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Who Really Owns All the Ethereum? On-Chain Study Reveals Surprising Names

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Arkham Intelligence published a comprehensive breakdown of the largest Ethereum (ETH) holders in 2026, revealing that staking contracts, exchanges, and financial institutions now control most of the supply.

The report draws on on-chain data from the Arkham Intel Platform and covers entities ranging from centralized exchanges to individual pre-sale investors.

Staking and Exchanges Control Most ETH

The ETH2 Beacon Deposit Contract sits at the top of the list with over 82 million ETH, valued at approximately $169 billion.

That figure represents roughly 66% of the total ETH supply, locked by validators securing the network.

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Among exchanges, Coinbase leads with 4.2 million ETH ($8.6 billion), followed by Binance with 3.6 million ETH ($7.3 billion).

South Korean exchange Upbit ranks third at 1.7 million ETH. These holdings are custodial, held on behalf of users for trading, withdrawals, and staking services.

On the financial institution side, BlackRock holds over 3 million ETH ($6 billion) through its iShares Ethereum Trust ETF.

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Treasury company Bitmine has declared 4.7 million ETH in total, though only 914,000 ETH has been verified on-chain by Arkham.

Bitmine aims to accumulate 5% of the total ETH supply.

Individual Holders and Lost Fortunes

Among individuals, Estonian pre-sale investor Rain Lohmus technically owns the most ETH at 250,000 tokens worth $530 million.

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However, he lost access to his private keys after purchasing them for $75,000 during the 2014 presale.

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin is the largest individual holder with accessible funds, holding 224,000 ETH ($480 million).

Ethereum Foundation Shifts From Selling to Staking

Separately, Arkham reported the Ethereum Foundation staked an additional $46.64 million in ETH, its largest single-day deployment.

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That brings the Foundation’s total staked amount to approximately $96.59 million.

The move is part of a broader plan announced in February to stake 70,000 ETH from its treasury. Staking rewards will fund research, ecosystem grants, and protocol development.

The Foundation previously relied on periodic ETH sales, which drew community criticism for creating sell pressure.

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With institutions, exchanges, and now the Ethereum Foundation itself locking supply into validators, the distribution of ETH increasingly favors long-term holders over liquid markets.

The post Who Really Owns All the Ethereum? On-Chain Study Reveals Surprising Names appeared first on BeInCrypto.

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Marex launches Nvidia-linked ‘prediction market bond’ with 7% coupon

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Cyclops raises $8m for enterprise stablecoin infrastructure

Marex’s Nvidia‑linked “prediction market bond” pays 7% if NVDA stays the world’s most valuable company for a year, wrapping Polymarket‑style odds into principal‑protected credit.

Summary

  • Marex issues a bond-like note that pays a 7% coupon if Nvidia remains the world’s most valuable company in one year while returning principal if it does not.
  • The structure mirrors a principal‑protected structured note, shifting prediction‑market style bets into regulated credit markets with Marex as issuer and credit risk.
  • The deal comes as prediction markets like Polymarket see institutional capital inflows and Nvidia’s market cap hovers around $4.3 trillion, cementing its role at the center of the AI trade.

Marex Group has created and sold what it calls the first “prediction market bond,” a structured note that pays a 7% annual coupon in $ if Nvidia Corp. is still the world’s largest company by market value in one year, and simply returns principal if it is not. London‑based Marex is marketing the instrument to institutional clients as a way to express views typically traded on event‑driven platforms such as Kalshi and Polymarket, but without the all‑or‑nothing loss profile of traditional prediction markets. According to Bloomberg, the payoff hinges on a single observable outcome: Nvidia’s standing in the global equity league table at maturity, with investors exposed primarily to Marex’s own credit risk rather than direct equity downside.

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The structure blends a zero‑coupon bond with an embedded derivative replicating the odds implied by event markets and options desks, effectively “gambling the yield” while preserving principal, as several market commentators on X noted. One user, @trevorlasn, summarized the economics bluntly: “you get 7% upside with principal protection? that’s just a structured note with better marketing lol,” while @StephGuildNYC asked, “Isn’t this just a principal protected structured note? They’ve been around for ages.”

Another commentator, @JamesChristoph, cautioned that “the risk reward here sounds good, but the payoff is quite bad,” echoing longstanding criticism that structured notes often favor issuers over buyers. In a separate X thread, @MickBransfield framed the deal more expansively: “marex issued a bond that pays 7% if nvidia stays the world’s largest company for a year. prediction markets just got a prospectus.”

Nvidia, currently valued at roughly $4.3 trillion in market capitalization, sits at the center of the global AI trade and remains the world’s most valuable listed company by a margin of more than $400 billion over Apple, according to recent market data. The note’s 7% $ coupon effectively prices the probability that Nvidia can retain that top slot for another year, a question that has been actively traded on on‑chain prediction venues as investors debate how far the AI cycle can run. Those venues have grown rapidly: Polymarket alone saw about $12 billion in trading volume in January 2026, generating over $11 million in on‑chain fees as users speculated on politics, commodities, and crypto prices. Intercontinental Exchange, parent of the New York Stock Exchange, has committed $2 billion to the sector, including a fresh $600 million investment in Polymarket, underscoring how event contracts are bleeding into mainstream market infrastructure. In a recent crypto.news story on Polymarket’s integration with Solana via Jupiter, prediction markets were described as “expanding rapidly heading into 2026,” a backdrop that helps explain why Marex is now wrapping such outcomes into regulated credit products.

The Marex deal also lands as crypto‑native prediction markets deepen their ties to traditional assets, with Polymarket rolling out stock and commodity contracts powered by Pyth Network’s price feeds and centralized exchanges like Deepcoin integrating “event contracts” tied to macro and crypto outcomes. Another crypto.news story highlighted how Vitalik Buterin has deployed roughly $440,000 across Polymarket, booking about $70,000 profit by fading “crazy mode” tail‑risk bets, illustrating how sophisticated traders already treat these markets as yield‑like instruments rather than pure gambling. Against that backdrop, Marex’s bond can be read less as a one‑off curiosity and more as an explicit bridge between on‑chain event speculation and off‑chain structured credit, one that denominates prediction risk in $ coupons instead of tokens.

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Why Malta Says ESMA Goes Too Far

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Europe, ESMA, Cryptocurrency Exchange, European Union, Malta, MiCA

Europe’s next crypto battle is no longer about whether to regulate the industry, but who gets to hold the pen. European Union leaders are weighing a European Commission proposal to hand direct supervision of the bloc’s largest crypto asset service providers (CASPs) to the Paris-based European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), shifting front-line control away from national regulators.

France, Austria and Italy believe the move is overdue. In a joint September 2025 paper, their market authorities called for “a stronger European framework,” arguing centralized oversight is needed to address “major differences” in how countries authorize firms and curb regulatory shopping. 

Malta’s Financial Services Authority (MFSA) is not convinced. A spokesperson told Cointelegraph it is “premature to introduce structural changes” like centralized supervision. The Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation (MiCA) regulation has only recently become fully applicable, and its “impact on the market and market players is still being assessed,” they said. 

The dispute matters because MiCA lets companies win authorization in one member state and then passport services across the EU. That means the question of who supervises crypto firms is no longer just administrative, but goes to how Europe will balance market integration, investor protection and national regulatory authority.

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While a recent Bloomberg report framed the fight as one small state against the commission, Ian Gauci of Maltese law firm GTG, one of the architects of Malta’s original crypto rulebook, told Cointelegraph, “That is not what this is.” He said Malta’s arguments “are not jurisdictional” and “go to the structure itself and how it will behave wherever it is applied in the Union.” The MFSA said its position was not about national advantage but about “regulatory timing and effectiveness” and preserving Europe’s attractiveness to crypto firms.

Related: What happens as Europe enforces MiCA and the US delays crypto rules

Centralizing supervision under one roof

The ESMA already leads the supervisory convergence work, coordinating peer reviews of national authorities, including a fast-track review of one of Malta’s CASP authorizations, widely reported to be OKX. The review found Malta met expectations on supervisory settings, but that the firm’s authorization “should have been more thorough.”

Europe, ESMA, Cryptocurrency Exchange, European Union, Malta, MiCA
ESMA peer review of a Malta CASP approval. Source: ESMA

Supporters of centralization say that the episode makes the case. A spokesperson from the ESMA told Cointelegraph that a single supervisor for major cross-border companies would deliver “more efficient and harmonized supervision,” strengthen investor protection and reduce “the risk of forum shopping.” France, Austria and Italy similarly warned in their position paper that divergent practices could undermine investor protection and Europe’s digital asset market.

Gauci said he was not opposed to a stronger EU-level role where it is justified. But he argued that centralization should be targeted at genuinely systemic cross-border firms with clearly identified risks, rather than applied as a blanket fix for uneven supervision.

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Malta warns centralization may go too far

OKX rejects the idea that companies pick smaller jurisdictions to capture regulators. Its European CEO, Erald Ghoos, told Cointelegraph that, unlike some competitors, the exchange had been supervised by Malta under a high-standard regime since 2021 and its MiCA authorization reflected a multi-year relationship, “not an expedited process.” With MiCA still rolling out, he argued that there was no evidence the current model is failing, making centralization look more like a “political decision.”

Related: What happens as Europe enforces MiCA and the US delays crypto rules

Ghoos said the case for concentrating supervisory power at the EU level had not yet been demonstrated.

Gauci accepts that inconsistencies exist but argues that the solution is to use existing tools. “Make peer reviews bite,” set timelines and impose consequences for persistent failure, rather than rewriting MiCA’s allocation of powers, he said.

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His deeper concern is structural: Large firms operate as single systems, but the proposal would split oversight across ESMA, national authorities and the Anti-Money Laundering Authority (AMLA), while the Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) expects an integrated view of information technology risk. “Once you split supervision like this, that unity disappears,” he warned, leaving accountability fragmented in a crisis.

The real question, he said, is whether Europe values supervisory depth or scale. Early movers built expertise and proximity in a fast-moving industry; strip that away too quickly, and Europe risks replacing it with distance, removing the “incentive for jurisdictions to invest in serious supervisory capacity in the first place,” and encouraging the offshore drift policymakers want to avoid.

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