the validator requirement, MiCA authorization remains the key gateway for resuming compliant operations. CoinCash’s path illustrates how companies are adapting to the EU framework.

CoinCash’s operator, Tiwala Solutions, received authorization from the National Bank of Hungary under MiCA on July 20, according to a company announcement reviewed by Cointelegraph. CoinCash said it is the first and only Hungarian company authorized directly by the National Bank under the EU framework.

CoinCash co-founder Gábor Galántai stated this in a LinkedIn post on Friday. The authorization covers a broad set of regulated activities, including custody, crypto-to-fiat and crypto-to-crypto exchange, transfers, investment advice, and portfolio management.

The company also indicated it completed a months-long compliance review before obtaining approval. CoinCash had voluntarily paused operations in December 2025 while preparing to meet MiCA requirements, and it now plans to gradually resume services. The company added that it intends to expand beyond trading into additional MiCA-regulated offerings.

What changes now—and what investors should watch

From a market-structure perspective, Hungary’s validator repeal reduces an additional layer of friction for certain crypto transactions. For users, that can mean smoother processing by authorized providers; for operators, it can lower operational complexity by removing an extra transaction checkpoint.

However, the repeal leaves open the bigger question of how quickly the local market will normalize after a period of provider retrenchment. CoinCash’s restart plan is a tangible indicator of compliance momentum under MiCA, but other firms may move more slowly depending on their own licensing status and operational readiness.

Readers should watch for whether more Hungary-based or Hungary-serving platforms resume activity, and whether regulators continue to refine how MiCA transition and national requirements interact—especially as the removed validator step no longer offsets, or compensates for, the accelerated compliance expectations that previously shaped the market.

As Hungary continues recalibrating its crypto rulebook, the key uncertainty is speed: how quickly the compliance ecosystem can translate licensing into fully operational services, and whether additional rule adjustments follow the validator repeal once the market stabilizes under MiCA.

Trade.xyz, the operator of onchain perpetual markets on Hyperliquid, says it will reimburse eligible users for liquidation losses tied to a sudden “price anomaly” affecting its SK Hynix-linked contract. The announcement follows a sharp drop in the contract’s mark price after an off-chain trade was relayed through multiple independent data providers.

In a post on X, Trade.xyz stated that the SKHYNIX contract’s mark price fell to $917.25 from $1,127.90 at 23:01 UTC on Monday. It attributed the move to the way its oracle processes an external venue’s executed transaction, noting that eligibility requirements and details of the reimbursement are expected shortly.

Key takeaways

• Trade.xyz will cover eligible liquidation losses after a mark-price drop in its SK HynIX perpetual contract triggered liquidations.
• Trade.xyz said its oracle was “tracking” an external venue used as the primary South Korean pre-market and that it behaved according to specification.
• The affected contract is among Hyperliquid’s most active, with the platform reporting over $1.5 billion in 24-hour volume and nearly $600 million in open interest at the time of writing.
• Trade.xyz described reimbursement as a one-time discretionary decision and said it will review how prices are formed during extreme events.
• Hyperliquid/Trade.xyz is reportedly considering increasing the weight given to prices derived from its own order books during market stress.

Reimbursement after a mark-price break

The reimbursement plan centers on a specific event: Trade.xyz’s SKHYNIX contract mark price reportedly plunged within minutes, dropping from $1,127.90 to $917.25. According to Trade.xyz, the move was linked to an executed transaction on an external venue rather than a sudden distortion inside Hyperliquid’s own trading order book.

Trade.xyz did not disclose the number of users likely to qualify or the total amount it expects to distribute. It also said it would “announce soon” the eligibility requirements, with distributions expected “in the coming days.”

While the operator acknowledged the frustration traders can feel when liquidations occur during unusual market conditions, it framed the reimbursement as a “one-time discretionary decision.” It also signaled that the company plans to examine how its system handles price formation during extreme market events.

Why Hyperliquid’s mark price matters

On Hyperliquid, the mark price is not just a reference—it is a core input for risk controls. Trade.xyz said Hyperliquid uses mark prices to value positions for margin purposes and to determine when leveraged positions should be liquidated.

That design makes the accuracy and responsiveness of the mark-price mechanism critical. Even if the anomaly originates elsewhere, its impact can propagate quickly to trader margin calculations, particularly in highly leveraged perpetual markets.

Hyperliquid data cited by Trade.xyz indicates the SK Hynix contract is deeply liquid. On Wednesday, Hyperliquid’s interface showed the contract had produced over $1.5 billion in 24-hour volume and held nearly $600 million in open interest at the time of writing—figures that underscore why an oracle-driven disruption can quickly become a large-scale trader event.

How the anomaly appears to have transferred on-chain

Trade.xyz said the sharp move began with an executed transaction on an external market, not with trades on Hyperliquid itself. Its oracle tracks the US dollar value of one SKHX common share. The mechanism, according to Trade.xyz’s documentation, converts the underlying South Korean won price using the prevailing exchange rate.

In this case, Trade.xyz said the external print was processed by the oracle and contributed to the contract’s mark-price shift. It added that the oracle “worked as intended according to its specification,” a detail that helps clarify what the operator believes went wrong: not the system failing technically, but the market-data input producing a sudden reference-price dislocation.

The operator also suggested that Hyperliquid may adapt its approach for future stress periods. Trade.xyz said it is considering giving more weight to prices formed on Hyperliquid’s own order books, arguing that Hyperliquid’s internal liquidity and market signals may better reflect tradable conditions during volatility.

Perpetuals with external feeds under HIP-3

Trade.xyz’s SK Hynix market runs under Hyperliquid’s HIP-3 framework. HIP-3 enables perpetual contracts tied to assets with external price feeds, allowing builders to launch products when the primary pricing reference comes from venues outside the on-chain trading system.

Trade.xyz previously accounted for more than $22 billion of HIP-3’s first $25 billion in cumulative volume, according to coverage referenced in the source material. It has also launched an officially licensed S&P 500 perpetual using S&P Dow Jones Indices data, illustrating how HIP-3 has been used to bring traditional benchmark feeds into onchain perpetual trading.

This case highlights a central trade-off of external-feed perpetuals: while they expand asset coverage, they can also import volatility or idiosyncratic prints from other venues into margin and liquidation machinery. In moments when an off-chain venue’s execution data diverges sharply from the prevailing onchain trading picture, mark-price-based liquidation thresholds can behave abruptly.

What traders should watch next

For now, the key uncertainties are operational: how Trade.xyz will define eligibility for reimbursement and how it will adjust the balance between external feeds and Hyperliquid order-book prices going forward. Traders in external-feed perpetuals may want to pay close attention to any announced changes to oracle weighting and to monitoring around mark-price calculations during extreme events.

BNY, one of the world’s largest custodian banks, is taking a major step toward blockchain-based financial infrastructure by moving fund ownership records onchain.

The New York-based institution will launch a blockchain-based version of its transfer agency business, which manages fund ownership records and investor transactions, the Financial Times reported Wednesday.

“We think of BNY as modernizing a function that sits behind every single fund transaction by bringing the books and records on-chain,” Carolyn Weinberg, BNY’s chief product and innovation officer, reportedly said.

The move follows BNY’s broader digital asset expansion, including its European regulatory progress under the EU’s Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) framework, as the bank positions itself for the next phase of institutional blockchain adoption.

What are transfer agency records?

Transfer agents are financial service providers that maintain official records of who owns shares in investment funds. They handle tasks such as processing investor transactions, issuing and redeeming fund shares, updating ownership records and supporting communication between funds and investors.

These records form part of the behind-the-scenes infrastructure that allows investment funds to operate. Traditionally, ownership information is stored across multiple systems used by fund managers, custodians and other market participants, requiring frequent reconciliation.

Related: USDC issuer Circle to acquire nearly 1,000 IBM blockchain patents

According to the report, BNY’s transfer agent services cover roughly $8.6 trillion in assets across 7.6 million accounts. The company, which oversees more than $59 trillion in assets under custody and administration, will reportedly maintain its traditional transfer agency operations alongside the new digital platform.

Baillie Gifford among early users for tokenized funds

By moving transfer agency records onchain, BNY aims to create a shared source of information for market participants, reducing reliance on separate databases and manual reconciliation processes.

Early users of BNY’s digital transfer agency reportedly include Edinburgh, Scotland-based asset manager Baillie Gifford, which plans to use the platform for what it described as the first “fully native” United Kingdom-regulated tokenized fund. BlackRock and BNY Dreyfus money market fund and cash management business are also expected to use the service for upcoming tokenized funds.

The firm has roughly $261 billion in assets under management, according to its website.

Related: Hong Kong prepares banks for quantum threats amid tokenization push

“What we have in the blockchain is a shared source of record-keeping between the participants,” Theo Golden, Baillie Gifford’s head of digital assets, said. “We agree that this is the source of truth when people are dealing with the asset that this is monitoring,” the executive said.

BNY has not disclosed which blockchain network will support the new platform. Cointelegraph approached the company for comment regarding the report but did not receive a response by the time of publication.

Magazine: The 5 types of real world assets being tokenized fastest onchain

It was sometime in 2015, on a hiking trail in Hong Kong, that the perpetual swap — also called a perpetual future or a “perp” for short — was born. Ben Delo, the mathematician and co-founder of BitMEX, was walking with a friend called Bavik, a derivatives trader, wrestling with a problem that had been nagging at him for months.

BitMEX had been trying everything. Quarterly futures, monthly futures, weekly futures, 48-hour futures, even a contract that lasted just 24 hours before resetting. Nothing was working. Customers kept complaining that their positions were closing without warning. They wanted something that looked like spot, traded like spot, but gave them the leverage that only a derivatives exchange could offer.

“What if a future never expired?” Delo asked.

Bavik’s answer was immediate. “Mathematically, it would be worth infinity,” Delo recalls him saying.

Technically, he was right. A futures contract’s value is partly derived from the time remaining until expiry and the cost of carrying the position. Remove the expiry date and that carrying cost compounds indefinitely, making the theoretical value infinite. But then Bavik offered a solution: just charge traders the bitcoin overnight rate, the way you might charge LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate) in traditional finance.

There was one problem. “I said, what’s that?” Delo recalls. “He said, ‘Hm, just charge them the overnight bitcoin interest rate’. I said, ‘I don’t think that exists.’”

So Delo built it. And in doing so, he invented one of the most consequential financial products of the 21st century.

Building BitMEX

To understand why the perpetual swap mattered, you have to understand what BitMEX was trying to be before it became the most liquid bitcoin market in the world.

When Delo and Arthur Hayes founded the exchange in 2014, they were not thinking about retail traders chasing 100x leverage. They were thinking about institutional hedgers. Hayes had worked at Deutsche Bank, while Delo spent years building high-frequency trading systems at JP Morgan. Their thesis was that bitcoin miners and payment companies needed a way to hedge their exposure, and BitMEX would provide the professional infrastructure to do it.

“We built it basically to look like a Bloomberg terminal,” Delo said. “We used Reuters instruction codes. Z14 meant expiring December 2014.”

The institutions never came. What came instead were traders, sophisticated but retail, people who had financial experience but were playing with their own money. And what they wanted was not guaranteed settlement or low leverage. They wanted to speculate, and they wanted to do it with as much size and leverage as possible.

BitMEX listened. By Halloween 2015, the exchange was offering 100x leverage, made possible by a real-time margining system that Delo had built from scratch. “I built the order matching engine, the position keeping system, the margining system, the PnL system, the settlement system,” he says. “Everything on that was me.”

The issue with futures, even short-dated ones, is basis, the premium at which a futures contract trades above the spot price of the underlying asset. A futures contract trades at a premium to the underlying asset, and that premium reflects an implied interest rate. In traditional finance, this is well understood. In crypto, in 2015, it confused almost everyone.

“Our customers would be like, why is bitcoin so expensive on your exchange?” Delo recalled “And we would say, ‘Well, if it is expensive, why don’t you short it?’ And that would blow some of their minds. You could short something rather than just long it.”

BitMEX kept shortening the expiry of its listed futures contracts. Weekly futures. Then 48-hour. Then a contract that relisted every single day.

“Every 24 hours, it would expire or settle. And people would say, ‘Why did you liquidate me?’ And we’d say, ‘We didn’t liquidate you. Your position closed at the index price. You got exactly the spot price,’” Delo said. “They’re like, ‘We don’t understand.’”

The customers knew what they wanted, even if they could not articulate it. They wanted a leveraged product that never went away. Delo’s hiking trail conversation gave him the framework to build one.

Inventing the funding rate

The perpetual swap launched in May 2016 with little ceremony. The core mechanic was straightforward: a futures contract with no expiry date, anchored to the spot price through a daily funding rate. Longs paid shorts, or vice versa, depending on whether the swap was trading above or below spot. BitMEX took no cut. The rate was purely a balancing mechanism.

The early funding rate was derived from third-party lending markets, primarily Bitfinex, where traders could borrow dollars or lend out Bitcoin. Take the dollar borrow rate, subtract the Bitcoin borrow rate, and you had something approximating the cost of holding a long position.

It worked, until it did not. As Bitcoin began its rise through 2016 and into 2017, demand for long exposure on BitMEX overwhelmed the funding mechanism. The swap started trading at a persistent premium to spot, causing the contract price to drift away from the actual price of bitcoin and undermining the mechanism designed to keep them aligned. The interest rate being imported from Bitfinex was simply not high enough to reflect what was happening on BitMEX itself.

“We had to dynamically adjust how we calculated that funding rate,” Delo said.

The original funding rate had been imported from external lending markets, a fixed reference point that could not respond to conditions on BitMEX itself. The new approach replaced that with a dynamic one, looking inward at how the swap was actually trading rather than outward at what Bitfinex was charging to borrow dollars.

The solution was elegant. Rather than looking outward to other markets, BitMEX would look inward. The exchange began measuring how far the swap was trading above or below spot over an eight-hour window, treating that gap as an implied basis, and back-calculating the annualized rate from it. That rate would then be charged at the end of the next eight-hour window.

“This was very important because you gave market makers notice of how you were calculating it, what it would be, and then when you would charge it,” Delo said. “Because it was paid from longs to shorts, if the swap was trading at a 1% premium, you would charge longs 1% but give 1% to shorts. And then immediately the market makers, knowing that, would come in, short the swap, and anchor it back down to the spot price. It was a dynamic equilibrium.”

This is, in essence, the funding rate mechanism that every major derivatives exchange in the world now uses.

The product that took over

By 2017, BitMEX was the most liquid bitcoin market on the planet. The exchange was processing $3-4 billion a day, and the perpetual swap was at the center of it all. Price discovery for bitcoin was happening not on Coinbase or Bitstamp but on the BitMEX order book.

The concentration of liquidity was itself a product of the swap’s design. Before it launched, BitMEX had been running quarterly, monthly, weekly, 48-hour and 24-hour contracts simultaneously, spreading market maker capital thin across six different tenors. The swap collapsed all of that into one instrument.

“By offering one product, they [traders] were able to consolidate their liquidity, which meant a more liquid market, tighter spreads,” Delo said.

Competitors noticed. Another competitor exchange copied so literally that it reproduced portions of the BitMEX FAQ without understanding how the product worked, Delo told CoinDesk. Others took the concept more seriously. Eventually, every major exchange in crypto offered its own perpetual swap, each one built on the funding rate architecture that Delo had begun assembling on that Hong Kong hiking trail.

“The fact that every other exchange has copied the swap just proves what a financial innovation it is,” he said. “I think it now does $40, 50 trillion dollars a year of turnover. It’s one of the most successful products in the history of capitalism.”

What comes next

BitMEX chose not to patent the perpetual swap. Delo says they considered it and decided the startup’s time was better spent building.

“We were a scrappy startup,” he says. “We thought, just get it out there. If it was any good, the market would show us.”

And show them the market did. Now, a decade on, the product is starting to attract the attention of traditional finance regulators. The CFTC is reportedly making room for perpetual swaps under its framework, and there is speculation that the CME could eventually list them on equities.

For Delo, that prospect is the final validation of something that started as a question on a hillside above Hong Kong, asked by someone who had grown tired of watching his customers complain about positions that kept disappearing.

“I think once traditional finance sees the benefits of this financial product,” he said, “it’ll be impressive.”

“Investments change fast; human nature and human aspirations stay constant.”

That’s how Meir Statman, behavioral finance pioneer and professor of finance at Santa Clara University, explains one of investing’s oldest puzzles. And it may be why every crypto cycle so far has been about chasing the next hot narrative rather than fundamentals, whether its DeFi, meme coins or decentralized compute.

In an industry that has spent years maturing into an ecosystem of institutional investors, revenue-generating protocols and real-world use cases, investor attention still gravitates toward the next shiny thing that can offer the promise of outsized returns.

“Crypto is still a young asset class, and price discovery in young markets tends to be driven by attention before it’s driven by analysis,” Samar Sen, head of international markets at Talos, tells Magazine.

“A new narrative gives investors a simple story to underwrite quickly, while assessing the fundamentals of an established protocol takes real work, from understanding usage and revenue to token design and competitive position.”

This behavior isn’t unique to digital assets; it’s just particularly pronounced in an industry that prizes memes over sustainable business models.

A Pokémon card, a digital asset and a tech stock

A recent MarketWise study compared hypothetical $10,000 investments across cryptocurrencies, stocks, exchange-traded funds and collectibles between January 2021 and April 2026.

The study found that a sealed Pokémon card box outperformed Bitcoin, while a pair of limited-edition sneakers nearly matched Dogecoin’s returns.

At the same time, some of Wall Street’s most popular artificial intelligence funds lagged the broader stock market despite AI dominating the investment headlines.

A $10K investment has very different outcomes. Source: MarketWise

What does a Pokémon card, a digital asset and a tech stock have in common? According to Statman, they’re driven by the same thing: investors aren’t simply looking for the best asset; they’re buying a lottery ticket to a life-changing outcome.

Investors are chasing transformation, not crypto

Traditional finance tends to assume that investors want to maximize returns while minimizing risk, but Statman argues that people often invest for a very different reason.

In an unpublished paper shared with Magazine, Statman argues that many investors mentally divide their wealth into two layers.

The first is a “not-poor” layer, which is designed to preserve their standard of living and avoid falling into poverty. The second is a “be-rich” layer, which is for transformative goals, like buying a house, becoming financially independent, or fundamentally changing their circumstances.

Within that framework, concentrated investments aren’t necessarily irrational; they exist because diversified investing, while statistically sensible, may never offer someone with limited capital a realistic chance of achieving those goals.

James Royal, a senior writer at MarketWise, tells Magazine:

“The asset class may change, but the behavior barely does… Investors aren’t exactly loyal to crypto, stocks or collectibles. Their loyalty is to whatever promises lucrative returns next.”

Statman says that, while some of today’s investors pin their hopes on meme stocks, “a century ago it was railroad stocks […] today’s investors are simply expressing the same aspirations through a new asset class.”

Investors aren’t becoming more tolerant of risk, however, just more willing to accept volatility for a chance of life-changing wealth.

“Investors aren’t necessarily on the hunt for risk, but they’ve got a case of FOMO on the next life-changing return, and that can lead them down a path of underestimated downside risk,” Royal says.

Why stories beat fundamentals

If investors are searching for transformation rather than simple returns, that helps explain why narratives so often overwhelm fundamentals, particularly in crypto.

The decentralized finance sector is a case in point. Despite some of its largest protocols like Aave or Uniswap generating substantial revenue, attracting billions of dollars in deposits and processing enormous trading volumes, their tokens struggle to capture the same excitement as newer narratives built around the latest craze.

Aave’s token was trading at around $98 at the time of writing, some 85% from its 2021 peak, but its TVL is over $14 billion, and had reached over $37 billion at the height of the bull market in October 2025.

Aave’s TVL is over $14 billion while its token price is 85% from its 2021 peak. Source: DeFiLlama.

Thomas Probst, a research analyst at Kaiko market data provider, says that while assets may outperform in the short term, fundamentals will always be more important in the long term.

“Market fundamentals continue to play an important role, particularly resilience, liquidity, and volatility… [an asset’s] ability to establish itself over time also depends on the robustness of its market structure,” he says.

Yet, while a mature protocol generating sustainable cash flow may be an attractive long-term investment, it offers little appeal to investors allocating money toward their “be-rich” bucket. A token that might double over several years will always struggle to compete with the possibility, however remote, of a 100x moonshot.

“Investors like to confuse a great technological breakthrough with a great investment opportunity,” Royal says, which might explain why many AI-focused ETFs have underperformed, despite AI arguably becoming the defining investment narrative of our time.

“The real skill isn’t identifying exciting investments, it’s recognizing when optimism has already been priced in.”

That same skill comes in handy with market timing. MarketWise’s report found that investors who bought Bitcoin in January 2021 turned a hypothetical $10,000 investment into more than $24,000 by April 2026, with +141% gains.

Those who bought during its cycle peak in October 2025, however, saw the same investment shrink to just over $6,000 with a -38% return by April (and it’d be worth about $5,000 today).

Anyone who FOMO’d into AAAVE around the same time would be sitting on +85% losses today.

Institutions play a different game

Institutional investors approach investing from an entirely different perspective, Sen says:

“Institutional mandates simply don’t allow for chasing outsized, speculative returns. Institutions are underwriting risk-adjusted performance, liquidity, custody arrangements and operational resilience long before they look at upside potential.”

AAVE’s price performance since 2021. Source: Coingecko

And while that doesn’t mean institutions are immune to emerging narratives, they generally look at whether the underlying infrastructure can support meaningful capital allocation rather than whether the token could 100x.

“It’s usually a mix, and the order matters,” Sen says. “Most of these themes, DeFi, AI, memecoins, do start with a genuine shift: a real technical unlock or a new use case that wasn’t possible before.”

Once the narrative begins attracting speculative money, however, prices often move faster than fundamentals, he says.

“Investors arriving later in a cycle are often responding to the narrative as much as the fundamentals that started it […] Institutional capital, which tends to move on process and discipline rather than trend-following, is often a step behind the initial narrative and a step ahead of the correction.”

The next Bitcoin isn’t really the point

The search for the next life-changing investment is unlikely to disappear, and neither, Statman argues, is the human desire to improve one’s circumstances.

The next 100x token certainly exists, and investors will continue to seek it — even when the odds and fundamentals say they’re looking in the wrong place.

Magazine: The real reason DeFi projects that survived 2022 crash are shutting down now

Strategy executive chairman Michael Saylor has warned that any changes to Bitcoin’s consensus rules pose a far greater threat than those posed by rival cryptocurrencies and external governments.

Saylor’s comments are likely part of his broader opposition to Bitcoin Improvement Proposal (BIP-110), a temporary soft fork that reduces arbitrary data stored on the blockchain.

Strategy Issues Bitcoin Warning

Michael Saylor issued the warning in a series of X posts, calling Bitcoin’s rules its constitution and describing how they determine ownership, scarcity, settlements, and what participants can and can’t change. Saylor stated,

“Bitcoin has won. Now it must survive victory. Its gravest threat is not an enemy at the gates, but corruption from within: factions that invent pretexts, rewrite the rules, and seize economic rights until freedom becomes permission and law becomes loot.”

According to Saylor, any changes to the protocol to benefit a single group would infringe upon the economic rights of the broader community, including miners, developers, investors, companies, custodians, and other users. He warned that if one group gained enough influence to change Bitcoin’s rules, others could use the same process for similar agendas.

Prolonged Governance Conflicts Harm Bitcoin

According to Saylor, protocol changes driven by a particular group could prolong disputes, which would drive away capital, slow development, and weaken security. Saylor has predicted Bitcoin could grow exponentially and become part of the infrastructure supporting global markets. The Strategy founder believes a poorly thought-out rule could hamper financial products and technologies in the future.

Saylor’s Opposition to BIP-110

If Saylor’s comments seem targeted, it’s because they are. Saylor has vehemently opposed BIP-110, a soft fork that reduces the arbitrary data stored on the blockchain. Supporters of the fork believe that limiting certain types of data eases storage requirements and reduces the burden on node operators. Additionally, they believe Bitcoin must focus on monetary transactions instead of tokens, inscriptions, or file storage.

While Saylor concedes that some on-chain data is redundant or could be linked to malicious activities, he argues that Bitcoin can’t use consensus rules to restrict block space to valid, fee-paying transactions. Saylor had said in an article dated July 18,

“Bitcoin does not need guardians of purity. It needs guardians of neutrality.”

Saylor’s latest comments also criticize proposals to add covenant functionality and increase block capacity, arguing that they create risks for Bitcoin’s base layer. Saylor is not the only one opposing BIP-110, with Adam Beck also publicly opposing the soft fork.

Fee Market and Network Security at Risk

Saylor believes imposing restrictions on valid transactions could weaken the fee market by reducing competition for block space, while larger blocks could reduce block space scarcity and raise bandwidth and hardware costs for node operators. He also argued that covenants could make Bitcoin’s consensus rules complicated and introduce new attack surfaces.

Saylor also warned that suppressing fee demand could substantially lower miner income, impacting the financial incentive that protects the network. He believes the base layer must be kept simple, neutral, scarce, and secure, while developers can build new functionality on a separate layer.

The Bitcoin Security Consortium

Strategy, along with Anchorage Digital, ARK Invest, BlackRock, Block, Blockstream, Coinbase, Fidelity Digital Assets, and Galaxy, has formed a consortium called the Bitcoin Security Consortium. The consortium has pledged $15 million over three years to support Bitcoin developers working on post-quantum solutions. However, the consortium will not take any position on protocol changes, nor control Bitcoin development.

Disclaimer: This article is provided for informational purposes only. It is not offered or intended to be used as legal, tax, investment, financial, or other advice.