Crypto World
Buterin Targets Ethereum’s Core Bottlenecks with Bold Overhaul
Vitalik Buterin is shifting the Ethereum scaling conversation away from Layer 2 (L2) and back to the protocol’s core.
The Russo-Canadian innovator argues that Ethereum’s biggest long-term constraints are not rollups or blob capacity, but deeper architectural bottlenecks inside the network’s state tree and virtual machine.
Vitalik Buterin Proposes Deep Ethereum Overhaul Targeting State Tree and Virtual Machine Bottlenecks
According to Buterin, two components — the network’s state tree and virtual machine — account for more than 80% of the proving costs. This, he says, is a critical issue as zero-knowledge (ZK) technology becomes central to Ethereum’s roadmap.
“Today I’ll focus on two big things: state tree changes, and VM changes,” Buterin wrote, adding that both are “the big bottlenecks that we have to address if we want efficient proving.”
A Binary Tree Overhaul
At the heart of the proposal is EIP-7864, which would replace Ethereum’s current hexary Merkle Patricia tree with a binary tree design.
The change may sound subtle, but its implications are significant. Binary trees would produce Merkle proofs roughly 4 times shorter than the current structure, dramatically reducing verification bandwidth requirements.
That makes lightweight clients and privacy-preserving applications cheaper and more viable.
The new structure would also group storage slots into “pages,” allowing applications that load related data to do so more efficiently.
Many decentralized applications (dApps) repeatedly access adjacent storage slots. This means the upgrade could save more than 10,000 gas per transaction in some cases.
Buterin also suggested pairing the tree change with more efficient hash functions, potentially delivering further gains in proof generation speed.
More importantly, the redesign would make Ethereum’s base layer more “prover-friendly,” allowing ZK applications to integrate directly with Ethereum’s state instead of building parallel systems.
Zooming out, the binary tree proposal aims to consolidate a decade of lessons on state management into a cleaner, future-proof structure.
A Future Beyond the EVM?
Even more ambitious is Buterin’s long-term vision for Ethereum’s execution engine. He floated the idea of eventually moving beyond the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) toward a RISC-V–based architecture.
RISC-V is a widely used open instruction set that could offer greater efficiency and simplicity.
Buterin argued that Ethereum’s increasing reliance on special-case precompiles reflects a deeper discomfort with the EVM itself.
If Ethereum’s core promise is general-purpose programmability, he suggested, then the VM should fully support that vision without excessive workarounds. A RISC-V-based VM could:
- Reduce complexity
- Improve raw execution efficiency, and
- Better align with modern zero-knowledge proving systems, many of which already use RISC-V environments internally.
In the near term, Buterin proposed a “vectorized math precompile,” described as a “GPU for the EVM.” This could significantly accelerate cryptographic operations.
Longer term, he outlined a phased transition in which RISC-V would first power precompiles, then support user-deployed contracts, and eventually absorb the EVM itself as a compatibility layer.
Debate Over Complexity
However, not everyone is convinced Ethereum needs more deep-layer changes. Analyst DBCrypto criticized what he described as growing abstraction across the Ethereum roadmap, including new frameworks aimed at addressing rollup fragmentation.
Each additional layer, he argued, increases complexity, introduces trust assumptions, and creates additional potential attack surfaces.
The tension reflects a broader debate over whether Ethereum should continue layering solutions on top of its existing design or rework its foundation.
However, according to Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum’s architecture must evolve and adapt as zero-knowledge proofs move from a niche to a necessity.
The next phase of scaling, he suggests, may not occur on Layer 2 but rather deep within Ethereum’s core.
Asian markets plunged on Monday as the fallout from US and Israeli military strikes on Iran sent oil surging, stocks tumbling, and investors scrambling for safe havens — but Bitcoin held up better than expected, trading around $66,500 after a weekend that saw it swing between $63,000 and $68,000.
With the Strait of Hormuz effectively shut and Brent crude up as much as 13%, the conflict is now testing whether Bitcoin’s 24/7 liquidity makes it a crisis shock absorber or just another risk asset caught in the downdraft.
Asia Opens in the Red, Then Pares Losses
Japan’s Nikkei plunged as much as 2.15% at the open, shedding over 1,260 points. By midday, it had pared the drop to 1.66%, trading at 57,875. Hong Kong’s Hang Seng fell 2.54%, and Singapore’s Straits Times fell 2.13%. Shanghai held up better, dipping just 0.45%.
Airline stocks across the region — Qantas, Singapore Airlines, and Japan Airlines among them — fell more than 5% as the Hormuz closure disrupted flight routes and sent fuel costs soaring. Chinese airlines were also hit hard.
Oil’s initial surge faded sharply through the session. Brent had jumped as much as 13% at the open, but WTI was up just 4.24% by midday. US equity-index futures also recovered, with the S&P 500 down 0.67% and the Dow off 0.71% — well off earlier lows of over 1%. Gold rose 1.76%.
China’s energy sector bucked the trend. PetroChina opened up 7% in Shanghai, and the CSI Energy Index jumped 5%. Korea’s Kospi, one of Asia’s top-performing markets this year, was closed Monday for a national holiday — delaying what could be a sharp reaction on Tuesday.
Bitcoin, down 2.2% on the day, outperformed the steep losses in equity futures and Asian stock benchmarks.
A Wild Weekend for Crypto
The turbulence began Saturday when US-Israeli strikes hit targets across Iran, killing Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Bitcoin dropped below $64,000 within hours as the total crypto market shed roughly $128 billion in value, with forced liquidations cascading across derivatives markets.
The bounce came fast. After Iranian state media confirmed Khamenei’s death, traders bet the power vacuum could accelerate de-escalation, pushing Bitcoin back above $68,000 in thin Sunday liquidity. But the optimism faded as Iran launched retaliatory missile and drone strikes across the Gulf, hitting targets in Israel, the UAE, and Bahrain, dragging the price back below $66,000 by Sunday evening in New York.
By early Monday in Asia, Bitcoin was trading at around $66,543, with a 24-hour range of $65,149 to $68,043. The 24-hour trading volume topped $43.6 billion, reflecting heightened activity as traders repositioned ahead of the US market open.
Hormuz: The Real Risk
The biggest market risk is the effective closure of the Strait of Hormuz. Roughly 20% of global seaborne oil passes through the waterway. Digital signals indicate tanker traffic has nearly halted. At least three ships have been attacked near the mouth of the Persian Gulf. Economists have warned that a sustained closure could push oil prices as high as $108 per barrel.
OPEC+ moved to ease supply fears on Sunday, announcing a production increase of 206,000 barrels per day starting in April — more than analysts had expected. Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, the UAE, and four other members are set to boost output. But analysts cautioned the move may offer limited relief. If Gulf flows remain constrained, additional production means little. Export routes matter more than headline output targets.
For crypto, the oil shock creates a dual threat. Higher energy prices feed directly into inflation expectations, potentially delaying Federal Reserve rate cuts that the market has been counting on. Even with OPEC+ stepping in, prolonged disruption to Hormuz could keep crude elevated long enough to push inflation readings higher, which is negative for risk assets, including Bitcoin.
Pressure Valve or Risk Asset?
The weekend reinforced Bitcoin’s evolving identity in geopolitical crises. When traditional markets are closed, crypto absorbs selling pressure from equities, bonds, and commodities. Analysts call this the “pressure valve” effect. Bitcoin is the only large liquid asset trading around the clock. It took the brunt of weekend risk-off flows. The real price discovery is expected on Monday when US equity markets and Bitcoin ETFs reopen.
That ETF dynamic adds a new variable. Spot Bitcoin ETFs drew nearly $254 million in net inflows over three sessions last week. Monday’s open could test whether institutional holders maintain positions through escalating geopolitical turmoil.
Bitcoin futures funding rates have turned sharply negative, with the CMC Crypto Fear and Greed index at 15 — deep in “Extreme Fear” territory where it has been stuck for weeks. Some analysts view this as a contrarian signal, arguing that the market is mechanically paying traders to go long.
What Comes Next
Some initial panic has faded after President Trump told the New York Times he was open to dropping sanctions on Iran if its new leadership proves pragmatic. A senior White House official also said to the press that Iran’s new interim leadership had suggested it was open to talks, and Trump said he had agreed to engage.
Some Wall Street strategists warned against buying the dip too quickly. This episode risks lasting longer than the geopolitical flare-ups investors have grown accustomed to.
For Bitcoin, which has already fallen 47% from its October all-time high of $126,000, the $60,000 support level remains the line in the sand. A break below could open the path to the mid-$50,000 range. A sustained move above $70,000, on the other hand, could trigger a short squeeze given the heavy bearish positioning currently built up in derivatives markets.
With CPI data due March 11 and the Fed decision on March 18, the crypto market faces a gauntlet of catalysts that the Iran conflict has made exponentially harder to navigate.
Trump Media & Technology Group said it is considering spinning out its flagship social media platform, Truth Social, into a publicly traded company, a move that could see it prioritize its crypto ambitions.
The Donald Trump-founded company said on Friday that it is discussing the potential deal with energy fusion startup TAE Technologies and Texas Ventures Acquisition III, a blank check company that would take control of the social media platform.
The discussions build on Trump Media’s merger agreement with TAE Technologies in December in a deal worth more than $6 billion.
When that merger is closed, Truth Social could be spun into a new public company called SpinCo, which would then merge with Texas Ventures III. SpinCo shares would also be distributed to Trump Media shareholders.
Trump Media expanded into crypto in 2025, establishing the fintech brand Truth.Fi to support its crypto products and services while also establishing a Bitcoin treasury with over 11,500 BTC in late September.
The company has also filed for several Truth Social-branded crypto exchange-traded funds in the US, including one for Bitcoin (BTC) and Ether (ETH) and another for Cronos (CRO) with staking, in connection with its partnership with Crypto.com.
The latter of those ETFs would build on the CRO treasury that Trump Media established in September with Crypto.com and Yorkville Acquisition.
The company is also rapidly expanding into the energy sector, a move that could be accelerated through its merger with TAE Technologies, which develops nuclear fusion technology solutions to meet the surging power demands of artificial intelligence data centers.
Related: X to label paid promotions but prohibits crypto promos in EU, UK
The potential deal comes as Trump Media reported on Friday that it lost $712.3 million in 2025, largely driven by unrealized losses from declining prices of crypto and related securities.
The company said it closed 2025 with approximately $2.5 billion in assets, more than triple the $776.8 million in cash and short-term investments it reported for 2024.
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X has updated its labeling framework to allow paid promotional crypto posts under a revamped framework, paving the way for influencers and projects to monetize content on the platform while maintaining disclosures. The change comes with persistent geographic caveats, as promotions tied to crypto remain banned in several large markets, notably the United Kingdom and the European Union, where stringent financial-promotion rules apply to digital assets. The policy shift was framed by X’s head of product, Nikita Bier, who described the move as intended to foster transparency and help creators build their businesses on the platform. At the same time, the broader vision around X Money, Elon Musk’s payments initiative for the app, is poised to move from concept to a limited beta in the near term, with a wider rollout anticipated thereafter. Separately, X has signaled plans for in-app trading features, including a Smart Cashtags function designed to support stock and crypto trading within the service.
Key takeaways
- X has lifted its ban on paid crypto and gambling promotions, but regional restrictions remain in place for the UK, EU, and Australia due to strict financial-promotion laws.
- The platform now requires paid-partnership labeling and permits third-party compensation for promoting products and services, subject to visibility controls in restricted regions.
- Promotions for other regulated categories—such as sex products, alcohol, drugs, tobacco, weapons, and certain health products—continue to be barred or heavily restricted, along with political content used commercially.
- X Money, the planned payments feature, is slated to enter a limited beta within the next two months, with a wider global launch to follow if pilot tests proceed smoothly.
- The company also plans an in-app trading capability through a Smart Cashtags feature, enabling users to trade stocks and crypto within the platform in the coming weeks.
- The move underscores X’s broader ambition to evolve into an “everything app” that blends social networking, messaging and financial services, though regulatory and user-experience considerations remain.
Sentiment: Neutral
Market context: The policy update arrives amid heightened scrutiny of crypto advertising and a broader push by major platforms to monetize content through transparent sponsorships. Regional enforcement of financial-promotion rules continues to shape how digital-asset messaging is presented and amplified on social networks.
Why it matters
The change in X’s advertising and sponsorship rules signals a practical shift for crypto projects and influencers who rely on social channels to reach audiences. By enabling paid partnerships, creators can monetize content more directly, but they must comply with labeling requirements that help followers distinguish between organic posts and paid promotions. The absence of a universal global rollout means a substantial portion of the crypto community—especially in the UK, EU, and Australia—will still encounter visibility restrictions on paid content. For advertisers, the policy introduces a structured framework that could unlock new revenue streams while requiring stricter compliance discipline to avoid regulatory penalties.
Beyond monetization, the policy update aligns with X’s broader strategy to build an integrated platform that combines social and financial capabilities. Musk has described X Money as a potential cornerstone of an “everything app” akin to WeChat, a vision that would integrate payments into everyday social activity. The beta for X Money is expected within the next couple of months, offering a testbed for how payments, social engagement and transactions might intertwine in a single interface. If the beta proves successful, the wider rollout could intensify competition among fintech-enabled social platforms and raise questions about data privacy, cross-border regulatory compliance, and the monetization of user attention in a market still dominated by traditional advertising models.
Today we’re announcing Paid Partnership labels on posts. X’s core value is providing on authentic pulse on humanity.
While we want to encourage people to build their businesses on X, undisclosed promotions hurt the integrity of the product and lead people to distrust the content… pic.twitter.com/CmrRDx5tU1
— Nikita Bier (@nikitabier) March 1, 2026
Even with the removed blanket ban on paid crypto content, the updated exclusions are explicit. Promotions tied to adult services, recreational or prescription drugs, tobacco, weapons and other restricted categories remain out of scope for commercial posts. Political content intended for commercial purposes is also restricted, underscoring a continued tension between monetization goals and compliance with advertising standards. The delineation between what constitutes an authentic, monetized collaboration and what crosses into promotional manipulation remains an ongoing area of governance for platform operators and policymakers alike.
X’s roadmap and what to watch next
The company has flagged a slate of developments tied to its broader product strategy. In particular, the two-pronged push of X Money and Smart Cashtags points to an in-app ecosystem that could blur lines between social activity and financial transactions. The beta timeline for X Money—described by Musk as a limited rollout in the near term—will be a critical test for how a payments feature integrates with social interactions, identity verification, and compliance controls across diverse jurisdictions. Meanwhile, the Smart Cashtags initiative, announced as a forthcoming feature, would enable users to trade stocks and crypto directly within the X interface, potentially expanding content monetization channels while attracting a broader cadre of financial-toward audiences and creators.
Observers will be watching how these features interact with regulatory expectations in the UK, EU, and Australia, where strict guidelines govern the advertising of financial products and crypto offerings. If X can maintain a transparent, compliant approach while expanding monetization opportunities for creators, the platform could become a more attractive venue for crypto projects seeking to leverage social reach. Conversely, continued geographic restrictions could hamper scale and limit the impact of the new policy on the global crypto marketing landscape.
What to watch next
- Arrival of X Money in limited beta within the next two months, with early user feedback and merchant adoption metrics to follow.
- Rollout and user uptake of Smart Cashtags for in-app trading of stocks and crypto, along with regulatory confirmations on feasibility.
- Regulatory developments in the UK, EU, and Australia that could alter the visibility of paid crypto promotions and influencer partnerships.
- Disclosures and labeling practices by creators, including verification mechanisms to ensure compliance with the paid partnership framework.
Sources & verification
- Paid partnerships policy page: https://help.x.com/en/rules-and-policies/paid-partnerships-policy
- Nikita Bier’s statement tweet: https://twitter.com/nikitabier/status/2028172473624395976?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
- X Money external beta article: https://cointelegraph.com/news/elon-musk-x-money-external-beta-live-next-1-2-months
- X Money Smart Cashtags in-app trading article: https://cointelegraph.com/news/x-nikita-bier-in-app-trading-couple-weeks
X’s paid partnerships for crypto content: policy, roadmap and regulatory caveats
X recently updated its approach to paid promotional content related to crypto, introducing a formal framework that requires partnerships to be labeled as such and to comply with a set of visibility rules. While the update loosens the previous blanket restrictions on crypto promotion, it simultaneously narrows the field by excluding promotions in regions with stringent financial-promotion laws. The practical effect is a more transparent promotional environment for creators on X, coupled with a robust set of regional constraints intended to protect users from misleading or undisclosed endorsements.
The centerpiece of the change is a paid partnership mechanism designed to give influencers and brands a clear path to monetize their crypto content, provided they disclose sponsorships and adhere to platform policies. As part of this approach, X allows partnerships to be blocked or hidden in the UK, EU, and Australia, reflecting the realities of global compliance regimes that govern digital asset advertising. This creates a bifurcated experience for users: audiences in permissive markets may see promoted content more readily, while users in restricted zones will encounter limited visibility or no exposure to paid crypto promotions at all.
Beyond the policy mechanics, the platform continues to restrict the promotion of certain product categories even as it expands opportunities for crypto creators. The updated exclusions include sex products and services, alcohol, dating platforms, recreational and prescription drugs, health and wellness supplements, tobacco, and weapons. Content that involves politics or social issues remains off-limits when used for commercial purposes, underscoring ongoing considerations about the lines between free expression, advertising, and user trust. These guardrails aim to balance monetization with consumer protection and regulatory compliance, a tightrope that several social platforms are navigating in real time.
The public-facing rationale behind these changes centers on encouraging a healthier ecosystem of creators who can monetize their work while maintaining transparency with their followers. Bier’s commentary, captured in a widely circulated post, emphasizes that paid partnerships should reflect authentic collaboration and be labeled clearly to preserve the integrity of the platform. The overarching narrative is one of experimentation, with X seeking to merge social activity with financial services in a manner that remains compliant with a patchwork of regulatory environments around the world.
As X presses ahead with its “everything app” ambitions, the fate of crypto monetization on the platform will likely hinge on regulatory clarity and the ability of creators to build sustainable businesses under the new labeling regime. The platform’s bet is that a structured, transparent recruitment of paid promotions will reduce the ambiguity that often surrounds influencer campaigns, while the planned introduction of X Money and Smart Cashtags could create new pathways for engagement, liquidity and value capture within the X ecosystem. The coming months will reveal how these interlocking pieces perform in concert, and whether users, creators and financial services partners will respond with greater adoption and confidence.
Social media platform X is now permitting paid promotional crypto posts under its updated labeling policy, though crypto advertisements will continue to be banned in several key markets, including the UK and European Union.
X lifted its ban on crypto and gambling promotions on Sunday, enabling industry influencers to monetize crypto content, provided they comply with the platform’s new paid partnership framework.
However, crypto influencers will be responsible for ensuring that partnerships are blocked or not visible in the European Union, the UK and Australia, regions with strict financial promotion laws that represent a sizable share of global crypto activity.
X, formerly Twitter, has long been the go-to platform for crypto companies, projects and communities to communicate.
X’s head of product, Nikita Bier, said the feature aims to encourage people to build their businesses on X while ensuring they are transparent with their followers.
X said that partnerships are the involvement of a third-party brand providing compensation or incentives to a user, such as an influencer or content creator, to promote their product or service. Users can also flag content as a paid partnership to X.
Today we’re announcing Paid Partnership labels on posts. X’s core value is providing on authentic pulse on humanity.
While we want to encourage people to build their businesses on X, undisclosed promotions hurt the integrity of the product and lead people to distrust the content… pic.twitter.com/CmrRDx5tU1
— Nikita Bier (@nikitabier) March 1, 2026
While the platform’s ban on sponsored crypto posts has been lifted, the updated exclusion list continues to bar promotions for sex products and services, alcohol, dating platforms, recreational and prescription drugs, health and wellness supplements, tobacco, and weapons.
Content related to politics and social issues is also prohibited when used for commercial purposes.
X to roll out new features in coming months
The platform’s owner, Elon Musk, said on Feb. 11 that its planned payments system, X Money, is scheduled to come out as a “limited beta” in the next two months before it will launch to X users worldwide.
Related: Musk’s xAI seeks crypto expert to train AI on market analysis
X Money is part of Musk’s “everything app” plan for X that aims to offer social networking, messaging and financial services, similar to China’s WeChat.
It still isn’t clear whether crypto will be integrated into X Money.
On Feb. 14, Bier said X would also launch a Smart Cashtags feature to allow users to trade stocks and crypto directly on the platform.
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Bitcoin (CRYPTO: BTC) treasuries have become a flashpoint for investors weighing the merits and risks of corporate crypto bets, as activists push for governance changes and potential sales. After a multi-quarter stretch of price softness across the sector, several high-profile treasury strategies are facing renewed scrutiny, underscoring a broader debate about the long-term viability of treating digital assets as corporate balance-sheet anchors. On the other side of the ledger, stablecoins continue to provide on-chain liquidity ballast, even as the sector evolves under regulatory and market pressure. Empery Digital, a company that converted its business into a Bitcoin treasury holder, sits at the center of activist scrutiny, underscoring how a single treasury policy can become a flashpoint for shareholders. Empery Digital has accumulated 4,081 BTC, placing it among the top 25 public holders. The broader market is watching how such large holdings influence liquidity, capital allocation, and corporate governance during crypto’s latest cycle of volatility and recalibration. Circle, a stalwart in the stablecoin space, reported a stronger-than-expected fourth quarter, reinforcing the staying power of dollar-backed liquidity despite a broader downturn in crypto prices. In parallel, PayPal is navigating a different form of pressure, as the company’s crypto ambitions collide with investor sentiment and potential consolidation activity in the payments space. The week’s Crypto Biz survey tracks the tension around Bitcoin treasuries, the durability of stablecoins, and the headwinds facing legacy payments players embedded in crypto’s next phase.
Key takeaways
- Activist investor pressure intensifies around Empery Digital’s Bitcoin treasury, with calls for leadership changes and a potential sale of roughly 4,000 BTC, highlighting investor divergence on capital allocation.
- Empery Digital holds 4,081 BTC, reinforcing its position as one of the 25 largest public holders of the asset.
- Circle delivers a robust Q4, with revenue of $770 million (up 77% year over year) and USDC growth, as supply expands 72% to $75.3 billion by year-end, signaling sustained demand for on-chain dollar liquidity.
- Circle’s full-year results show a $2.7 billion revenue stream but a net loss of $70 million, largely due to stock-based compensation tied to its IPO, while shares reacted positively to the quarterly performance.
- PayPal draws takeover chatter after a prolonged stock decline, with discussions reportedly exploring a full acquisition or targeted asset splits, including involvement from Stripe among potential bidders.
- Tokenized real-world assets gain traction as Better and Framework Ventures launch a $500 million stablecoin-backed mortgage initiative, aiming to bridge DeFi liquidity with traditional housing finance.
Tickers mentioned: $BTC, $USDC, $PYPL
Sentiment: Neutral
Price impact: Positive. The mixed earnings signals and ongoing stablecoin expansion contributed to an overarching sense of cautious optimism in related equities and liquidity metrics.
Trading idea (Not Financial Advice): Hold. While activist actions and strategic reorganizations unfold, the mix of treasury risk and stablecoin demand suggests a wait-and-see approach until governance outcomes and asset flows clarify the near-term trajectory.
Market context: The period highlights how liquidity anchors like stablecoins are shaping on-chain activity even as traditional equities linked to crypto face volatility and scrutiny from investors, regulators, and market participants. The interplay between corporate treasuries, real-world asset tokenization, and ongoing payments industry consolidation reflects a sector-wide shift toward more nuanced risk, governance, and valuation frameworks.
Why it matters
The debate over corporate Bitcoin treasuries matters because it tests how much value companies can extract from crypto holdings when faced with activist investor demands and evolving regulatory expectations. Empery Digital’s situation underscores a broader question: can a Bitcoin-heavy treasury deliver durable shareholder returns, or does it anchor capital in an asset class characterized by macro-driven volatility? As Empery’s 4,081 BTC stake sits among the top 25 public holders, the outcome of investor pressure could influence how other companies deploy crypto in their balance sheets. The narrative around treasuries is not just about price swings; it’s about governance, capital return policies, and the signaling effect that large crypto positions convey to the market about a company’s strategic risk tolerance.
Meanwhile, Circle’s quarterly performance reinforces the enduring appeal of stablecoins as a liquidity mechanism. The company’s results show that demand for dollar-denominated liquidity remains robust even when sentiment toward broader crypto is mixed. The rapid growth in USDC supply—an expansion to $75.3 billion by year-end—emphasizes the role of on-chain dollars in enabling borrowing, lending, and cross-border payments within decentralized ecosystems. This trend matters not only for traders and liquidity providers but for developers building on-chain financial rails who rely on dependable stablecoin rails to anchor pricing and risk management. The stability-centric narrative also intersects with regulatory scrutiny around stablecoins, reserve composition, and transparency, shaping how these digital dollars are perceived by auditors, investors, and policymakers alike.
The PayPal development adds another layer to the ongoing transformation of the digital payments landscape. As the company explores consolidation options and deepens its digital asset ambitions, investors are weighing how such moves could recalibrate competition, product strategy, and the integration of crypto services with mainstream finance. The discussions surrounding a potential full acquisition or asset-focused deals demonstrate that traditional payments players remain in the crosshairs of market restructuring opportunities, which could accelerate vertical integration and open new channels for crypto-enabled commerce. The involvement of players such as Stripe in takeover chatter signals a possible shift in how the payments ecosystem could consolidate, a dynamic that could influence funding, regulatory attention, and consumer access to crypto-enabled payments in the near term.
Finally, the collaboration between Better and Framework Ventures on a $500 million stablecoin mortgage initiative signals that tokenized real-world assets are inching closer to scale. If successful, the program could demonstrate a viable model for channeling stablecoin liquidity into the housing sector, potentially reducing funding frictions and expanding the reach of mortgage products to crypto-native capital. While the project remains in its early stages, it highlights a broader trend: the search for practical, de-risked uses of crypto-enabled liquidity beyond trading and speculation, with implications for liquidity provisioning, risk management, and the integration of decentralized finance with everyday financial services.
What to watch next
- Empery Digital’s governance moves and any announced leadership changes or strategic reviews following activist pressure.
- Circle’s ongoing earnings trajectory and any shifts in USDC reserve management, auditing, or regulatory disclosures in 2025.
- PayPal’s strategic review outcomes and any concrete steps toward deeper crypto integration or potential consolidation in the payments space.
- Progress and scaling milestones for the Better–Framework mortgage initiative, including regulatory approvals and pilot results.
- Regulatory signals around stablecoins and corporate crypto treasuries that could influence capital allocation and asset-liquidity policies across the sector.
Sources & verification
- Empery Digital’s Bitcoin holdings and shareholder revolt details as listed on BitcoinTreasuries.NET and cited by Empery-related coverage: https://bitcointreasuries.net/public-companies/volcon-inc.
- Empery Digital shareholder-demands article detailing calls for sale of Bitcoin holdings and leadership changes: https://cointelegraph.com/news/empery-digital-shareholder-demands-bitcoin-sale-ceo-resignation.
- Circle Q4 earnings and USDC growth, including revenue, net income, and USDC supply data: https://cointelegraph.com/news/circle-q4-earnings-usdc-75b-revenue-2025-shares-surge.
- PayPal takeover interest reporting, including Bloomberg references and related coverage: https://cointelegraph.com/news/paypal-buyout-approaches-share-decline-report.
- Stablecoin mortgage initiative between Better and Framework Ventures and its funding implications: https://cointelegraph.com/news/better-500m-stablecoin-mortgage-defi-deal.
Bitcoin treasuries, stablecoins and payments in crypto’s next phase
The evolving story of corporate crypto treasuries, stabilizing on-chain dollars, and traditional payments incumbents reshaping strategy highlights a sector transitioning from narrative to implementation. As activist investors scrutinize treasury strategies, the market is increasingly demand-aware and governance-conscious. Stablecoins’ on-chain footprint continues to expand, reinforcing the critical role of liquidity and price stability in enabling broader DeFi and real-world asset use cases. Meanwhile, the potential for consolidation in the payments space and the prospect of tokenized real-world assets moving from concept to scale suggest a crypto-adjacent ecosystem maturing toward more integrated financial services.
Unstaked WLFI cannot vote; stakers earn rewards, Node privileges, and Super Node partnership opportunities.
World Liberty Financial has proposed a new staking-focused governance system for WLFI holders – the WLFI Governance Staking System. It makes WLFI tokens the primary tool for community governance, and allows holders to influence the ecosystem while promoting long-term participation.
The proposal’s main goals are to encourage active governance, require staking for voting with unlocked tokens, reward participation, create a tiered node system for committed holders, and prioritize partnerships with supportive projects.
Tiered Governance
According to the official announcement, the initiative aims to redirect value from intermediaries and market makers, who captured millions in arbitrage profits during the USD1 expansion phases, to long-term participants, while also applying structural pressure on competing stablecoins.
Under the system, holders of unlocked WLFI tokens must stake to participate in governance. The minimum lock-up period is 180 days. Voting power depends on both the staked amount and the remaining lock-up period. Governance rights adjust dynamically as the lock-up period decreases. Stakers must vote at least twice during the lock-up period to receive staking rewards, which target an annual percentage yield of around 2%. This will be paid from the WLFI treasury.
The proposal introduces a Node tier for participants staking 10 million WLFI (about $1 million). Nodes gain access to over-the-counter USD1 conversion through licensed market makers, receive team-building rights, and earn rewards based on USD1 conversion volume. WLFI subsidizes market makers to maintain 1:1 parity and redirects arbitrage benefits to long-term participants.
Super Nodes are holders staking 50 million WLFI (approximately $5 million). They receive all Node privileges, guaranteed access to the WLFI team for partnership discussions, and potential eligibility for economic incentives on approved integrations. Super Node status does not guarantee a partnership with WLFI.
Implementation is planned in three phases. First is the governance staking for unlocked tokens with rewards and USD1 incentives. Second, includes node tier activation with KYC onboarding and OTC conversion rights. Third, Super Node tier activation with partnership access and revenue-sharing frameworks.
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Timelines for each phase will be shared by the WLFI team after voting concludes.
Pakistan Explores USD1 Stablecoin
The latest proposal comes a month after Pakistan signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with SC Financial Technologies, an entity affiliated with World Liberty Financial, to explore the use of its USD1 stablecoin. The agreement aims to support technical dialogue and understanding around digital payment systems.
SC Financial Technologies will work with Pakistan’s central bank to integrate USD1 into regulated digital payments, allowing it to operate alongside the country’s digital currency infrastructure.
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Crypto World
UAE Capital Market Authority Orders Exchange Closures as Missile Strikes Threaten Gulf Financial Stability
TLDR:
- UAE regulators shut both exchanges for two days to prevent panic selling after missile and drone strikes.
- The Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange holds roughly $700 billion in market cap, putting billions at risk of loss.
- Polymarket puts the probability of a Strait of Hormuz closure at 48.5%, threatening global oil and LNG supply.
- War-risk insurance has jumped 50% and Hapag-Lloyd suspended strait transit, signaling rising market concern.
UAE markets have been ordered closed for Monday and Tuesday following a large-scale missile and drone attack on the country.
The UAE Capital Market Authority directed both the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange and the Dubai Financial Market to suspend trading.
This move came after 165 ballistic missiles, 541 drones, and two cruise missiles struck the UAE over 48 hours. Three people died, and 58 others sustained injuries. Fires broke out at the Port of Jebel Ali, and debris hit the Burj Al Arab hotel.
Exchange Closure Signals a Confidence Crisis
The regulator’s decision to halt trading was not due to a holiday or technical failure. It was a direct response to the threat of panic selling on the exchange floor.
The Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange alone carries roughly $700 billion in market capitalization. A single session of fear-driven selling could have erased billions in value within hours.
Analyst Shanaka Anslem Perera noted on X that this marks the first time the Dubai Financial Market has gone dark outside of a pandemic.
He wrote that “financial markets do not operate by military standards,” adding that they run on confidence instead. That confidence took a visible hit when shrapnel killed a civilian and debris landed on a Palm Jumeirah hotel.
Saudi Arabia’s Tadawul index dropped more than 4% on Sunday, while Egyptian markets fell over 5%. UAE regulators chose to avoid a similar outcome by keeping screens off entirely. The move bought time, but the deeper question about investor confidence remains unanswered.
Regional markets had long relied on Gulf stability to attract global capital. That stability is now under direct pressure from ongoing military activity.
Strait of Hormuz Risk Adds to Financial Pressure
Beyond the exchange closures, broader energy market risks are now in focus. Polymarket currently prices the probability of a Strait of Hormuz closure by March 31 at 48.5%.
War-risk insurance has reportedly climbed 50%, and Hapag-Lloyd has suspended vessel transit through the strait. Around 20 million barrels of oil and nearly 20% of global LNG exports move through this narrow waterway daily.
A closure of the strait would push oil prices past $100 per barrel almost immediately. That would drive US consumer price inflation toward 5%, contradicting stated US policy goals on energy costs. The financial ripple effects would extend well beyond the Gulf region.
Iran reportedly targeted the UAE not over a bilateral dispute, but because the country hosts Al Dhafra Air Base. The US security umbrella, long seen as a shield for Gulf commerce, became a target instead. That shift changes how global allocators view risk in the region.
UAE markets are expected to reopen by Wednesday. Whether institutional capital returns at the same pace remains the central question facing Gulf financial centers.
Crypto World
Crypto Market Structure Bill Approval by Mid-Year Could Spark Second-Half Rally, JPMorgan Says
TLDR:
- JPMorgan analysts say the CLARITY Act could be approved by mid-year and lift crypto markets in H2 2026.
- The bill would classify tokens under CFTC or SEC oversight, easing compliance for assets like XRP and Solana.
- New crypto projects could raise up to $75 million annually without full SEC registration under a grace period rule.
- JPMorgan warns the bill may shift institutional focus from stablecoins toward tokenized deposits if enacted into law.
The crypto market structure bill may receive U.S. approval by mid-year, according to JPMorgan analysts. Their report suggests the legislation could serve as a positive catalyst for crypto markets later in 2026.
Despite weak sentiment across digital assets, analysts remain constructive on the sector’s outlook for the year ahead.
Crypto Market Structure Bill: What the Legislation Covers
The proposed legislation, widely known as the CLARITY Act, aims to build a comprehensive regulatory framework for digital assets.
The House has already advanced the bill, while Senate discussions remain ongoing. Two key sticking points continue to slow progress on the final version.
One concern involves stablecoin yield. Crypto firms want to reward users who hold stablecoins, but banks warn this could draw deposits away from traditional institutions.
The other issue centers on conflict-of-interest rules, with Democrats pushing to bar senior government officials and their families from certain crypto financial activities.
JPMorgan analysts led by Nikolaos Panigirtzoglou stated, “While sentiment remains negative in crypto markets, we continue to believe that a potential approval of the market structure legislation most likely by mid year could serve as a positive catalyst for crypto markets into the second half of the year.” The team remains broadly constructive on crypto for 2026 despite current headwinds.
The White House has held multiple closed-door meetings between crypto firms and banking groups. A compromise remains possible, though no final agreement has been reached yet.
Eight Catalysts That Could Follow a Crypto Bill Passage
JPMorgan outlined eight potential positive outcomes if the bill becomes law. The analysts wrote that passage would fundamentally reshape the digital asset space, stating: “If passed it will reshape market structure by providing regulatory clarity, ending ‘regulation by enforcement,’ promoting tokenization, and facilitating greater institutional participation.”
The legislation would classify tokens under either CFTC or SEC oversight, easing compliance for major digital assets. A grandfather clause could place tokens like XRP, Solana, and Dogecoin under the lighter CFTC framework.
New projects would receive a grace period allowing up to $75 million in annual fundraising without full SEC registration.
This could support venture activity within U.S. borders rather than pushing it offshore. A pathway also exists for tokens to transition from securities to commodity status once sufficiently decentralized.
Clearer custody rules could allow institutions like BNY Mellon and State Street to directly hold digital assets. On stablecoins, the analysts noted that enacted provisions “could weigh on U.S. stablecoins by recasting them more as digital cash instruments rather than investment deposits,” potentially shifting attention toward tokenized deposits or offshore alternatives like Ethena’s USDe.
Small-transaction tax exemptions for everyday crypto payments are also included in the proposal. Miners, validators, and developers would be exempt from broker reporting requirements during development phases.
JPMorgan’s long-term bitcoin price target remains at $266,000, based on a volatility-adjusted comparison to gold.
Crypto World
Strategy Raises STRC Dividend to 11.50% Amid Bitcoin Losses and Mounting Pressure on MSTR
TLDR:
- Strategy raised its STRC preferred stock dividend by 25 basis points, bringing the annual rate to 11.50%.
- MSTR fell 14% in February, marking eight straight months of losses as Bitcoin dropped nearly 20% that month.
- Strategy now holds 717,722 BTC at an average cost of $76,020, carrying an unrealized loss of around $6.5 billion.
- Saylor posted “The Turn of the Century” on X, signaling a potential new Bitcoin purchase may be disclosed soon.
Strategy has lifted the dividend rate on its preferred stock, STRC, by 25 basis points to 11.50%. Executive Chairman Michael Saylor led the decision amid continued pressure on the company’s common stock, MSTR.
The move marks the seventh dividend increase since STRC began trading in July 2025. Bitcoin’s sharp decline in February added urgency to the adjustment.
Seventh Dividend Hike Targets Price Stability
Strategy raised the annualized payout on its perpetual preferred stock, STRC, to 11.50%. The 25 basis point increase keeps the shares trading close to their $100 par value. STRC closed at $100 on Friday after dipping below that level during February.
The company positions STRC as a short-duration, high-yield savings instrument. Monthly cash distributions are adjusted regularly to reduce price swings. This structure has largely worked, keeping STRC in a tight range since its launch.
The dividend rate is reviewed each month based on market conditions. When STRC trades below par, Strategy typically boosts the payout to attract buyers. This latest adjustment follows the same pattern seen in prior months.
MSTR Posts Eighth Straight Monthly Decline
Strategy’s common stock, MSTR, fell 14% in February, extending a losing streak to eight consecutive months. Bitcoin dropped nearly 20% during the same period, pulling MSTR lower alongside it. The correlation between the two remains strong, as Bitcoin makes up the bulk of Strategy’s balance sheet.
The company holds 717,722 BTC as of mid-February, after purchasing 592 BTC at an average price of $67,286. This purchase marked the firm’s 100th recorded Bitcoin acquisition. The average entry price across all holdings now stands at $76,020 per coin.
With Bitcoin currently trading well below that cost basis, Strategy is sitting on an unrealized loss of around $6.5 billion.
Saylor shared a tracker showing the treasury valued at approximately $48 billion. The gap between cost and current value has grown as the market retreat continues.
Saylor Signals More Bitcoin Buying Ahead
On March 1, Saylor posted “The Turn of the Century” on X, a phrase that has drawn attention from market watchers.
Based on past patterns, Strategy typically discloses a new Bitcoin purchase the day after such posts. Traders and analysts closely follow these signals ahead of official filings.
Despite the losses, Saylor suggested another weekly purchase could be coming. The firm has maintained a long-term approach to its Bitcoin treasury program, even under market stress. Strategy stated it could sustain operations even if Bitcoin dropped to $8,000.
The company has also shifted its funding strategy in recent months. Rather than issuing common stock to finance Bitcoin purchases, Strategy has leaned more heavily on preferred capital.
Executives noted this structure may take on an even larger role throughout the year as volatility continues.
Hyperliquid price has attempted a steady recovery in recent sessions, regaining part of its prior losses. HYPE has not completely lost bullish momentum. However, futures market positioning suggests resistance remains strong, keeping the altcoin vulnerable to sudden volatility.
While spot traders show cautious optimism, derivatives data highlights persistent bearish pressure.
Hyperliquid Traders Must Watch This Level
The liquidation map shows that Hyperliquid contracts are currently skewed toward bearish exposure. A cluster of $28.9 million in short liquidations sits above the $35 price level. This concentration reflects significant short positioning among futures traders.
Dominant short exposure indicates that many traders expect downside continuation. However, heavy short interest also creates squeeze potential. If HYPE crosses $35 decisively, forced short liquidations could amplify upside volatility and quickly shift market sentiment.
Want more token insights like this? Sign up for Editor Harsh Notariya’s Daily Crypto Newsletter here.
Technical indicators offer a more constructive short-term outlook. The Moving Average Convergence Divergence indicator registered a bullish crossover on Sunday. This signal often marks strengthening upside momentum.
MACD’s upward shift suggests buying pressure may build gradually. Momentum oscillators reflect improving trend conditions despite futures skepticism. If spot demand aligns with technical signals, HYPE could regain upward traction in the near term.
HYPE Price May Face Resistance
Hyperliquid price is currently facing mixed signals, leaving direction dependent on broader crypto market conditions. Geopolitical tensions and macro uncertainty could limit investor risk appetite. If external sentiment weakens, HYPE may struggle to sustain upward momentum.
Should the market avoid a severe bearish reaction, HYPE could push above $34 resistance. A breakout toward $36 would place the price near the $35 liquidation cluster. Triggering approximately $28.9 million in short liquidations could accelerate gains toward $38. Such a move may also bring the 50-day and 200-day exponential moving averages closer together, setting up a potential Golden Cross formation, which would be achieved following the short liquidations.
Conversely, renewed bearish conditions would undermine this outlook. A breakdown below $30 support could shift sentiment decisively negative. Loss of this level would expose $26 as the next major support for HYPE price. Such a move would invalidate the bullish thesis and disrupt the month-and-a-half uptrend structure currently in place.
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