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Digital asset treasuries must now earn their keep

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Evolution of Digital Asset Treasuries

The era of buying bitcoin and calling it a treasury strategy is over.

By early 2026, more than 200 publicly listed companies hold digital assets on their balance sheets, collectively managing over $115 billion (DLA Piper, October 2025). The total market capitalization of these companies reached approximately $150 billion by September 2025 – a nearly fourfold increase from the year before. Yet several of these companies now trade at discounts to the value of the assets they hold. The market is sending a clear signal: accumulation alone is no longer enough.

Investors want to see capital discipline and economic return. Management teams have responded with share repurchase programs and transparency metrics such as “BTC per share,” designed to show the value a treasury adds beyond the token price (AMINA Bank Research, 2026). The shift from passive accumulation to active yield generation – from “DAT 1.0” to “DAT 2.0”—is now the defining theme of the sector.

Three broad models are emerging. Each carries a different risk – return profile and places distinct demands on governance, technical capability and infrastructure.

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Evolution of Digital Asset Treasuries

Infrastructure participation and staking

The most protocol-native approach involves staking tokens to support network consensus and earning rewards in return. For bitcoin-focused treasuries, this increasingly extends to the Lightning Network and other native infrastructure that generates routing and liquidity-based fees. Staking requires careful analysis of the technical security and smart contract risks.

The numbers have grown quickly. Bitmine Immersion Technologies reported over 3 million staked ETH by early 2026, with total holdings of $9.9 billion and annualized staking revenue of approximately $172 million (SEC Filing, March 2026). Its proprietary validator network marginally outperformed the Composite Ethereum Staking Rate, demonstrating the edge that institutional-grade infrastructure can deliver even in a protocol-level yield environment.

SharpLink Gaming deployed $200 million in ETH into restaking infrastructure via EigenCloud, targeting higher yields by securing applications ranging from AI workloads to identity verification (SEC Filing, 2025). Restaking – where already-staked ETH is used to secure additional services, with careful governance.

Key onchain revenue metrics, Greenage

Active trading and market-driven income

A second set of strategies leverages market structure – funding-rate arbitrage, basis trading and options premiums. These can be effective and often market-neutral, but they demand trading expertise, robust risk controls and round-the-clock monitoring. The governance implications are significant: this approach effectively converts a treasury function into a trading operation. Like any trading function, it can be difficult to find skilled staff required to monitor complex positions and correlation risks.

One prominent Japanese listed company illustrates both the potential and the complexity. Holding over 35,000 BTC by the end of 2025, it generated the equivalent of approximately $55 million in bitcoin income revenue through option-based strategies, with operating profit growth exceeding 1,600% year-on-year. Yet the same company recorded a substantial net loss due to non-cash mark-to-market revaluations under local accounting standards (TradingView; Kavout, 2026). For investors, this disconnect between operational cash flow and reported earnings makes evaluation materially harder – and underscores why governance and transparency matter as much as headline returns.

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Galaxy Digital offers a contrasting hybrid model, combining its own digital asset treasury with institutional services including collateralized lending, strategic advisory, and infrastructure. In Q3 2025, Galaxy posted a record adjusted gross profit of over $730 million (Mint Ventures Research, 2025). Notably, the firm has diversified its yield sources beyond pure crypto by repurposing its Helios mining facility as an AI compute campus secured by long-term contracts – a signal that the most resilient treasuries may be those that derive income from multiple, uncorrelated sources.

Galaxy’s Revenue Diversification, Image provided by Greengage, 2026

Credit deployment and net interest margin

A third route treats digital assets as productive balance-sheet capital. The model involves borrowing against crypto holdings on a non-recourse basis, receiving stablecoin liquidity, and deploying it into higher-yielding private credit. It preserves long-term exposure to the underlying asset while generating recurring interest income from short-duration, real-economy lending. In particular, this strategy demands expertise in yield, credit risk and fixed income.

The mechanics draw directly from traditional banking: liquidity management, underwriting, governance and controlled leverage. Under this type of model, a company acquires bitcoin, borrows against those holdings on a non-recourse basis—meaning the downside is limited to the collateral—and deploys the proceeds into diversified private credit portfolios supporting real-economy lending. If bitcoin appreciates, the company retains the upside after repaying the loan, combining potential capital gains with recurring interest income.

Greenage table

For credit deployment models to work credibly, they need to be grounded in operational financial infrastructure rather than built from scratch. The approach is most effective when it extends from an existing platform with real lending relationships and established client accounts. In our view at Greenage, this is also an area where governance and due diligence frameworks are particularly important, given that capital is being deployed into third-party credit opportunities that must be assessed on a counterparty-by-counterparty basis.

The success of this model is also tied to the maturation of stablecoins as institutional infrastructure. By 2026, stablecoins underpin cross-border payments, real-time settlement and T+0 clearing (same-day settlement) for enterprises (Foley & Lardner, January 2026). Coinbase Institutional projects total stablecoin market capitalization could reach $1.2 trillion by 2028 (Coinbase Institutional, August 2025). For credit deployment strategies, stablecoins provide a sound medium for capital deployment in lending markets.

Capital Deployment Cycle, Image provided by Greengage, 2026

The new measure of maturity

Recent market conditions have reinforced a simple truth: price appreciation alone is not a treasury strategy. The growing range of yield solutions reflects a sector learning from its own history—sustainable income generation makes digital assets more productive components of a corporate balance sheet.

No single model is definitive. The most effective treasuries will blend approaches depending on risk appetite, operational capability and governance structure. But the direction of travel is clear. Passive holding is no longer sufficient to justify digital assets’ place on the balance sheet. Yield is becoming the central measure of treasury maturity –and the core factor in how the market values companies with digital asset exposure.

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The winners in this next phase will not be the largest holders. They will be the most disciplined operators.

The New Treasury Equation, Image provided by Greengage, 2026

Important Notice:

This article has been prepared by Greengage & Co. Limited for informational and thought leadership purposes only. It is intended solely for use by businesses, professional counterparties and institutional market participants and is not directed at retail consumers. It does not constitute financial advice, investment advice, a financial promotion, or a recommendation or inducement to buy, sell, or hold any asset, security, or financial instrument.

Digital assets are subject to significant price volatility and regulatory change. Past performance is not indicative of future results. All investments carry risk, including the potential loss of capital. Forward-looking statements and market projections referenced herein are sourced from third-party research and do not represent the views or predictions of Greengage & Co. Limited.

Greengage & Co. Limited is not authorized or regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority for investment business. Greengage acts solely as an introducer to independent third-party service providers and does not arrange investments, provide lending, custody, or investment management services.

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Readers should seek independent professional advice before making any investment decision.

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Ripple (XRP) Down 7% This Month, Investors Move to Taurox (TAUX) as Pre-KYA Opening Might Start a Rally

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XRP trades near $1.32 with growing optimism. April has historically been XRP’s strongest month, posting average returns of 24.8% since 2014, driven by the upcoming CLARITY Act Senate Banking Committee markup scheduled for the second half of the month. 

Taurox, an AI-driven trading protocol, positions itself to harness this momentum through autonomous agents that deliver diversified, risk-managed yields to stakers in the evolving crypto landscape.

Navigating XRP Volatility with Taurox’s Structured Edge

XRP’s recent price action remains choppy despite partnerships and regulatory progress, with escrow unlocks adding supply pressure and exposing holders to frequent 20-30% whipsaws. Taurox counters this by pooling deposits of USDT, BTC, or XRP into a shared trading pool. Global developers, quants, and AI engineers build the agents that generate proportional net profits. 

Each agent is capped at 2% of pool AUM, while KYA tiers enforce conservative, moderate, or aggressive risk levels. Enforced Sharpe ratios ≥1.5 and maximum drawdowns below 15% deliver smoother returns than direct exposure or traditional 2% management-fee hedge funds.

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Pre-KYA Registration Now Open: Accelerating the Agent Pipeline

Taurox has hit a major roadmap milestone ahead of schedule by opening the Pre-KYA Registration Table. This early entry point allows developers, quants, and AI builders to pre-register their trading agents before the full Know Your Agent (KYA) system goes live. Pre-registered agents receive priority Proving Ground access, jumping the queue for faster entry and earlier capital allocation. 

They also qualify for bonus incentives from the dedicated Agent Creator Fund, which represents 10% of total TAUX supply. Anyone with a working trading strategy can now position their agent among the first wave in the Taurox ecosystem.

Taurox Mechanics: On-Chain AI Trading with Rigorous Controls

Taurox aggregates staker deposits into a central trading pool and mints txTokens at the prevailing NAV per share, starting at $1.00. The protocol maintains a 15% stablecoin reserve buffer and directs the remainder to agents through a performance-weighted algorithm. Agents execute strategies like statistical arbitrage via on-chain vaults or CEX sub-accounts. 

Every agent must complete the Proving Ground until achieving statistical significance, such as ≥500 trades. Risk controls include 2% daily stop-losses, 5% single-trade limits, and 5% pool-wide drawdown halts. KYA tiers enforce strategy fidelity in a fully verifiable decentralized quant framework.

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TAUX Tokenomics: Fixed Supply and Burn-Driven Scarcity

TAUX has a fixed 2 billion non-mintable supply. Unlike traditional hedge funds, Taurox charges no upfront fees and takes only 5% of gross profits, purchased as TAUX on-market. Of this revenue, 30% is permanently burned, while 70% supports the DAO treasury. 

The remaining 95% distributes progressively to stakers and creators, with stakers receiving 80% at 0-20% returns, tapering to 43% above 300%, based on high-water mark net profits. Allocations include 40% for presale, 15% for staking rewards, 10% for agent incentives, and 5% for the team with 6-month cliff vesting.

Taurox Presale: Asymmetric Entry with Strong Fundamentals

Taurox Presale has entered Phase 4 and surpassed $950K raised. TAUX currently trades at $0.018. Phase 4 investors stand to gain almost 4.5x at listing when TAUX launches at $0.08. If Taurox reaches its $1B target pool, these investors could see up to 103x returns as TAUX reaches $1.85. A $500 investment today would grow to about $2,220 at listing and nearly $28,000 when TAUX hits $1 valuation. 

The presale features a 1-month cliff and 20% monthly unlocks from months 2-5, enabling immediate staking while limiting early sell pressure. Combined with 30% fee burns and progressive splits, it offers strong upside for short and long-term horizons.

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Taurox as the Decentralized Quant Layer

Taurox blends AI autonomy, strict on-chain risk controls, and deflationary mechanics into next-generation DeFi. Its global agent ecosystem and burn-driven scarcity position it for sustainable growth as the crypto space evolves.

Learn More

Buy TAUX: https://taurox.io

Whitepaper: https://docs.taurox.io/

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Official Telegram: https://t.me/tauroxlabs

Official X/Twitter: https://x.com/TauroxProtocol

 


Disclaimer: This is a Press Release provided by a third party who is responsible for the content. Please conduct your own research before taking any action based on the content.

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Bitcoin tends to outperform gold and stocks after global shocks, Mercado Bitcoin finds

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(Mercado Bitcoin)

Bitcoin tends to outperform traditional safe haven assets like gold in the two months following major global crises, according to new analysis from Brazilian crypto exchange Mercado Bitcoin.

The study, led by Rony Szuster, head of research at the Latin American crypto platform, examined 60-day windows after economic or geopolitical shocks such as the COVID-19 outbreak and U.S. tariff escalations. Bitcoin posted stronger returns than both gold and the S&P 500 in each of the periods analyzed.

In April last year, after the Trump administration announced sweeping tariffs, the price of bitcoin jumped 24% over the following 60 days. Gold rose 8%, and the S&P 500 gained 4%, the firm found.

A similar pattern emerged at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, when BTC rose 21%, while the other assets trailed.

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(Mercado Bitcoin)

Szuster cautioned that judging bitcoin’s performance too soon after a crisis can be misleading.

“It’s like watching the first few minutes of a movie and thinking you already know how it ends,” he said. “In moments like this, investors sell positions to reduce risk or raise cash, and even defensive assets can fall.”

That happens as investors scramble for liquidity, yet bitcoin has consistently bounced back, the firm found. The pattern appears to be repeating in the current U.S.-Iran conflict, where bitcoin is the only one of the three assets in positive territory so far, according to Szuster.

Data backs this up. Since the war started, bitcoin has risen by more than 2.2%, from around $65,800 to $67,300 at the time of writing. Gold, the traditional safe haven, has meanwhile dropped around 11%, while the S&P lost 4.4% of its value in the index’s steepest monthly drop since 2022.

Despite its volatility, bitcoin was the best-performing asset over the past decade, he added.

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Read more: Bitcoin’s recent crash to $60,000 warned stocks first – now they’re following

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ProductionReady’s Jimmy Song Pitches Case for Conservative Bitcoin Software

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Decentralization, Nodes, Bitcoin Adoption

The Bitcoin (BTC) network needs a “conservative” Bitcoin client node software implementation to preserve its monetary properties and strengthen network decentralization, according to Jimmy Song, co-founder of ProductionReady, a non-profit organization funding open source Bitcoin node software development and education.

The organization has a “bias” against significant code changes, unless there is “overwhelming” community support for the change, Song told Cointelegraph.

“The general principle is: if you’re not sure a change makes the money better, don’t make it,” he said. 

Decentralization, Nodes, Bitcoin Adoption
The number of Bitcoin nodes, broken down by software implementation, between 2016 and 2026. Source: Coin Dance

ProductionReady expects to restore the 83-byte OP_Return data limit for arbitrary, non-monetary information in Bitcoin transactions, he said, adding that keeping node storage costs down by limiting arbitrary data is essential to network decentralization. He said:

“The more self-sovereign Bitcoin users are, the more decentralized and resilient the network becomes. That means keeping the cost of running a node low enough for ordinary people to do it. 

“When storage and bandwidth requirements grow, fewer people verify for themselves, and the network centralizes by default. A conservative client takes that tradeoff seriously,” Song continued.

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Maximizing nodes and making them accessible to the average user hardens the Bitcoin network, reducing the chances of cheating by submitting false transactions or a few actors colluding to centralize the network. 

Decentralization, Nodes, Bitcoin Adoption
Bitcoin Core continues to be the software of choice for node runners, with 77.8% of the network running some version of the Core software and 21.8% running Bitcoin Knots. Source: Coin Dance

Related: 72% of subsea cables would need to fail to impact Bitcoin, study shows

Bitcoin Core 30 removes the OP_Return data limit, sparking major pushback

Node storage and onchain spam became hot-button topics in 2025 after Bitcoin Core developers unilaterally changed the 83-Byte data limit in Bitcoin Core version 30, the latest major upgrade to the reference implementation for Bitcoin node software.

The limit was changed to 100,000 bytes despite significant pushback from the Bitcoin community. For context, the proposal to change the limit received about 4 times as many downvotes as it did upvotes, according to the proposal’s GitHub pull request page.

Bitcoin Core 30 went live in October 2025, triggering a historic surge in the number of Bitcoin nodes running Bitcoin Knots, an alternative implementation of the node client software.

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Decentralization, Nodes, Bitcoin Adoption
The number of nodes running Bitcoin Knots surged to record highs in 2025, following the release of Bitcoin Core 30. Source: Coin Dance

There are 4,746 Bitcoin Knots nodes, representing over 21.7% of nodes on the network, according to Coin Dance.

Only about 1% of the network was running the Knots software in 2024 before the decision to remove the OP_Return function was announced.

Magazine: Bitcoin may face hard fork over any attempt to freeze Satoshi’s coins