Crypto World
Banks Push Back on Kraken’s Fed Access as Trump Backs Crypto
The approval of Kraken’s access to the Federal Reserve’s core payments infrastructure has ignited a fierce response from the banking sector.
In a statement on Wednesday, the Independent Community Bankers of America (ICBA) and the Bank Policy Institute (BPI) strongly opposed the Fed’s decision, arguing it posed a risk to the financial system’s stability.
Banks Challenge Kraken’s Federal Approval
Hours after news surfaced that Kraken had become the first crypto company to secure a master account from the Federal Reserve, the ICBA issued a scathing statement in response.
“Granting nonbank entities and crypto institutions access to the master accounts traditionally limited to highly regulated insured depository institutions poses risks to the banking system,” said ICBA CEO Rebeca Romero, adding, “The Fed should continue limiting master account access to institutions that meet the financial services sector’s highest standards.”
On its part, the BPI expressed concern over the decision-making process.
“This action ignores public comment that the Federal Reserve sought on this framework, and it was issued with no transparency into the process for approval or the risk mitigants that have been imposed to address the very significant risks it raises.”
The statements subtly highlighted that Kraken now has direct access to the same payment rails used by thousands of US banks and credit unions. This access allows it to settle US dollar transactions directly through the Fed, effectively bypassing intermediary banks.
Kraken won’t receive all the benefits that traditional banks do with the Fed, such as earning interest on reserves. However, the approval represents a significant victory for the crypto industry.
This tension between banks and crypto extends beyond Kraken’s approval, highlighting ongoing concerns over crypto’s growing role in traditional finance.
The Ongoing Battle Over Stablecoin Interest
Before the passage of the GENIUS Act last July, banks lobbied heavily against the loose regulation of stablecoins. Their main argument centered on the danger that the bill could pose to traditional bank deposits.
The concern was reasonable. Last April, a Treasury Department report estimated that stablecoins could lead to as much as $6.6 trillion in deposit outflows.
A month after the GENIUS Act passed, five banking associations —including the ICBA and BPI— sent a letter to Congress urging them to close a loophole that allows stablecoin issuers to pay interest through exchanges.
They warned that such a gap could also lead to higher loan costs and less credit for businesses and families.
“Without an explicit prohibition applying to exchanges, which act as a distribution channel for stablecoin issuers or business affiliates, the requirements in the GENIUS Act can be easily evaded and undermined by allowing payment of interest indirectly to holders of stablecoins,” the letter read.
These tensions are now being carried over to discussions regarding the CLARITY Act. More specifically, the main concern is whether crypto exchanges can offer interest-like returns on stablecoins.
Unfortunately for the banking sector, US President Donald Trump recently sided with the crypto industry.
Trump Slams Banks for Stalling CLARITY Act
On Tuesday night, the president accused US banks of undermining the GENIUS Act and stalling the CLARITY Act.
“Americans should earn more money on their money. The Banks are hitting record profits, and we are not going to allow them to undermine our powerful Crypto Agenda that will end up going to China, and other Countries if we don’t get the Clarity Act taken care of,” Trump wrote on Truth Social.
The statement marked the sharpest presidential intervention yet in the legislative battle over stablecoin rewards.
Trump, whose family has interests in numerous crypto ventures, is urging Congress to pass the market structure bill before the November midterm elections. These elections could dismantle the current Republican grip on the House and the Senate.
Trump’s social media post came hours after a POLITICO report confirmed that the president had a private meeting with Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong in the White House.
Bitcoin Price Holds Above $71K Amid Rising Tensions
Rising geopolitical tensions and steady ETF inflows are shaping crypto markets this week. Bitcoin trades above $71,000 while analysts assess risks tied to US-Iran hostilities. Meanwhile, capital flows into spot exchange-traded funds signal sustained institutional demand.
everyone said war = crypto dump.$BTC just hit $72,000.
here’s what actually happened:
→ investors sold the rumor (Iran war fears)
→ $BTC held while stocks bled
→ institutions noticed
→ 5 straight days of ETF inflows
→ Binance buy/sell ratio: 1.18 (highest this year)
→… pic.twitter.com/gHp54vvBZ2— Onchain Daily (previously One Click Contracts) (@OnchainDaily_) March 4, 2026
BTC back above 71K.
✅ Weekly reclaimed EMA200 (68,343)
But don’t get drunk on green candles:
⚠️ CVD still -454K (move looks mechanical)
⚠️ OI ~89.8K + funding 0.0025 (leverage is back)
Levels: 72 → 74K, fail 70/69 → 66K. pic.twitter.com/2r1YlgLf38— Fred Velez (@Fredvelezcrypto) March 4, 2026
Bitcoin trades at $71,223 during early Wednesday sessions. The price has gained 7% over the past 24 hours. However, it still struggles to secure a firm break above $70,000 resistance.
The cryptocurrency remains within a narrow range between $65,000 support and $70,000 resistance. Buyers are pushing price action toward the upper boundary of consolidation. Momentum indicators show strength as MACD lines stay above the signal line.
The Relative Strength Index stands near 66, which reflects bullish pressure without overbought conditions. A confirmed breakout above $70,000 could drive price toward $72,000. Conversely, a rejection may pull Bitcoin back toward $67,000 or even $65,000.
Market sentiment also reflects broader geopolitical developments. Tensions between the United States and Iran intensified after military operations in early 2026. Energy markets reacted sharply as oil and gas prices recorded rapid swings.
A Beijing-based historian, Jiang Xueqin, had earlier predicted escalating conflict under a second Donald Trump administration. He argued that Washington could face a prolonged and costly confrontation with Tehran. His projection gained renewed attention after clashes including the 12-Day War of 2025.
The United States and Israel launched Operation Epic Fury in February 2026. Iran responded with missile attacks and expanded regional proxy engagement. As a result, global trade routes and shipping lanes faced renewed security threats.
Ethereum Price Steady Above $1,900 Despite ETF Outflows
Ethereum trades slightly above $1,900 in recent sessions. The asset shows modest gains while broader market capitalization increases. However, spot Ethereum ETFs recorded a net outflow of $10.75 million on March 3.
Despite the net outflow, BlackRock’s ETHA product posted a daily inflow of $41.92 million. This performance indicates selective demand within Ethereum-linked funds. Therefore, capital rotation remains visible across crypto investment products.
Ethereum has faced pressure during Bitcoin’s consolidation phase. Still, it maintains relative stability compared to previous corrections. The broader crypto market cap rose 0.53% to reach $2.34 trillion.
Regulatory developments have also supported digital asset valuations. Lawmakers in Washington continue discussions on clearer frameworks for crypto oversight. Consequently, market participants are weighing both policy direction and geopolitical risk.
US-Iran tensions add complexity to global financial conditions. Energy price volatility often influences inflation expectations and monetary policy outlooks. Such macro factors continue to shape demand for alternative assets including cryptocurrencies.
XRP Gains Modest ETF Inflows as Market Consolidates
XRP-related spot ETFs recorded $7.53 million in daily net inflows. Although smaller than Bitcoin flows, the figure signals steady product interest. XRP price action remains aligned with broader market consolidation.
Bitcoin spot ETFs registered a combined $225 million net inflow on March 3. BlackRock’s IBIT led the market with $322 million in inflows. These figures underscore continued capital allocation into Bitcoin-focused products.
ETF demand has become a significant driver of crypto liquidity. Since regulatory approval, spot products have attracted both institutional and retail capital. This structural shift continues to influence price stability during volatility.
Meanwhile, debate persists over US military strategy and global positioning. Jiang argues that reliance on airpower and precision strikes may not secure long-term dominance. Critics counter that American military capacity remains unmatched despite extended commitments.
Ethereum Price Steady Above $1,900 Despite ETF Outflows
Ethereum trades slightly above $1,900 in recent sessions. The asset shows modest gains while broader market capitalization increases. However, spot Ethereum ETFs recorded a net outflow of $10.75 million on March 3.
Despite the net outflow, BlackRock’s ETHA product posted a daily inflow of $41.92 million. This performance indicates selective demand within Ethereum-linked funds. Therefore, capital rotation remains visible across crypto investment products.
Ethereum has faced pressure during Bitcoin’s consolidation phase. Still, it maintains relative stability compared to previous corrections. The broader crypto market cap rose 0.53% to reach $2.34 trillion.
Regulatory developments have also supported digital asset valuations. Lawmakers in Washington continue discussions on clearer frameworks for crypto oversight. Consequently, market participants are weighing both policy direction and geopolitical risk.
US-Iran tensions add complexity to global financial conditions. Energy price volatility often influences inflation expectations and monetary policy outlooks. Such macro factors continue to shape demand for alternative assets including cryptocurrencies.
XRP Gains Modest ETF Inflows as Market Consolidates
XRP-related spot ETFs recorded $7.53 million in daily net inflows. Although smaller than Bitcoin flows, the figure signals steady product interest. XRP price action remains aligned with broader market consolidation.
Bitcoin spot ETFs registered a combined $225 million net inflow on March 3. BlackRock’s IBIT led the market with $322 million in inflows. These figures underscore continued capital allocation into Bitcoin-focused products.
ETF demand has become a significant driver of crypto liquidity. Since regulatory approval, spot products have attracted both institutional and retail capital. This structural shift continues to influence price stability during volatility.
Meanwhile, debate persists over US military strategy and global positioning. Jiang argues that reliance on airpower and precision strikes may not secure long-term dominance. Critics counter that American military capacity remains unmatched despite extended commitments.
The renewed conflict narrative intersects with financial markets through energy and trade channels. Oil price spikes increase transport and production costs worldwide. As a result, risk assets including cryptocurrencies reflect broader macro uncertainty.
Overall, Bitcoin holds key levels while ETF inflows provide support. Ethereum and XRP show mixed but stable capital flows. Geopolitical tensions, however, remain a defining variable for near-term crypto direction.
Key takeaways:
-
Derivatives and onchain data show a lack of bullish conviction, as 43% of Bitcoin holders remain at a loss despite recent price gains.
-
Surging AI energy demand is squeezing miner profits to record lows, forcing major listed firms to offload BTC and pivot to computing.
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Traders face a psychological hurdle at $76,000, the average cost basis for major corporate holders like Strategy.
Bitcoin (BTC) surged to a four-week high on Wednesday, potentially clearing a path for a recovery toward the $78,700 monthly close recorded in January. Despite a 22% rally from the $60,000 local bottom on Feb. 6, several onchain and derivatives metrics suggest bears remain comfortable.
Demand for downside protection through Bitcoin options continues to dominate the market.
Put (sell) options recently traded at a 10% premium relative to equivalent call (buy) instruments. In neutral market conditions, this indicator typically ranges between -6% and 6%, a level last observed in mid-January when Bitcoin traded near $95,000.
Professional traders appear to fear further downside, while demand for bullish BTC futures remains stagnant; the annualized premium, or basis rate, currently sits below the neutral 5% threshold.
The weakness in Bitcoin derivatives reflects the month-long consolidation following the 32% crash during the first week of February. However, the lack of conviction from bulls even as prices move above $73,000 suggests a deeper hesitation. This cautious mood likely comes from the fact that a significant portion of holders are still stuck in the red.
Currently, 43% of the supply is held at a loss based on the price coins last moved, according to Glassnode data. This share of holders sustaining losses spiked from 30% when Bitcoin traded at $90,000 in late January. Traders fear that investors sitting on these losses will gradually exit their positions as the price recovers, creating persistent overhead sell pressure that could cap further gains.
Another source of concern stems from the Bitcoin mining sector, which has faced significant pressure due to the exponential growth in artificial intelligence demand. Rising energy costs and declining demand for the Bitcoin blockchain registry have pushed miner profitability toward all-time lows. Several major listed mining firms have pivoted toward AI computing, offloading their Bitcoin holdings in the process.
The Bitcoin Hashprice index, which measures the expected daily value of one terahash per second of hashing power, plummeted to $30 on Tuesday, down from $39 three months ago. Investors fear that miners may transition into net sellers after a prolonged period of accumulation.
Mining companies that previously maintained a Bitcoin strategic reserve are now reportedly eyeing more profitable opportunities in alternative high-performance computing sectors.
Related: MARA exec pushes back on Bitcoin treasury sell-off narrative
Strategy’s $76,000 cost basis could be the turning point for Bitcoin momentum
Strategy (MSTR US) remains the primary example of a Bitcoin-centered balance sheet strategy. After purchasing 720,737 BTC since its initial deployment in August 2020, the company faced scrutiny as Bitcoin dropped below its average acquisition price of approximately $76,000.
Other publicly traded entities, including Metaplanet (3350 JP) and Twenty One Capital (XXI US), have encountered similar valuation challenges during the current bear market conditions.
While Strategy does not face imminent liquidation risks or a lack of cash for interest payments on yield-bearing assets like STRC, bears recognize that prices above the Bitcoin cost basis incentivize stock issuance without diluting current holders.
Essentially, market participants looking to suppress the price have strong incentives to keep Bitcoin pegged below $76,000. Therefore, a recovery toward $78,700 may take longer than expected, though momentum could shift in favor of bulls once that key level is breached.
This article does not contain investment advice or recommendations. Every investment and trading move involves risk, and readers should conduct their own research when making a decision. While we strive to provide accurate and timely information, Cointelegraph does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of any information in this article. This article may contain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Cointelegraph will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from your reliance on this information.
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This article was originally published as Bitcoin Bulls Rally as Momentum Surges, Still Tough to Top $78K on Crypto Breaking News – your trusted source for crypto news, Bitcoin news, and blockchain updates.
- PAC Fairshake secured early victories in the 2026 U.S. congressional primaries by backing several candidates in key states.
- Jessica Steinmann won nearly 70 percent of the vote in Texas’ 8th District with financial support from Fairshake.
- Fairshake spent 1.5 million dollars opposing Democratic Representative Al Green, forcing his race into a runoff.
- Republican candidates Chris Gober and Trever Nehls also won their Texas primaries with Fairshake support.
- The PAC reported 193 million dollars in cash on hand at the start of the 2026 campaign season.
Crypto-backed political spending shaped several early outcomes in the 2026 U.S. congressional primaries. Fairshake supported multiple candidates in Texas, Arkansas, and North Carolina. The results now position the group to expand its allies after November.
PAC Fairshake Backs Primary Winners in Texas and Beyond
PAC Fairshake supported Jessica Steinmann in Texas’s 8th District, and she won nearly 70% of the vote. State results confirmed her dominant finish in the Republican primary. Federal Election Commission filings show the PAC spent more than $750,000 on her race.
Steinmann previously worked as a Department of Justice lawyer, and President Donald Trump backed her candidacy. Her campaign website states she supports digital assets and blockchain innovation. Fairshake said voters responded to her economic message and focus on emerging technology.
In Texas’s 10th District, Fairshake supported Republican Chris Gober, and he secured more than 50% in a crowded field. Gober founded Lex Politica and focuses on political litigation and government investigations. In the 22nd District, Trever Nehls won 76% of the vote after receiving Fairshake support.
Nehls is an Army veteran and a Trump loyalist, and he seeks to replace his identical twin brother. Both Texas districts lean Republican, and general election prospects appear favorable. Fairshake also supported Representative French Hill in Arkansas, and he won 77% of his primary vote.
Hill chairs the House Financial Services Committee and leads crypto legislation efforts in the House. Fairshake spent more than $400,000 on advertising in his race. In North Carolina, Republican Representative Tim Moore won 83% of the vote with PAC backing.
Texas Runoff Shapes Key Test for Fairshake Strategy
Fairshake also targeted longtime Texas Democrat Al Green in a newly redrawn district. The PAC spent $1.5 million on ads opposing Green. Green trailed pro-blockchain Democrat Christian Menefee, yet neither candidate secured more than half the vote.
Both candidates will now compete in a runoff election. Green has voted against crypto legislation and holds an “F” rating from Stand With Crypto. Menefee supports blockchain policy, and he advanced alongside Green into the next round.
Fairshake stated that its advertisements focus on political messages rather than digital asset policy. The group does not coordinate directly with candidate campaigns. It reported $193 million in cash on hand at the start of the campaign season.
The PAC and its affiliates rank among the largest political spenders in the country. During the 2024 cycle, Fairshake supported 53 candidates who now serve in Congress. The latest primary victories add to that list as the 2026 general election approaches.
South Korea’s stock market suffered one of its fastest declines in history this week, with the Kospi falling about 20% in two trading days, as geopolitical tensions have, for the moment, shattered what might be termed a speculative bubble in popular AI-related names.
The rapid decline followed months of aggressive buying by retail investors that had sent the Kospi — dominated by Samsung and SK Hynix — higher by nearly 180% in about 10 months.
The timing has drawn attention to activity in Korea’s crypto markets, where trading volumes have begun to climb again.
South Korea is one of the few markets where retail traders play a major role in both equities and digital assets. Analysts have long observed that local traders often rotate between speculative markets, rather than exiting risk assets entirely.
In November, a CoinDesk analysis described what was dubbed the “Great Korean Pivot,” noting trading volumes on domestic crypto exchanges fell as retail traders moved into technology stocks tied to artificial intelligence.
That equity rally, however, has now stalled or reversed.
When one market cools, South Korean trader attention frequently shifts to another. That’s perhaps benefiting crypto, which has seen bitcoin climb 7% in the past 24 hours to above $73,000. Ether (ETH), solana (SOL) and XRP (XRP) are up similar amounts.
Retail signals remain moderate
While crypto trading volumes have moved higher, for the moment, at least, activity does not yet resemble the frenzied speculative surges seen in earlier Korean market cycles.
One key metric is the Kimchi premium, which measures the difference between bitcoin prices on Korean exchanges and global markets. When domestic demand surges, bitcoin often trades at a noticeable premium in Korean won markets.
That premium currently remains modest, with data from CryptoQuant showing the Korea Premium Index near 1%, well below levels seen during previous retail-driven rallies. There is, however, a modest uptick in retail sentiment as the Kimchi premium had dipped into negative territory in mid-January.
Crypto exchange Kraken has secured approval for a Federal Reserve master account, advancing digital asset integration into the U.S. banking system. The approval grants Kraken Financial direct access to the central bank’s core payment infrastructure. The decision also positions the firm at the center of a pilot program for proposed skinny master accounts.
Kraken Secures Federal Reserve Master Account Access
Kraken Financial obtained approval for a Federal Reserve master account after applying to the Kansas City Fed in 2020. As a result, the firm can access the central bank’s payment rails used by banks and credit unions. The development marks a structural shift in how crypto firms connect to the U.S. financial system.
With this approval, Kraken Financial can settle transactions through Fedwire and other core systems. Consequently, the firm can move funds faster and manage liquidity with greater precision. The access supports large clients and professional traders who require direct settlement infrastructure.
However, the Federal Reserve will limit the scope of services available to Kraken Financial. The firm cannot earn interest on reserves held at the central bank. In addition, it cannot access lending facilities or operate as a full-service commercial bank.
The approval arrives as Kraken prepares for a potential U.S. public offering. The company has already submitted a confidential draft S-1 filing. Therefore, the master account strengthens its institutional profile ahead of a possible listing.
Pro-crypto lawmakers have acknowledged the development as a milestone for digital assets. Senator Cynthia Lummis described it as a watershed moment for the sector. The approval also signals that regulators may consider structured integration models for crypto firms.
Pilot Program Advances Skinny Master Account Framework
The Federal Reserve structured Kraken’s approval as a pilot for proposed skinny master accounts. Governor Chris Waller introduced this framework to expand payment access without extending full banking privileges. The central bank aims to finalize the initiative before the end of the year.
Under this structure, approved entities can hold reserves and settle transactions through the central bank. However, they cannot lend, access the discount window, or provide traditional commercial banking services. Therefore, the framework separates payment access from broader banking authority.
Banking groups have raised concerns about regulatory consistency and oversight standards. The American Bankers Association warned that some applicants lack extensive supervisory histories. It also emphasized the need for uniform safety and soundness requirements across all participants.
Despite these concerns, the pilot reflects an effort to balance innovation and financial stability. The Federal Reserve continues to evaluate how digital asset firms fit within existing rules. At the same time, policymakers seek to maintain safeguards within the banking system.
The approval also demonstrates coordination among multiple regulators. Officials have indicated that agencies are working together on digital asset oversight. As a result, the pilot may influence how other applications progress in the coming months.
Ripple and Circle Stand to Benefit From Regulatory Shift
Other crypto firms have pursued similar access to the Federal Reserve system. Ripple, Anchorage, and Custodia Bank have each filed applications for master accounts. Custodia submitted its request around the same time Kraken filed its application.
The proposed skinny master accounts could benefit stablecoin issuers such as Ripple and Circle. These firms rely on secure reserve management and efficient settlement processes. Therefore, direct access to central bank payment rails could strengthen their operational models.
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has also expanded its engagement with crypto firms. The OCC has conditionally approved national trust charters for Ripple, Crypto.com, Circle, and Paxos. In addition, it recently broadened Trust Bank’s services within the federal framework.
Federal Reserve Governor Michelle Bowman has addressed coordination efforts tied to digital asset legislation. She stated that regulators are working to implement the GENIUS Act alongside other agencies. The initiative aims to clarify digital asset treatment within the banking system.
Overall, Kraken’s approval establishes a precedent within the evolving regulatory landscape. The pilot program offers a controlled pathway for payment access without full banking powers. Consequently, the decision may shape how digital asset firms integrate with the U.S. financial system in the years ahead.
This partnership aims to leverage Solana’s speed and Western Union’s extensive network to facilitate seamless cross-border money transfers.
Crossmint has announced a partnership with Western Union to support the rollout of USDPT, a U.S. dollar-denominated stablecoin, on the Solana blockchain. According to the Crossmint website, USDPT aims to provide a seamless, fast, and cost-effective way to transfer funds globally.
Western Union will integrate its Digital Asset Network with Crossmint, allowing the conversion of digital dollars into local currency through more than 360,000 collection points worldwide.
Malcolm Clarke, Western Union’s Vice President of Digital Assets, emphasized the strategic value of the partnership, stating, “Working with partners like Crossmint helps to seamlessly connect global wallets and digital platforms to Western Union’s trusted payment infrastructure… enabling Crossmint’s customers to enjoy reliable cash pick‑up options in more than 200 countries globally.”
The selection of Solana underscores its reputation for fast transaction speeds and low costs, further enhancing the efficiency of digital payments.
This strategic collaboration between Crossmint and Western Union not only enhances the efficiency of digital payments but also represents a pivotal moment in the adoption of blockchain technology for global money movement. As stablecoins become integral to financial transactions, partnerships like this are expected to drive further innovations and expansions in the digital payments landscape.
This article was generated with the assistance of AI workflows.
RWA distributed asset value on Stellar recently crossed the $1.3 billion mark.
Blockchain oracle provider RedStone has officially launched its price feed infrastructure on the Stellar blockchain.
In an X post on Wednesday, March 4, RedStone said that the integration aims to scale the decentralized finance ecosystem on Stellar, which is broadly used for payments and is one of the largest chains by real-world asset (RWA) value.
The deployment by RedStone introduces new layers of data for DeFi applications, focusing on delivering precise and reliable price feeds suitable for institutionally-focused tokenized RWAs.
“Lending protocols need reliable price feeds. DEXs need accurate data. RWA platforms need institutional infrastructure. You can’t build financial products without trusted oracles,” RedStone said on X today.
Stellar is currently the fifth-largest blockchain network in terms of RWA value on-chain, per data from RWAxyz. Distributed asset value on Stellar recently reached over $1.3 billion for the first time, up 25% in the past 30 days and 50% since the start of 2026.
By far the largest RWA on the network is Franklin Templeton’s on-chain money market fund, BENJI, with $678 million in distributed asset value on Stellar.
In its announcement today, RedStone noted that it will provide the BENJI fund feed as part of the integration “bringing institutional-grade price feeds of real-world assets to the Stellar DeFi ecosystem.”
Stellar, which launched in 2014, has a market cap of about $5.2 billion, ranking it 21st among cryptocurrencies, per The Defiant’s price page. XLM is up 6% in the past 24 hours as the broader crypto markets rally.
On-chain RWAs as a broader sector saw massive growth last year, bringing billions of dollars on-chain as an increasing number of large, global financial institutions launched tokenized funds and other assets.
This article was generated with the assistance of AI workflows.
Four days into the onset of the US-Israeli war with Iran, bitcoin (BTC) has outperformed many major asset classes, including commodities that were supposed to shine in exactly this scenario.
Since Donald Trump authorized Operation Epic Fury’s opening airstrikes at 1:15am New York time on February 28, BTC has surged 12.1% from $65,492 to $73,419 at time of writing.
Crude oil, the one asset with an obviously bullish wartime supply reduction, gained a less impressive 10.4% from $67.29 to $74.31 per barrel.
Gold has actually dropped 3% since the onset of war despite an initial safe-haven spike.
Silver entirely retraced a brief spike on war fears and is now down 10.2% after a rollercoaster ride alongside gold and other precious metals.
Easy to beat, the S&P 500 Index flatlined at -0.1%.
A weekend of relative strength amid a bad year
Nvidia, the artificial intelligence (AI) darling that once moved markets by itself and gained signed assurance from the Pentagon that OpenAI would continue to generate plenty of demand for its chips, managed to rally a modest 2.8%.
Even adjusting that 2.8% by 3.1x to account for Nvidia’s larger-than-BTC market cap, it still underperformed the world’s largest crypto by 340 basis points.
The disappointment from precious metals holders is evident. As the US military made obvious movements across the Atlantic into the Gulf states last week, gold and silver steadily ticked higher in textbook fashion — then spent the next three days bleeding out as the dollar strengthened and inflation fears displaced geopolitical hedging.
While BTC investors gained, owners of non-digital hard monies over the last week watched an initial pop turn into a net loss.
Of course, the numbers above are since the proper onset of war. Year-to-date figures are distinct.
Over this longer time frame, BTC has lost 16% while gold has rallied 18%. As usual, there are two sides to every story.
An even better weekend performer than oil
Although the outperformance of BTC raises eyebrows, crude oil’s gain makes intuitive sense. Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps threatened the Strait of Hormuz, the chokepoint near Iran through which roughly one-fifth of the world’s oil transits daily.
Tanker vessel traffic through the strait dropped roughly 81% since the war began, as insurers pulled war risk coverage and shippers avoided the strait for legitimate fears of human life.
Tanker rates in the area hit all-time highs. Brent initially spiked 13% to $82 before settling a bit lower. Barclays analysts warned of $100 per barrel if the blockade holds, though the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Plus announced 206,000 barrels per day in additional output to soften the supply crunch.
Still, BTC outperformed oil during the year’s biggest war.
Read more: CHART: Bitcoin has lost all of its gains since Trump’s election
AI agrees: BTC is the trade
Interestingly, a recent study has highlighted a new macro tailwind for BTC that could drive demand in 2026.
Researchers published results from 9,072 experiments across 36 frontier AI models and found that AI agents chose BTC 48% of the time when selecting an optimal monetary asset.
For store-of-value use cases specifically, 79% picked BTC. Anthropic’s Claude Opus 4.5, one of the world’s most-used models, chose BTC 91% of the time.
Conventional wisdom was that war favors gold, oil, and the dollar. Four days of live data say otherwise. BTC absorbed the initial shock, recovered faster than many traditional safe havens, and now tops leaderboards of trillion-dollar assets since the early morning hours of Saturday.
Whether the Strait of Hormuz reopens next week or next year, this was the week BTC became an interesting crisis asset performer.
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Crypto World
Hong Kong Issues First Stablecoin Licenses as Global Digital Money Architecture Takes Shape in 2026
TLDR:
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- Hong Kong issues its first stablecoin licences in March 2026 under a strict reserve-backed regulatory framework.
- EnsembleX connects major banks through tokenised deposits, with HSBC settling HK$3.8M for Ant International in real time.
- Europe, the US, and Asia-Pacific are all building identical three-layer digital money stacks on incompatible platforms
- Interoperability protocols are now considered foundational as fragmented infrastructure threatens cross-border settlement at scale.
Stablecoins are moving from concept to regulated reality in Hong Kong. Financial Secretary Paul Chan confirmed the city will issue its first stablecoin licences in March 2026.
The announcement came on February 26, drawing wide attention to the city’s broader digital money framework. Beneath the headline, however, lies a three-layer architecture that mirrors patterns emerging across major financial centres worldwide.
That convergence raises pressing questions about interoperability and the future of cross-border digital finance.
Hong Kong Builds a Three-Layer Digital Money Stack
Hong Kong’s approach to digital money operates across three distinct layers. Each layer runs on different infrastructure, yet all three are intended to work in coordination. This structure reflects the city’s commitment to developing programmable and interoperable finance.
The first layer covers licensed stablecoins governed by Hong Kong’s Stablecoins Ordinance. Under this framework, issuers must hold 100% reserve backing and maintain a minimum HK$25 million in capital.
Redemption is guaranteed within one business day. As a result, these stablecoins are well-suited for retail payments and cross-border transfers.
The second layer involves tokenised deposits through EnsembleX, launched in November 2025 with real money. Participants include HSBC, Standard Chartered, Bank of China (Hong Kong), and other regional institutions.
BlackRock and Franklin Templeton are also taking part. HSBC completed the first cross-bank transaction on November 13, transferring HK$3.8 million for Ant International in real time.
The third layer is EnsembleTX, Hong Kong’s wholesale CBDC platform. It settles tokenised deposit transfers between banks. Financial Secretary Paul Chan has emphasised that it will strengthen cross-border interoperability standards.
A Global Three-Layer Pattern Takes Shape in 2026
Hong Kong is not alone in building this structure. Throughout February 2026, a similar three-layer model emerged across Europe, the United States, and Asia-Pacific.
Quant Network observed on X that the move signals global convergence. Infrastructure fragmentation, the network noted, is becoming a global problem whilst everyone builds the same thing.
In Europe, Deutsche Bundesbank President Joachim Nagel endorsed wholesale CBDC for programmable payments on February 16.
BNP Paribas then tokenised a money market fund on public Ethereum, departing from its earlier private blockchain approach.
Nine European banks plan euro stablecoin launches in H2 2026. The ECB’s Pontes wholesale CBDC project targets Q3 2026.
In the United States, five regional banks announced a tokenised deposit network for Q4 2026 via Cari Network. The banks described the move as a defense against stablecoin displacement.
The GENIUS Act creates a federal licensing framework for stablecoins, with implementation set to begin in July 2026.
Fragmented Platforms Create a Growing Interoperability Problem
With multiple layers running on incompatible platforms, interoperability has become a clear operational challenge.
A Hong Kong corporate treasurer, for example, could face settlement across six different platforms in a single cross-border transaction. Each platform carries its own governance structure, compliance requirements, and settlement logic.
Point-to-point integrations between systems do not scale well over time. Building bilateral links between EnsembleTX, Pontes, Ethereum, and Kinexys creates growing complexity with each new connection.
This mirrors the challenge correspondent banking faced before SWIFT introduced a universal messaging standard.
A Research and Markets report published on February 25 confirmed this challenge directly. It identified interoperability protocols and regulatory messaging standards as foundational to scalable tokenised markets.
With stablecoin licences now live in Hong Kong and major deployments scheduled through 2026, cross-platform coordination has become an operational requirement.
Iran war: Is the US using AI models like Claude and ChatGPT in combat?
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