Dr Maria Alhajji discusses her energy storage research and the Sophia Project, a physics outreach initiative at UL that engages school students.
Researchers and scientists can draw their inspirations and motivations from many sources. For Dr Maria Alhajji of University of Limerick (UL), the connection between theory and reality is fascinating.
“I am inspired by the moment when someone connects a scientific concept with something they have already observed in everyday life,” she tells SiliconRepublic.com.
As an assistant professor in the physics department of the Faculty of Science and Engineering at UL, she sees her field as “a way of understanding the world – from why the sky appears blue to how electricity, communications, medical technologies and renewable-energy systems work”.
Her role combines teaching, research, undergraduate and postgraduate student supervision and academic service, and contributing to departmental education and outreach initiatives.
“I am particularly passionate about helping students and young people see that physics is not simply a collection of equations,” she says.
“Whether I am teaching first-year students or investigating materials for energy-storage systems, I want people to recognise physics as an active and evolving discipline that shapes our everyday lives.”
Alhajji holds a BSc from Saudi Arabia’s King Faisal University, as well as an MSc and PhD from UL, where she previously worked as a postdoctoral researcher and research fellow.
With an academic background in electrochemistry and energy-storage materials, she now teaches across areas including mechanics, electromagnetism, semiconductor devices, electronics, modern physics and materials analysis.
“I was drawn to electrochemical energy storage because it brings together physics, chemistry, materials science and engineering,” she explains.
“It allows us to study processes occurring at atomic and microscopic scales while addressing one of society’s most urgent challenges: the transition to secure, reliable and sustainable energy.”
Energy solutions for the future
For Alhajji, modern society’s embrace of renewable energy can’t be limited simply to generating electricity from wind or solar; that power also needs to be stored effectively and viably so that it “remains available when the wind is not blowing, the sun is not shining or demand on the grid is particularly high”.
Her scientific research focuses on understanding how the properties of an electrode influence the reactions taking place at its surface and how these learnings can be applied to battery design for use in grid-scale energy storage.
Redox-flow batteries are an energy solution that, according to Alhajji, can be designed for long-duration operation, scaled to suit large installations and maintained differently from conventional sealed batteries.
These qualities, among others, make them ideal for stationary applications that demand consistent and reliable power, according to US industry body Battery Council International, which notes that their unique design – by separating energy storage from power generation – provides flexibility and durability.
Alhajji notes that that while wider deployment of such batteries depends on improving their performance, durability and cost, the principles underpinning them can be applied when considering other electrochemical technologies.
“My broader aim is to establish a clear relationship between a material’s structure, surface chemistry and electrochemical function,” she says.
“I find interfaces particularly fascinating. The performance of an entire battery can depend on reactions taking place across an extremely thin boundary between an electrode and an electrolyte. Small changes at that interface can have a measurable effect on the efficiency and lifetime of the full system.”
The connection between fundamental understanding and technological, real-world impact is a continuous source of motivation for her.
“This understanding can guide the rational design of energy-storage materials that support faster, more reversible reactions while remaining efficient and stable over long-term use.
“I am interested not only in how well an energy-storage system performs, but also in the fundamental physical and chemical processes responsible for that performance.”
She cites iron-based energy storage systems as a promising avenue worth exploring due to that metal being “widely available and potentially more economical than many materials used in current battery technologies”, which could lead to progress in developing energy-storage systems that are efficient, durable, scalable and based on more sustainable materials.
Young scientists
Alhajji’s passion for her field is represented not only in her researching and testing of energy production and storage solutions, but in her attitude to teaching and trying to inspire future generations.
Over the summer, she coordinated UL’s annual Sophia Project physics competition, run by her department and involving more than 70 primary-school children from Cork and Limerick.
“Sophia is a physics outreach initiative at UL that engages schools through interactive workshops, demonstrations and a schools’ physics competition,” she explains. “I have been involved in developing and delivering the workshops and in leading the competition element of the programme.
“The workshops use accessible, hands-on experiments connected to familiar experiences. Pupils might explore static electricity, air pressure or siphoning, or discuss questions such as why the sky is blue.
“Rather than simply showing an experiment and providing the answer, we encourage pupils to predict what will happen, observe the result and develop their own explanation.”
She says that the broader goal of the initiative is to build young people’s confidence and curiosity in science while developing their creativity, teamwork and problem-solving skills, and that schools and teachers have praised its ability to create and maintain interest among participating children.
She acknowledges, too, that teachers themselves can have significant influence in these types of initiatives.
“By supporting teachers and developing engaging activities that can be used in the classroom, we can reach many more young people and build a lasting culture of curiosity, creativity and problem-solving.”
Stay curious
For those starting out on a scientific career journey, Alhajji offers some words of wisdom.
“A career in science is not about always knowing the correct answer. It is about learning how to investigate a question carefully, evaluate evidence and continue when an experiment does not behave as expected. Unexpected results are often where the most interesting research begins.
“Stay curious and never be afraid to ask what appears to be a simple question. Many important scientific discoveries begin with someone questioning something that others have taken for granted.”
She acknowledges the need for a strong foundation in the likes of physics and maths, but notes that softer skills – such as communication, teamwork and practical problem-solving – should not be overlooked.
“Modern scientific research is highly collaborative and often brings together people from several different disciplines,” Alhajji notes.
And she stresses, also, the importance of keeping an open mind – advice which perhaps might be heeded regardless of one’s age, academic status or specific career journey.
“You do not need to have your entire career planned from the beginning. Curiosity is often the best place to start.”
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