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Post-Quantum Cryptography Threat Divides Blockchain Networks as Google Paper Reshapes Timeline

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Brian Armstrong's Bold Prediction: AI Agents Will Soon Dominate Global Financial

TLDR:

  • Google’s latest paper slashes the qubit threshold to break elliptic curve cryptography below 500,000.
  • Ethereum targets full post-quantum deployment by 2029 with live testnets and ten active client teams.
  • Bitcoin holds an estimated 5–15% quantum-vulnerable supply, including roughly one million Satoshi-era coins.
  • Jefferies removed Bitcoin from model portfolios, flagging quantum vulnerability as a material investor risk.

Post-quantum cryptography has become a pressing concern for major blockchain networks worldwide. On March 30, Google Quantum AI published research showing that quantum computers could break Bitcoin and Ethereum’s cryptographic protections with far fewer resources than previously estimated.

A companion paper by Oratomic, a Caltech and Harvard startup, suggested neutral-atom quantum computers could achieve this with just 10,000 qubits. Earlier estimates had placed that threshold at one million qubits or more.

Ethereum Builds the Most Advanced Post-Quantum Cryptography Roadmap Among Major Blockchains

All major blockchains currently rely on elliptic curve cryptography to secure transactions. Shor’s algorithm allows quantum computers to reverse this process and expose private keys quickly. The qubit threshold to break elliptic curve cryptography dropped from 9 million in 2023 to under 500,000 today.

Ethereum Foundation researcher Justin Drake co-authored the Google paper and leads post-quantum research efforts. He estimates at least a 10% chance of a cryptographically relevant quantum computer emerging by 2032.

Google, meanwhile, has set a 2029 internal deadline to migrate its own infrastructure to post-quantum cryptography.

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Ethereum’s post-quantum effort stands as the most advanced among major blockchains today. The Foundation began funding hash-based cryptography research in 2018 with a $5 million grant.

The network now has a public roadmap targeting full deployment by 2029, live test networks with around ten client teams, and a $1 million cryptographic bounty program.

Drake described the 2029 target as “realistic/conservative” and pointed to the 2022 Merge as evidence of execution capacity.

That upgrade transitioned Ethereum from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake on a live multi-hundred-billion-dollar network without disruption.

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Signature aggregation technology will compress post-quantum signatures into compact proofs, avoiding a throughput penalty.

Ethereum’s quantum-vulnerable supply sits at roughly 2%, compared to Bitcoin’s estimated 5–15%. The network is younger, and better key management practices from launch kept this number lower.

Drake recently remarked: “I’ve stopped thinking about post-quantum as a hurdle that we have to overcome, and I think of it more as an opportunity.”

Bitcoin and High-Throughput Chains Face Greater Post-Quantum Migration Challenges

Bitcoin carries the same elliptic curve vulnerability but operates within a more complex governance environment. BIP-360, a post-quantum migration proposal, has received broad community engagement so far. Even so, over $1.5 trillion in value at stake has not generated the same urgency visible at Ethereum.

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Nic Carter, founding partner at Castle Island Ventures, offered a candid comparison between the two networks. He described Ethereum’s approach as “best in class” and Bitcoin’s current posture as “worst in class.” He added: “Elliptic curve cryptography is on the brink of obsolescence. Whether it’s 3 or 10 years; it’s over and we need to accept that.”

Bitcoin’s development culture treats the protocol more as a finished product than an evolving system. That stance benefits monetary credibility but creates friction when cryptographic upgrades are urgently needed. The debate over roughly 1 million BTC in Satoshi-era addresses will also take considerable time to resolve.

Solana and other high-throughput chains face a separate but equally serious challenge. Hash-based signatures are far larger than classical ones, and Solana exposes all public keys by default.

A full migration would narrow the throughput advantage that has served as Solana’s primary competitive differentiator.

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Jefferies has already removed Bitcoin from model portfolios, citing quantum vulnerability as a material risk. Carter warned: “ETH people have already figured this out. Unless something changes quickly, ETHBTC will start to reflect the divergence in prioritization.”

Tokenization platforms managing assets with 10- to 30-year durations will increasingly treat post-quantum migration capability as a baseline requirement for institutional deployment.

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Crypto World

Bitcoin weathered 85% drawdown, eyes $34K

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Crypto Breaking News

Bitcoin’s drawdown narrative is shifting from a pattern of extreme collapses to a more mature market dynamic, according to Cathie Wood, the founder and CEO of ARK Invest. In a CNBC appearance on Squawk Box dated April 1, Wood argued that the era of 85% or greater corrections may be behind BTC, framing the asset as a proven technology and monetary tool rather than a volatile tech experiment.

Speaking amid a price backdrop around the 69,000 level—the prior all-time high reached in 2021—Wood’s remarks come after a long bear market that wiped out roughly 80% of BTC’s value before a bottom near 15,600. On-chain data, however, suggest the current downturn has not yet mirrored the depth seen in prior cycles. Glassnode data indicate the bear market’s maximum drawdown from BTC’s peak remains well short of past extremes, around 52% from the record high of about 126,200 in October 2025.

Key takeaways

  • ARK Invest’s Cathie Wood argues Bitcoin is past the era of 85%+ price collapses, framing BTC as a proven technology and monetary asset rather than a speculative fad.
  • Analysts disagree on the next significant price level: a chartist forecast points to roughly $34,000 as a bottom (a 72% drawdown), while consensus from broader coverage points to a range of roughly $40,000 to $50,000.
  • On-chain data show the bear market depth to date is shallower than in some previous cycles, with maximum drawdown around 52% from the all-time high, suggesting a potentially different extinction-like pattern for BTC.
  • April seasonality and near-term momentum remain in focus: some analysts see historical patterns of spring recoveries during bear phases, while macro headlines and liquidity conditions continue to influence the path forward.

Wood’s view: BTC’s maturation and the new normal

Wood’s comments came during a dialogue about Bitcoin’s long-run narrative. She stressed that the 85–95% declines associated with earlier, less mature markets are unlikely to recur for Bitcoin, a narrative she frames as evidence of BTC’s transformation into a validated monetary system and a new asset class. The remarks echo her longstanding bullish stance on Bitcoin, which has been a hallmark of ARK’s research orientation toward disruptive technologies.

At the time of her appearance, Bitcoin was hovering near the post-2021 high watermark—an area that previously marked the transition into a multi-quarter bear cycle. Wood’s perspective contrasts with the more cautious or range-bound themes that have dominated much of the current trading backdrop, where macro conditions, policy signals, and sector rotation often determine day-to-day moves.

That said, Wood’s optimism sits alongside a chorus of caution from other analysts who note that the road ahead remains data-driven and uncertain—a reminder that even as BTC stabilizes, macro headwinds can quickly reassert themselves.

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Forecasts diverge on the floor of the bear market

While Wood’s stance centers on BTC’s maturation, other voices point to specific downside scenarios. Tony Severino, a veteran market technician, floated a bottom near $34,000, implying a 72% drawdown from the peak. He summarized the trajectory in a post on X, suggesting that a decline to that level would mark a “max drawdown” consistent with a new phase for the asset.

Beyond Severino’s projection, broader market commentary remains split. A section of traders and analysts continues to anticipate a bottom in the higher $40,000s to low $50,000s, a range that Cointelegraph has cited in prior coverage as a common region for a generational floor rather than a catastrophic collapse. For some observers, the 40k–50k zone remains the anchor for a long-term re-rating of Bitcoin’s risk profile.

Meanwhile, Bloomberg Intelligence analyst Mike McGlone has warned that prices could be trending toward seven-year lows, underscoring the risk that macro developments—such as central-bank policy and global liquidity—could extend the bear phase even as on-chain metrics offer a more nuanced view of drawdown depth.

Seasonality, on-chain signals, and what to watch next

Seasonality has long been cited as a potential internal driver of Bitcoin’s price path. Timothy Peterson, a network economist and commentator, highlighted a pattern in which April historically functions as a turning point during bearish cycles. A chart he shared on X illustrates April as a potential inflection month in past bear phases, though whether that dynamic repeats remains contingent on broader market conditions.

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March’s monthly close added a modest, 1.8% gain for BTC/USD, effectively ending a five-month losing streak. The move, while not dramatic, keeps the door open for a spring rebound, provided macro momentum aligns with technical and on-chain signals.

On-chain context adds another layer to the discussion. Glassnode’s analysis shows that the current bear market’s depth—though material—is not yet aligned with the most severe declines observed historically. The all-time high of roughly 126,200 in October 2025 has given way to a drawdown of about 52%, a figure that suggests the market could behave differently than in previous cycles if macro conditions stay supportive or liquidity improves.

For investors, this combination of on-chain resilience and mixed macro signals creates a nuanced backdrop. A Bitcoin trading environment shaped by a less severe drawdown yet ongoing external headwinds could translate into a more protracted consolidation rather than a sharp capitulation or a swift breakout. Observers will be watching for signs of sustained demand, improving liquidity in risk markets, and any shifts in policy that could alter the risk-reward calculus for crypto exposure.

As the calendar turns to April, market participants will parse a mix of seasonality whispers, data-driven cautions, and evolving macro narratives. The next several weeks could prove decisive in whether BTC resumes a broader uptrend, remains range-bound, or teeters on renewed volatility as external conditions shift.

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This article synthesizes observations from multiple sources, including Cathie Wood’s CNBC discussion, on-chain data from Glassnode, and commentary from market analysts such as Tony Severino and Mike McGlone, as well as prior coverage from Cointelegraph on price floors and seasonality in Bitcoin’s bear markets. Investors should treat forecasts as probabilistic scenarios rather than certainties and remain mindful of the evolving macro landscape that continues to shape crypto markets.

Risk & affiliate notice: Crypto assets are volatile and capital is at risk. This article may contain affiliate links. Read full disclosure

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Crypto World

Cartesi price jumps over 100% as it hits Stage 2 security status, can it go higher?

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Cartesi price has broken out of a descending parallel channel pattern on the daily chart.

Cartesi token soared over 100% to a 3-month high of $0.049 on Friday. Will the Layer 2 token edge higher over the coming sessions, or will it succumb to profit-taking?

Summary

  • Cartesi price surged over 100% to a three-month high amid a sharp rise in trading volume and a short squeeze.
  • The rally was driven by progress toward L2BEAT Stage 2 status and growing developer activity around Cartesi Machine deployments.
  • Technical indicators show overbought conditions and profit-taking signals, with CTSI price at risk of a pullback toward $0.030 support.

According to data from crypto.news, Cartesi (CTSI) price rallied nearly 110% to $0.049 on Friday, reaching its highest level since November 2022.

The rally came in a high-volume trading environment. In the past 24 hours,  the daily trading volume of Cartesi rose 1,260%, suggesting a sharp rise in demand from traders that likely buoyed the token toward its highs today.

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There are three main reasons why Cartesi price broke out today.

First, Cartesi’s Permissionless Refereed Tournament fraud-proof system is reportedly nearing the Stage 2 classification by L2BEAT. This milestone would rank it among the most secure and decentralized Layer 2 scaling solutions, setting it apart from competitors that still rely on permissioned validators.

Second, the project’s recent initiative to ship high-throughput applications reached critical implementation deadlines in April. Tangible developer interest in the Cartesi Machine, which allows decentralized apps to run on Linux, is finally translating from theoretical potential into live deployments.

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Third, after months of trading in a narrow range of $0.02 to $0.025, the sudden break above long-term resistance triggered a volatility spike. This caused a short squeeze, forcing bearish traders to buy back their positions and further fueling the massive gains seen today.

On the daily chart, Cartesi price has broken out of a multi-month descending parallel channel pattern, a sign that bulls have finally gained control of the market. It has already attained the target level from the breakout, suggesting there could be some selloff on the horizon.

Cartesi price has broken out of a descending parallel channel pattern on the daily chart.
Cartesi price has broken out of a descending parallel channel pattern on the daily chart — April 3 | Source: crypto.news

Such selloff risks also come as the relative strength index has crossed the overbought threshold. Crypto rallies often face some pullback when this metric hits an overbought state.

Additionally, the Chaikin Money Flow index showed a negative reading, a sign that investors have started to rotate capital or take profits at these higher levels.

Hence, the Cartesi token could likely retest its immediate support of $0.030 before its next leg higher.

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Disclosure: This article does not represent investment advice. The content and materials featured on this page are for educational purposes only.

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Cathie Wood Sees No More 85% Bitcoin Price Drawdowns Versus All-Time Highs

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Cathie Wood Sees No More 85% Bitcoin Price Drawdowns Versus All-Time Highs

Bitcoin (BTC) is “done” with drawdowns of 85% or more from all-time highs, says ARK Invest CEO, Cathie Wood.

Key points:

  • Bitcoin will not see another correction of 85% or more versus its latest all-time high, Cathie Wood argues.

  • A new prediction sees $34,000 becoming the next BTC price bottom.

  • Bitcoin bear-market seasonality hints that a reversal could come this month.

Wood on BTC price: No more 85% “collapses”

In an interview with CNBC’s Squawk Box segment on April 1, Wood stayed calm about double-digit BTC price losses.

“Believe it or not, in the Bitcoin community, down 50% — if that’s as far as it goes — they’ll consider that a real victory,” she said.

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“Because you’re right; the 85-95% collapses associated with a very new technology — that’s done. This is a proven technology, it’s a proven monetary system and it’s a new asset class.”

Wood, a longtime Bitcoin bull, was speaking as Bitcoin circled its old $69,000 all-time highs from 2021.

Those preceded a year-long bear market in which BTC/USD lost nearly 80% before bottoming at $15,600. That marked the latest such correction, with bear markets typically bringing losses around the 80% mark.

Data from onchain analytics platform Glassnode shows that the current bear market has yet to match historical patterns with maximum downside versus Bitcoin’s $126,200 record from October 2025 at 52%.

BTC price drawdowns from all-time highs. Source: Glassnode

Responding to Wood, analyst Tony Severino predicted that 2026 would bring a price bottom equal to a 72% drawdown.

“Correct, -72% max drawdown next =$34,000,” he wrote on X.

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That figure exceeds commonly held predictions by traders for where Bitcoin’s next generational floor will be. As Cointelegraph reported, consensus favors the area between $40,000 and $50,000.

This week, however, Bloomberg Intelligence analyst Mike McGlone warned that price may already be trending toward seven-year lows

Bitcoin historically rebounds in April

Continuing the bear-market comparison, data from network economist Timothy Peterson revealed that April could mark some form of inflection point for price.

Related: Bitcoin risks new lows as US dollar targets highest level since April 2025

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A chart uploaded to X this week shows April typically being a recovery month during bearish phases. 

Bitcoin bear-market price comparison. Source: Timothy Peterson/X

The March monthly close, meanwhile, ended a five-month losing streak for BTC/USD with modest gains of 1.8%.