The Next Paradigm Shift Beyond Large Language Models

Artificial Intelligence has made extraordinary progress over the last decade, largely driven by the rise of large language models (LLMs). Systems such as GPT-style models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, leading AI researchers increasingly argue that we are approaching diminishing returns with purely text-based, token-prediction architectures.

One of the most influential voices in this debate is Yann LeCun, Chief AI Scientist at Meta, who has consistently advocated for a new direction in AI research: World Models. These systems aim to move beyond pattern recognition toward a deeper, more grounded understanding of how the world works.

In this article, we explore what world models are, how they differ from large language models, why they matter, and which open-source world model projects are currently shaping the field.

What Are World Models?

At their core, world models are AI systems that learn internal representations of the environment, allowing them to simulate, predict, and reason about future states of the world.

Rather than mapping inputs directly to outputs, a world model builds a latent model of reality—a kind of internal mental simulation. This enables the system to answer questions such as:

• What is likely to happen next?
  
• What would happen if I take this action?
  
• Which outcomes are plausible or impossible?
  

This approach mirrors how humans and animals learn. We do not simply react to stimuli; we form internal models that let us anticipate consequences, plan actions, and avoid costly mistakes.

Yann LeCun views world models as a foundational component of human-level artificial intelligence, particularly for systems that must interact with the physical world.

Why Large Language Models Are Not Enough

Large language models are fundamentally statistical sequence predictors. They excel at identifying patterns in massive text corpora and predicting the next token given context. While this produces fluent and often impressive outputs, it comes with inherent limitations.

Key Limitations of LLMs

Lack of grounded understanding: LLMs are trained primarily on text rather than on physical experience.

Weak causal reasoning: They capture correlations rather than true cause-and-effect relationships.

No internal physics or common sense model:
They cannot reliably reason about space, time, or physical constraints.

Reactive rather than proactive: They respond to prompts but do not plan or act autonomously.

As LeCun has repeatedly stated,
predicting words is not the same as understanding the world.

How World Models Differ from Traditional Machine Learning

World models represent a significant departure from both classical supervised learning and modern deep learning pipelines.

Self-Supervised Learning at Scale

World models typically learn in a self-supervised or unsupervised manner. Instead of relying on labelled datasets, they learn by:

Predicting future states from past observations

• Filling in missing sensory information
  
• Learning latent representations from raw data such as video, images, or sensor streams
  
• This mirrors biological learning: humans and animals acquire vast amounts of knowledge simply by observing the world, not by receiving explicit labels.

Core Components of a World Model

A practical world model architecture usually consists of three key elements:

1. Perception Module

Encodes raw sensory inputs (e.g. images, video, proprioception) into a compact latent representation.

2. Dynamics Model

Learns how the latent state evolves over time, capturing causality and temporal structure.

3. Planning or Control Module

Uses the learned model to simulate future trajectories and select actions that optimise a goal.

This separation allows the system to think before it acts, dramatically improving efficiency and safety.

Practical Applications of World Models

World models are particularly valuable in domains where real-world experimentation is expensive, slow, or dangerous.

Robotics



Robots equipped with world models can predict the physical consequences of their actions, for example, whether grasping one object will destabilise others nearby.

Autonomous Vehicles

By simulating multiple future driving scenarios internally, world models enable safer planning under uncertainty.

Game Playing and Simulated Environments

World models allow agents to learn strategies without exhaustive trial-and-error in the real environment.

Industrial Automation

Factories and warehouses benefit from AI systems that can anticipate failures, optimise workflows, and adapt to changing conditions.

In all these cases, the ability to simulate outcomes before acting is a decisive advantage.

Open-Source World Model Projects You Should Know

The field of world models is still emerging, but several open-source initiatives are already making a significant impact.

1. World Models (Ha & Schmidhuber)

One of the earliest and most influential projects, introducing the idea of learning a compressed latent world model using VAEs and RNNs. This work demonstrated that agents could learn effective policies almost entirely inside their own simulated worlds.

2. Dreamer / DreamerV2 / DreamerV3 (DeepMind, open research releases)

Dreamer agents learn a latent dynamics model and use it to plan actions in imagination rather than the real environment, achieving strong performance in continuous control tasks.

3. PlaNet

A model-based reinforcement learning system that plans directly in latent space, reducing sample complexity.

4. MuZero (Partially Open)

While not fully open source, MuZero introduced a powerful concept: learning a dynamics model without explicitly modelling environment rules, combining planning with representation learning.

5. Meta’s JEPA (Joint Embedding Predictive Architectures)

Yann LeCun’s preferred paradigm, JEPA focuses on predicting abstract representations rather than raw pixels, forming a key building block for future world models.

These projects collectively signal a shift away from brute-force scaling toward structured, model-based intelligence.

Are We Seeing Diminishing Returns from LLMs?

While LLMs continue to improve, their progress increasingly depends on:

• More data
  
• Larger models
  
• Greater computational cost

World models offer an alternative path: learning more efficiently by understanding structure rather than memorising patterns. Many researchers believe the future of AI lies in hybrid systems that combine language models with world models that provide grounding, memory, and planning.

Why World Models May Be the Next Breakthrough

World models address some of the most fundamental weaknesses of current AI systems:

They enable common-sense reasoning

• They support long-term planning
  
• They allow safe exploration
  
• They reduce dependence on labelled data
  
• They bring AI closer to real-world interaction

For applications such as robotics, autonomous systems, and embodied AI, world models are not optional; they are essential.

Conclusion

World models represent a critical evolution in artificial intelligence, moving beyond language-centric systems toward agents that can truly understand, predict, and interact with the world. As Yann LeCun argues, intelligence is not about generating text, but about building internal models of reality.

With increasing open-source momentum and growing industry interest, world models are likely to play a central role in the next generation of AI systems. Rather than replacing large language models, they may finally give them what they lack most: a grounded understanding of the world they describe.