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Coinbase-backed AI payments protocol wants to fix micropayment but demand is just not there yet

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(Artemis)

Since the emergence of ChatGPT and chatbots, the artificial intelligence (AI) hype has evolved into “agentic payments,” billed as the next wave of internet commerce in which humans won’t be transacting.

It will be AI agents paying each other: The idea is simple: build automated payment rails using AI agents that traditional firms like credit card companies struggle with.

And the narrative around agentic payments is only growing, with crypto CEOs like Brian Armstrong and CZ hyping AI agents and McKinsey saying AI agents could mediate $3 trillion to $5 trillion of global consumer commerce by 2030.

This is where x402, an agentic payments protocol supported by a consortium that includes Coinbase, comes into play. The idea is ambitious: embed payments via stablecoins directly into the internet’s communication layer so software can charge other software automatically.

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Supporters of x402 believe that the protocol could enable a new class of internet businesses built around tiny automated payments. Traditional payment rails, such as credit card networks, were designed for human commerce, not thousands of sub-cent payments between software services.

“Existing payment processors will find it difficult to onboard these merchants. Not because the technology is lacking, but because when a processor says yes to a merchant, it takes on that merchant’s risk,” said Noah Levine, a partner at a16z crypto.

Take the scenario Levine laid out as an example: an AI agent tasked by a human to complete research might call a specialized API tens of thousands of times. Each request might cost a fraction of a cent.

Over the course of a week, those calls might generate $40 in revenue for the developer running the service. Credit card firms struggle with these small payments and merchants, as they can’t verify them.

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“Processors reject applicants they cannot underwrite. A tool with no website, no entity, and no track record is extremely difficult to underwrite,” Levine added.

On top of that, processing fees alone can exceed these micro payments, and payment processors usually require a middleman and an operating history before approving a merchant account.

X402 could solve this problem with agentic payments via stablecoins.

Even the name x402 itself hints at the project’s ambition. It references HTTP 402 — “Payment Required” — a status code reserved in the early days of the internet for a future where payments could be built directly into web requests. That vision never materialized in the traditional web, and the supporters of x402 think crypto rails could finally make it possible.

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However, the problem is that the tech is still early and hasn’t translated into onchain use quite yet.

‘Mostly a mirage’

Onchain analysis from Artemis suggests that roughly half of observed x402 transactions reflect artificial activity, calling them “gamified” activities rather than genuine commerce.

“The x402 ‘agent payments’ boom is still mostly a mirage,” Artemis analyst wrote on X in February.

(Artemis)

Recent daily snapshots show about 131,000 transactions generating roughly $28,000 in volume, with the average payment worth around $0.20.

The network has recorded sharper bursts of activity, including one day in February that logged 3.8 million transactions and roughly $2 million in volume. But onchain analysts at Artemis say much of that spike was due to infrastructure testing and experimental use.

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Artemis categorizes these “gamed” transactions into two buckets: Self-dealing, where the same wallet acts as both buyer and seller, and wash trading, where the seller funds the buyer’s wallet, which then sends the money back immediately after the transaction.

In other words, a lot of the traffic running through the protocol today does not yet resemble commerce.

However, in these early days of network testing, such types of transactions are to be expected. “As teams move from testing to production and start serving real users, these percentages should naturally decline,” Artemis said.

“Open standards like x402 are designed to be permissionless and open, meaning no single entity governs every interaction – much like how no one ‘controls’ every computer using HTTP. Naturally, this means people will experiment with the system in sometimes unintended ways,” Erik Reppel, Head of Engineering for Coinbase Developer Platform and Founder of x402 told CoinDesk.

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A $7 billion ecosystem?

This gap between what’s real and what’s “gamed” transaction can make the ecosystem look underwhelming at first glance.

And looking at the total ecosystem’s total market cap (aggregate value of all tokens and projects built within a network and not to be confused with the total market cap of the network’s token, as the token for x402 doesn’t exist), which currently is around $7 billion, seems out of sync with about $28,000 in daily payment volume.

Given the gap, some might even be ready to dismiss the thesis as wishful thinking, sort of like crypto gaming of the past with massive valuations and few users.

But CoinGecko’s category shouldn’t be taken at face value as it includes Chainlink’s LINK token, which has a market cap of $6.3 billion. LINK isn’t a pure-play x402 asset.

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While Chainlink supports the protocol through integrations such as its Chainlink Runtime Environment, LINK predates x402 and plays a far broader role across other crypto infrastructure. Its inclusion in the category artificially inflates it, setting expectations too high for such a new protocol.

Still early?

While adjusting for the large contribution from LINK token’s market cap, the ecosystem may look closer to the reality of the transactions, the core challenge remains: the merchants that x402 is designed to serve are still rare.

The x402 protocol isn’t trying to replace cards or traditional payment systems. Instead, it’s targeting a new category of digital commerce — small automated services used by AI agents and software systems.

As AI tools make it easier to build and launch software, a growing number of developers are creating small, single-purpose services — data feeds, image processors, code-testing tools — designed to be consumed not by humans but by other software.

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And that takes time.

“At its core, it’s a micropayments rail,” said an Artemis analyst. “Its true utility emerges at small transaction sizes, powering things like pay-per-use APIs, content generation, and agent coordination.

For now, however, those merchants remain rare at this stage of this new agentic commerce.

Earlier attempts at similar ideas in crypto have struggled to gain traction. Micropayment systems tied to the Lightning Network, browser monetization models like ecosystem, and various decentralized compute marketplaces all promised new internet economies but often failed to attract sustained real-world usage.

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The narrative around agentic commerce is growing faster than the usage that would justify it. The gap between the protocol’s ecosystem size and roughly $28,000 in daily payment volume shows that the infrastructure for agentic payments is arriving first, but the economy it’s meant to support may take longer to develop.

However, the vision behind x402 — an internet where AI agents seamlessly pay each other through stablecoins — remains compelling. “We’ll probably overestimate how fast agentic commerce takes off in the next year, but we’re largely underestimating what it can become in five,” said the Artemis analyst.

“When agentic commerce arrives, you’ll either have adopted the standard or you’ll be left behind.”

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Hegseth reverses a 34-year Pentagon policy on firearm

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Hegseth reverses a 34-year Pentagon policy on firearm

Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth has reversed a 34-year Pentagon policy, signing a memo on April 2 that authorizes off-duty U.S. service members to carry privately owned firearms on military installations — a decision that lands alongside a downed F-15 and a record defense budget request in what is shaping up to be the most militarily assertive week of Trump’s second term.

Summary

  • Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth signed a memo on April 2 authorizing off-duty service members to carry privately owned firearms on U.S. military installations, ending a prohibition in place since 1992.
  • The policy reversal directs base commanders to presume approval for all such requests unless specific documented safety concerns exist.
  • The announcement is the third major military policy signal from Washington this week, alongside a downed F-15 over Iran and a record $1.5 trillion defense budget request.

Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth has reversed a 34-year Pentagon policy, signing a memo on April 2 that authorizes off-duty U.S. service members to carry privately owned firearms on military installations — a decision that lands alongside a downed F-15 and a record defense budget request in what is shaping up to be the most militarily assertive week of Trump’s second term. The official Department of War announcement confirmed that Hegseth also published a video statement on X alongside the signed memorandum.

The memo inverts the existing default on military base carry permissions. Previously, service members seeking to carry a personal firearm had to obtain explicit authorization from their installation commander. Under the new policy, commanders must affirmatively document a specific safety concern to deny a request — approval is now presumed rather than earned. The change ends a policy that has been in place since 1992, spanning six presidential administrations.

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“Our military installations have been turned into gun-free zones — leaving our service members vulnerable and exposed. That ends today,” Hegseth said in his post on X announcing the memo.

The broader context for markets

The Hegseth announcement is the third significant military signal from Washington in a single 24-hour window — arriving alongside the shooting down of a U.S. F-15 over Iran and the submission of a record $1.5 trillion defense budget request. For crypto and risk asset investors, the aggregate message from this week’s geopolitical and fiscal headlines is clear: the U.S. is deepening its conflict posture, which sustains oil price pressure, keeps inflation elevated, and narrows the window for Federal Reserve easing.

As crypto.news has reported, Bitcoin has been trading as a risk-sensitive asset throughout the Iran conflict, de-rating during escalation rather than acting as a traditional safe haven. Until a credible path toward de-escalation and Hormuz reopening emerges, the macro regime remains structurally unfavorable for sustained crypto price recovery.

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Bitget Introduces Trading-Focused VIP Fast Track Program

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Brian Armstrong's Bold Prediction: AI Agents Will Soon Dominate Global Financial

Key Highlights

  • Exchange transitions from fixed VIP requirements to activity-driven advancement model

  • Three distinct pathways enable progression through futures, spot trading, and asset holdings

  • Immediate reward distribution system helps reduce transaction expenses

  • New mobile dashboard provides live VIP status monitoring

  • Enhanced benefits package includes token distributions and cyclical incentive programs

Bitget has rolled out its VIP Fast Track initiative, establishing a reward framework centered on active participation rather than passive holdings. The program eliminates traditional fixed-balance requirements in favor of performance-based criteria spanning futures contracts, spot markets, and overall portfolio value. This redesign reflects the platform’s strategy to better match user benefits with genuine trading engagement.

Multi-Path Advancement Framework Transforms VIP Access

The exchange has implemented three separate advancement channels targeting different trading styles and preferences. Users can now elevate their status through futures market participation, spot trading volume, or maintaining substantial asset positions. This flexible structure accommodates diverse trading approaches while eliminating the need for uniform qualification standards.

Each pathway operates independently, allowing participants to leverage their preferred trading methods for tier progression. Bitget has embedded these options within its comprehensive trading infrastructure, creating seamless progression opportunities without requiring users to navigate disconnected platforms or modify their established strategies.

This initiative represents another component of the platform’s ongoing VIP enhancement strategy. Following previous modifications that adjusted fee structures and reorganized benefit tiers, the exchange maintains its focus on attracting and retaining active market participants through systematic improvements to its loyalty framework.

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Instant Rewards and Live Progress Monitoring

The Fast Track program incorporates an immediate distribution mechanism that activates upon reaching specific trading or balance benchmarks. Participants receive their rewards instantly rather than waiting for periodic settlements, creating a direct connection between achievement and compensation while helping manage ongoing trading expenses.

Available incentives span multiple categories including derivatives vouchers, spot market fee reductions, and enhanced yield opportunities. The platform allocates futures vouchers worth up to 300 USDT alongside spot rebates reaching 120 USDT. Users concentrating on asset accumulation gain access to boosted returns on their USDT deposits.

Bitget has simultaneously deployed a dedicated monitoring tool within its mobile platform. This interface delivers comprehensive visibility into current tier standing, outstanding requirements, and projected rewards across all levels. The addition enhances program transparency while simplifying status management for participants.

Broader Integration and Future Initiatives

The exchange continues building out its VIP infrastructure through coordinated incentive programs and scheduled promotional events. By merging trading-based rewards with token distributions and structured benefit cycles, the platform creates a comprehensive retention strategy designed to boost sustained engagement across its service offerings.

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Looking ahead, the next VIP season phase will feature a token distribution campaign scheduled between April and May. Participants can anticipate receiving tokenized stock allocations and supplementary digital assets, with individual distribution rounds potentially offering prize pools exceeding 500,000 units.

The platform has also established connections between VIP advancement and its wider product ecosystem, incorporating structured savings instruments and recurring token incentives. Through unified system integration, the exchange streamlines user interaction while positioning its VIP framework as a quantitative model directly correlated with measurable trading performance.

 

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Ethereum L2s Urged to Adopt Responsive Pricing Model

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Brian Armstrong's Bold Prediction: AI Agents Will Soon Dominate Global Financial

TLDR

  • Offchain Labs said Ethereum layer two networks need responsive pricing to handle rising demand and reduce gas fee swings.
  • Edward Felten stated that gas price volatility still acts as the main defense against network congestion.
  • Arbitrum One introduced dynamic pricing in January to better align fees with infrastructure bottlenecks.
  • Data presented at EthCC 2026 showed Arbitrum maintained lower fees during peak demand compared to some rivals.
  • Arbitrum One holds $15.2 billion in total value locked, while Base secures $10.9 billion, according to L2beat.

Ethereum layer-2 networks must adopt responsive pricing to handle future demand, Offchain Labs said at EthCC 2026. Edward Felten stated that gas fee swings still protect networks during congestion but deter mainstream users. He urged Ethereum L2s to align prices with real bottlenecks while keeping infrastructure stable.

Ethereum L2s push responsive pricing to manage congestion

Felten said current gas spikes remain the main defense during heavy traffic, and they raise costs quickly. However, he argued that responsive pricing allows more transactions at lower fees without overwhelming systems. He said, “[With responsive pricing], you can see more traffic at lower gas prices without overrunning the infrastructure.”

He explained that Ethereum’s EIP-1559 upgrade reformed the fee market in August 2021. The upgrade changed the gas limit mechanism and burned part of each transaction fee. Still, he said, gas volatility persists, and users reject unpredictable costs.

Felten presented charts comparing Arbitrum and Base during peak demand periods. The data showed Arbitrum gas fees stayed lower at high volumes than networks using EIP-1559 alone. He said Arbitrum adopted dynamic pricing in January to align fees with system bottlenecks.

Arbitrum described the change as a platform direction toward predictable fees under demand. The network said it aimed to match prices with actual infrastructure constraints. Felten said the rollout marked one of the first live tests of this pricing model.

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Arbitrum and Base test new fee structures

Arbitrum One leads the layer-2 market with $15.2 billion in total value locked. Coinbase’s Base follows with $10.9 billion in TVL, according to L2beat data. In total, L2 networks secure over $39.7 billion, which reflects a 4.6% yearly increase.

Julian Kors, founder of Pulsar Spaces, said responsive pricing reduces predictability compared to EIP-1559. He said networks must choose between mechanism design purity and real-time efficiency. He told Cointelegraph, “EIP-1559 does the first very well. Responsive pricing leans into the second.”

Jerome de Tychey, president of Ethereum France, said responsive pricing could improve user experience. He said the model makes fees reflect actual demand more closely. However, he did not claim it eliminates volatility.

Cyprien Grau, project lead at Status Network, called the model a “real improvement in fee accuracy.” Yet he said the system still relies on a fee market that can produce spikes. He added, “It doesn’t solve the structural problem.”

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Grau said L2 gas fees trend toward zero as scaling improves and competition grows. He said responsive pricing smooths the decline but does not replace the gas model. He added that future L2s must remove gas from the user experience entirely.

The debate continues as Ethereum revisits its rollup-focused scaling thesis. In February, Vitalik Buterin said some layer-2 assumptions no longer hold. He said future scaling should rely more on the mainnet and native rollups.

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Trump asks Congress for $1.5 trillion defense budget

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Trump asks Congress for $1.5 trillion defense budget

The Trump administration submitted a $1.5 trillion defense spending request to Congress on April 3 — the largest military budget proposal in U.S. history — pairing record military outlays with cuts to domestic programs in a fiscal combination that signals sustained inflation pressure and a narrower path to Fed rate cuts.

Summary

  • The Trump administration submitted a $1.5 trillion FY2027 defense budget proposal to Congress on April 3, roughly a 42% increase over current Pentagon spending levels.
  • The proposal pairs the record defense allocation with $73 billion in cuts to domestic programs including housing, health research, and education.
  • The fiscal combination — wartime spending surge alongside domestic contraction — carries implications for inflation, Federal Reserve policy, and risk assets including crypto.

The Trump administration submitted a $1.5 trillion defense spending request to Congress on April 3 — the largest military budget proposal in U.S. history — pairing record military outlays with cuts to domestic programs in a fiscal combination that signals sustained inflation pressure and a narrower path to Fed rate cuts. According to NPR’s reporting on the White House release, the proposal represents a roughly 42% increase over current spending and includes $1.1 trillion in base Pentagon funding alongside $350 billion to be passed through the budget reconciliation process.

A $1.5 trillion defense budget — the first base defense budget in U.S. history to cross the $1 trillion mark — funded partly through domestic spending cuts rather than new revenue, raises immediate questions about the fiscal trajectory of the U.S. government. Budget Director Russell Vought wrote that “President Trump promised to reinvest in America’s national security infrastructure, to make sure our nation is safe in a dangerous world.” For crypto markets, the more immediate concern is the inflationary signal embedded in the spending mix.

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Defense-heavy budgets during active wartime, combined with domestic spending reductions that shift costs to states, tend to sustain elevated government outlays without equivalent economic output — a dynamic that complicates the Federal Reserve’s rate path at exactly the moment investors had been positioned for monetary easing.

What investors are watching

Bitcoin was trading near $67,000 as the proposal was released, with U.S. equity markets closed for Good Friday. The budget announcement lands as an additional fiscal signal atop an already difficult macro environment for crypto — one defined by oil above $100, the ongoing Strait of Hormuz closure, and a strong March jobs print that independently reduced near-term rate cut expectations.

The budget proposal must now move through Congress, where both the size and the domestic spending cuts will face bipartisan scrutiny. A prolonged legislative fight over defense appropriations would add fiscal uncertainty to the existing geopolitical backdrop — a combination that has historically supported safe-haven assets over risk assets in the near term.

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Cambodian Lawmakers Propose Severe Prison Time for Crypto Scammers

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Law, Cambodia, Crimes, Scams

Cambodia’s parliament passed legislation targeting compounds used to defraud victims through scams, including those involving cryptocurrency.

In a Friday notice, the Senate of the Kingdom of Cambodia announced that the chamber had unanimously approved the draft law with no amendment, with 58 senators voting yes. According to reports, the draft bill, which would still need the king’s approval before becoming law, imposed prison time between two to five years and up to $125,000 in fines for certain crimes, or twice the time in prison and penalties if part of a gang or targeting multiple victims. 

“The draft law stipulates the establishment of criminal rules to fill the gaps and deficiencies in the current law, which will contribute significantly to addressing challenges that pose serious risks to social security, the economy and citizens, including affecting Cambodia’s reputation, as well as improving the effectiveness of the fight against fraud through technological systems, aiming to contribute to the preservation and protection of public security and order, and improving the effectiveness of cooperation in combating this crime,” said a translation of the Friday Senate notice on the bill.

Law, Cambodia, Crimes, Scams
Friday notice announcing the crypto bill’s passage. Source: Senate of the Kingdom of Cambodia

According to a 2025 report from the US State Department, Cambodia’s government “frequently downplayed scam operation cases as labor disputes,” never arresting or prosecuting any owner or operator of a suspected scam compound. The Cambodian operations are just some of many across parts of Southeast Asia, where compounds are alleged sources of forced labor.

Related: UK sanctions $20B scam market by cutting ‘legitimate’ crypto ties

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The passage of the bill followed UK authorities sanctioning the operators of a Cambodia-based scam center, and the country extraditing to China the leader of a criminal syndicate with alleged tied to scam compounds. Cambodia’s national assembly advanced the bill on March 30, with all 112 members voting yay. 

What happens in these scam compounds?

According to a 2024 UN News report that explored a compound in the Philippines, scam centers like the ones targeted under the Cambodian bill were massive undertakings, with facilities designed so that the residents would never need to leave. Although many of the workers were responsible for carrying out the scams, they were also “trafficked here, held against their will” and “exposed to violence” in the compounds.

“The people who work here are basically fenced off from the outside world,” said the report. “All their daily necessities are met. There are restaurants, dormitories, barbershops and even a karaoke bar. So, people don’t actually have to leave and can stay here for months.”

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