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What AI means for nuclear escalation

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The Americans were closing in, the situation was getting more dangerous by the minute — and President Xi Jinping was waiting for my recommendation.

The standoff began in May, when the US announced a package of anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles to Taiwan that would significantly upgrade the island’s ability to repel a Chinese invasion. We ordered massive military exercises in the region as a show of force. The US soon responded by sending the USS Abraham Lincoln to lead its own exercises with a joint contingent of Australian and Japanese forces.

If we showed weakness, Taiwan might be lost to China forever. If we were too aggressive, it could lead to World War III. But with so many ships and aircraft menacing the region, all with unclear intentions, the situation was getting too complex for commanders to process, and the risk of a deadly miscalculation was rising. Already, there had been a tense near-miss when a Chinese maritime militia fired on an American helicopter — thankfully, without casualties.

  • Recent events in Ukraine and Iran show that the use of artificial intelligence on the battlefield has very quickly gone from a speculative scenario to a current reality.
  • This has led to fears that AI could increase the risk of nuclear escalation, either by acting in a way that its designers don’t intent, or simply moving too fast for human commanders to keep up.
  • Ironically, it turns out be the best way to decrease the risks of how AI will perform in war may be to train humans in how to interact with it.

Perhaps it was time to let the machines take over.

The commander of the Chinese naval strike force in the region requested permission to turn on our recently deployed AI hub, which could coordinate the defense systems of all ships in the region and was capable of differentiating between friend and foe, firing in response to threats, and finding the optimal course of action based on China’s rules of engagement and available resources. In other words, if the Americans attacked, it could decide the appropriate response faster than any human.

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As the vice chairs of the Central Military Commission, my colleagues and I were tasked with making a recommendation to the president. The system could buy us precious seconds to rescue ships from imminent attack, but it was also untested in combat situations and had reached only 95 percent accuracy in tests.

After a tense discussion, we ultimately decided to employ the new system, but keep it in a “human-in-the-loop” setting that would require us to give a final order before firing. We were taking a cautious approach.

Not cautious enough, as it turned out.

A few days later, the AI-enabled system malfunctioned, opening fire on a US vessel and killing a number of US soldiers. Soon, American politicians and media were calling for payback. US ships began conducting joint patrols with the Taiwanese navy. Our intelligence sources indicated President Donald Trump was close to declaring an official alliance with Taiwan and basing US troops on the island.

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We were on the brink of all-out war.

A US-made standard air defense missile is fired during an exercise

A US-made standard air defense missile is fired from a Knox-class destroyer during the Han Kuang 22 exercise in Ilan, eastern Taiwan, in July 2006.
Sam Yeh/AFP via Getty Images

As you’ve probably surmised, this is a fictional scenario. I am not actually a high-ranking Chinese general, and Trump risking war with China over Taiwan is not exactly what transpired in the real May 2026.

The story comes from the script of a wargame conducted by Stanford University’s Hoover Institution that I participated in last fall. The “vice chairs” in the simulation were a bipartisan group of staffers and China policy wonks sitting in a comfortable Washington, DC, conference room over coffee and bagels. (As a condition of participating in the game, I agreed not to name or directly quote any of the participants.)

But the concern that the game illustrates, of an AI-enabled defensive system causing a military crisis to spin out of control, is a very real one. Experts are increasingly worried that AI-enabled systems could cause military conflicts to escalate faster than any human can control or anticipate — or that a miscalculation could lead to AI taking military actions that humans never intended, with deadly consequences. And the risks are especially acute when it comes to nuclear-armed countries like the US and China.

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To date, AI-enabled systems have been used mainly by militaries like America’s and Israel’s in conflicts where they already had overwhelming advantages over their opponents, or by countries like Ukraine to level the playing field against a much larger foe. But what would it look like in a war between two “near peer” superpowers like the US and China?

This is no longer just a theoretical question. Under an initiative that began in the Biden administration, the US is working to develop fleets of small, cheap AI-enabled drones that could create a cost-effective “hellscape” to counter a Chinese invasion of Taiwan. The decisions my team made in our simulated conflict could be on the table in a real conflict sooner rather than later.

We may not be able to turn back from this new frontier. But if government and military leaders can figure out its rules and update their thinking in time, they might be able to head off the global war that they’ve spent generations trying to prevent.

The rise of battlefield AI

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Jacquelyn Schneider, director of the Hoover Wargaming and Crisis Simulation Initiative, has been conducting games related to the topic of artificial intelligence and crisis escalation for several years now, with participants roleplaying nations on both sides of hypothetical conflicts. When she began running the war games, the capabilities in the “May 2026” scenario still felt futuristic. Lately, the game has “felt a little bit less like science fiction,” she told me.

The Pentagon has been actively working to accelerate the use of AI to detect threats, identify targets, and support commanders’ decision-making for years now. Its early initiatives during the first Trump administration were born in part out of officers’ frustration with data analysis failures that led to the deaths of US troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. The US military collected vast amounts of information from sensors, satellites, and human sources, but was often too slow to find threats to troops on the front lines. The dream was a system that could detect potential dangers earlier and give users options for how to destroy them far faster than human analysts, dramatically shortening what military planners call the “kill chain.”

Now we’re seeing AI programs handle real-world combat situations on a daily basis. Maven Smart System, the Palantir-supplied system that integrates data from satellites, drones, and numerous other sensors, has been used by the US to pass along dozens of potential Russian targets per day to Ukrainian forces. The Ukrainians themselves have developed a system nicknamed “Uber for artillery” to coordinate fire across the frontline. During the war in Gaza, the Israeli military system employed an AI-enabled system known as “Lavender” to identify Hamas targets, though some reports suggest it may have had an error rate of around 10 percent.

The US military has used AI in its recent operations in Venezuela and Iran, which generated significant scrutiny after a targeting mistake killed at least 175 people at a school in Minab, most of them children. It’s not clear yet whether the AI systems Claude and Maven Smart System played a role in that specific strike, but both were widely used in the bombing campaign, according to US officials.

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a recreated scene of a classroom at a memorial event

This photo taken on April 6, 2026, shows a recreated scene of a classroom at a memorial event held to mourn the students of an elementary school who were killed in a missile strike in in Tehran, Iran.
Shadati/Xinhua via Getty Images

Nonetheless, Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth is aggressively pushing to deploy AI more widely across US military systems. Earlier this year, the Pentagon threatened to block Anthropic, Claude’s owner, from being used across government — reportedly over the company’s demand that its software never be used for mass surveillance or autonomous weapons. Anthropic wanted to keep a human in the loop on life-or-death decisions, while Pentagon officials reportedly wanted the option to bypass the company and use the program however they wished.

Which brings us back to the US and China. While AI-enabled errors may have led to tragic civilian deaths in Gaza and Iran, those errors in a US-China conflict could have truly global consequences.

The bombing of the Minab school, for example, has been compared in some coverage to the accidental US bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in 1999. That incident, which occurred at a time when US-Chinese relations were comparatively friendly and China’s military was much smaller, sparked a diplomatic crisis. Today, something similar might spark a war — and, in an increasingly automated battlefield, one that could turn from a conventional conflict into a nuclear exchange faster than human military leaders can keep up.

AI and the escalation ladder

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This isn’t the first time a new military technology has forced a rethink of how limited wars can turn into much bigger ones. The advent of nuclear weapons made the management of conflict escalation a pressing issue for Cold War defense strategists.

The most famous of these was the RAND Corporation’s Herman Kahn, who devised a 44-run “escalation ladder” in 1965 to model conflict in a nuclear era. The ladder began at a nonviolent cold war, and ascended through conventional war with “limited” nuclear exchange kicking in around rung 15, ascending all the way up to a mindless and apocalyptic nuclear “spasm” at rung 44.

Kahn’s writings are unnerving in their cold rationality. (He was one of the inspirations for Stanley Kubrick’s character, Dr. Strangelove.) But a concern throughout the nuclear era has always been that a crisis could escalate due to human miscalculation or technical error rather than rational calculation.

Just a few years earlier, in 1962, this had very nearly happened during the US-Soviet confrontation over Cuba. In what is generally acknowledged as the closest the Cold War ever got to going nuclear, the US, alarmed by the deployment of Soviet missiles to Cuba, ordered a blockade of the island, warning that any attempt by the Soviets to ship additional military hardware to the island would be met with force.

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A P2V Neptune US patrol plane flies over a Soviet freighter during the Cuban Missile Crisis in this 1962 photograph.
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In one of the most unnerving near-misses of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the captain of the Soviet submarine B-59, after being hit by US depth charges and finding himself unable to contact Moscow or other ships in the area, nearly fired a nuclear-armed torpedo.

Both sides in the standoff came away convinced that they needed to find ways to signal their moves up and down the escalation ladder more clearly in order to prevent an accidental war. The next year, Washington and Moscow installed a “hotline” for instant phone communication between the US president and the Soviet premier.

“Few things are more important to militaries in crisis situations than informational awareness and control over decisions.”

— Michael Horowitz, former deputy assistant secretary of defense

But what if the next several steps up the escalation ladder happened without their input at all? In a 2019 paper, Michael Horowitz, a former deputy assistant secretary of defense, now a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, imagined how the Cuban Missile Crisis might have played out in the age of AI. After ordering the US Navy to blockade Cuba, President John F. Kennedy could have had a system like the one in the Hoover simulation pre-programmed to fire on any Soviet ship that attempted to run the blockade.

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It’s possible this could be effective signaling. A popular metaphor in the Cold War era involved one player in a game of “chicken” throwing their steering wheel out the window to resolve any doubt about where they were headed.

If Kennedy could have convinced the Soviets that his killer robots would fire on any ship that approached Cuba without even waiting for his orders, it might have deterred Russian leaders who might otherwise doubt America’s willingness to fight a nuclear war. On the other hand, the US would be putting an extraordinary amount of trust in an automated system not to make mistakes or — as in the B-59 episode — to interpret an ambiguous incident the same way a human commander who doesn’t want to see his own family incinerated in a nuclear blast might.

“Few things are more important to militaries in crisis situations than informational awareness and control over decisions,” Horowitz wrote.

A nuclear “flash crash”

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One major concern is that if key decisions are delegated to AI systems, which may themselves be responding to decisions taken by the enemy’s AI systems, a conflict could simply escalate too fast for human decision makers to keep up.

In his book, Army of None, Paul Scharre, the former Pentagon official who’s now at the Center for a New American Security, cites the example of the 2010 “flash crash,” in which the Dow Jones lost nearly 9 percent of its value within minutes, only to recover it less than hour later — an incident blamed on the cascading interactions of algorithmic trading programs responding to each other’s moves without human intervention. The fear is that the next superpower war could be a “flash war.”

Rebecca Hersman — former director of the Pentagon’s Defense Threat Reduction Agency who’s now at the Center for the Governance of AI (GovAI), an independent think tank — has warned that modern technologies, including AI, have the potential to scramble the linear escalation ladder envisioned by Kahn into a more unpredictable dynamic she refers to as “wormhole escalation.”

She sees several ways this could happen, and they don’t necessarily require humans to cede complete control to an AI defense system. The data the enemy’s AI systems are using to assess threats could be spoofed or contaminated, pushing leaders into a quick decision with bad intelligence. Or AI-generated disinformation or deepfakes could influence the decisions of military or political leaders deciding whether to escalate or de-escalate a conflict: This risk was dramatically demonstrated during the brief 2025 armed conflict between India and Pakistan, when social media on both sides were flooded with misinformation, making it difficult to get an accurate picture of the battlefield and driving both sides toward more aggressive stances. (This was also likely the first armed conflict between two nuclear-armed rivals in which both sides used AI-augmented weapons and AI-generated misinformation against their adversaries.)

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“An AI optimized around predefined goals may overlook opportunities for de-escalation, not because it technically malfunctions, but because it was never designed with the ambiguity to build trust or manage a crisis.”

— James Johnson, author of AI and the Bomb: Nuclear Strategy and Risk in the Digital Age

The risks are compounded by other trends, including the commingling of nuclear and non-nuclear capabilities on the battlefield. Russia, for instance, has made abundant use of its nuclear-capable “Oreshnik” missiles (armed, thankfully, with conventional payloads) in deadly strikes against Ukrainian cities. China also has dual-capable missiles that would make it difficult for analysts to tell nuclear from non-nuclear launches during a conflict.

Where does AI come in? Stephen Herzog, professor at Middlebury Institute of International Studies’ James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, imagined a combat scenario in which the US is attempting to destroy a Chinese target with a conventionally armed intercontinental ballistic missile fired from hundreds or even thousands of miles away. If the launch failed, an AI battle management system might decide that a submarine right off the Chinese coast should destroy the target instead. But this could cut the amount of time the Chinese had to decide whether they were under nuclear attack from minutes to seconds.

“That’s incredibly effective operationally, but it is terrifying from an escalation perspective, because we’ve now lost time for interpretation, we’ve lost time for signaling, and we’ve lost time for potential restraint,” Herzog said.

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Then there’s the question of whether AI itself is inherently escalatory. Leaders decide to start and end conflicts by weighing the risks and benefits, but also by using human intuition to guess their counterparts’ thinking, imagine their intentions and fears, and consider whether there’s room for common ground. Two algorithms sizing each other up might approach these questions in a fundamentally different way.

“An AI optimized around predefined goals may overlook opportunities for de-escalation, not because it technically malfunctions, but because it was never designed with the ambiguity to build trust or manage a crisis,” said James Johnson, a senior lecturer at the University of Aberdeen and author of the book AI and the Bomb: Nuclear Strategy and Risk in the Digital Age.

A study from King’s College London published in February found that in simulated war games, chatbots including ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini are extremely likely to use nuclear signalling and tactical nuclear weapons use, and tend to treat “nuclear weapons as legitimate strategic options, not moral thresholds.” Hoover’s Schneider has found similar results when she has popular chatbots play her wargames. However, other researchers have found that models can be properly prompted to provide less escalatory options.

AI technology, unlike nuclear weapons, is also still in its relative infancy. While the Cold War powers could rely on mutually assured destruction — a credible fear that both sides would be annihilated in any nuclear conflict — to discourage brinkmanship, some experts fear that a breakthrough in AI on one side could lead the other to conclude it had to act quickly or lose its ability to defend itself.

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“One of the biggest effects of AI may be that, if, say, the US is just so much better at integrating AI than China that the US may rapidly win a conflict over Taiwan, that puts pressure on the Chinese to use nuclear weapons right away,” said James Acton, co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Other tech innovations could also tilt decision-makers toward escalation. AI-enabled targeted and intelligence monitoring could make “decapitation” strikes like the one that recently killed Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei easier to carry out — precisely the sort of scenario one could imagine prompting a leader like North Korea’s Kim Jong Un or Russia’s Vladimir Putin to consider reaching for the nuclear codes.

It’s probably too late to put the military AI genie back in the bottle, given the arms race between countries to develop cutting-edge systems first. The best way to handle the risks going forward might be, ironically enough, to train the humans responsible for using these systems to be more skeptical about their value.

As in nearly every domain, the people who fight wars for a living are clearly getting more comfortable with AI. The top US general commanding US forces in South Korea recently raised eyebrows after telling reporters he regularly consults ChatGPT to help with command decisions.

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Nonetheless, most humans are still very reluctant to give up full control to the machines when it comes to life and death decisions. In the US-China war game I played, all of the groups chose to keep the AI system in “human-in-the-loop” mode, despite the assurances we were given about the system’s reliability, and that decision held no matter how dangerously the crisis escalated.

“At a minimum, meaningful human control means that when I delegate an authority to a system, it will not exceed the authority that it has been given,” said Hersman, of GovAI.

Many experts are less worried about AI escalating conflicts on its own, though, than they are with AI making humans more likely to escalate conflicts. A frequently expressed concern about the military use of AI is “automation bias,” the human tendency to give undue deference to computer-generated advice and conclusions.

“What seems to be most dangerous with AI is not necessarily uncertainty, but instead, perhaps overconfidence and misplaced certainty, and AI can really provide that,” said Schneider, the Stanford researcher who conducted the wargame. “The tools themselves are built to engender confidence.”

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Schneider noted that Anthropic’s Claude, the system the Pentagon is hoping to remove with its systems, is the one that’s “more likely to tell you where uncertainty lies, as opposed to other models, which might take a more kind of strictly rational, ‘LeMay’ kind of approach” — a reference to the notoriously hawkish Cold War Air Force commander Curtis LeMay who once summed up warfare as “when you’ve killed enough [people] they stop fighting.”

It’s possible this bias towards AI-prompted escalation can be addressed with the right training. A recent study by Horowitz, the former Pentagon official and UPenn professor, found, encouragingly, that West Point cadets exhibit automation bias at less than half the rate of civilians. The results suggest “we’re not condemned to a future of accidents due to overconfidence,” Horowitz said, as officers learn to take their suggestions with a grain of salt.

Horowitz believes that the design of AI interfaces, which present users not only with information but with the sources of that information, will go a long way toward determining what impact AI has on the battlefield. Though he’s relatively confident in how those systems are designed in the US, he notes, “I don’t know what China’s equivalent of Maven Smart System looks like.”

Ultimately, AI may do less to change the way people fight wars than to amplify it. While much of the coverage of the strike on the Minab school and Israel’s use of Lavender focused on the role of AI, ultimately it was most likely outdated targeting data in the first case and extremely permissive rules of engagement in the second that led to civilian casualties.

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Hegseth’s push for expanded AI use comes as he also looks to loosen the rules of engagement and reduce the role of lawyers in military oversight, which have raised concerns that the US is becoming more tolerant of collateral damage and less willing to hold people accountable for potential war crimes.

“If you’ve programmed your AI well, trained it well, and ensured that only high-quality data goes into it, I could well believe that the results will be better than just the use of humans,” said Carnegie’s Acton. “Now, do I trust the current US or Israeli governments to use it responsibly? Probably not, is the answer.”

If the US finds itself in a major international conflict in the coming years, there may be a temptation to blame AI for speeding up the battlefield or engendering overconfidence in commanders. But ultimately, it will be humans who choose to put themselves in that situation.

This story was produced in partnership with Outrider Foundation and Journalism Funding Partners.

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Why Leatherology Makes Some of the Best Totes for Work (2026)

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My tote bag is more a mobile workstation than a carrier. On any given day, it’s hauling a 16-inch laptop, noise-canceling headphones, chargers, my daily planner, a water bottle, and whatever gadgets I’m testing that week. Plenty of leather totes look beautiful on day one, but far fewer are designed to hold up against the reality of transporting thousands of dollars’ worth of tech every single day.

That’s why Leatherology surprised me.

After months of rotating between the Mia Horizontal Tote, Transit Travel Tote, and Large Zippered Downtown Tote, I found myself thinking less about the leather—though it’s undeniably excellent—and more about how each bag has been intentionally designed to fit specific workflows.

But the first thing you notice, of course, is that leather. Leatherology uses semi-aniline, drum-dyed pebbled leather that is soft and supple, making it feel broken in from day one without being overly delicate.

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Courtesy of Leatherology

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Courtesy of Leatherology

The hardware is clean, the branding is subtle, and the totes don’t feel ostentatious, which I appreciate. These bags look expensive because the quality of the materials and craftsmanship speak for themselves, not because there’s a flashy logo plastered on them. And if you want something more personal, every model can be monogrammed.

As a tech reviewer, though, I find that aesthetics go only so far. What impressed me most about these bags is their functionality, which is something I can’t say about many luxury bags. The straps remained comfortable even when I loaded the bags with bulky gear. The interiors are well-organized, preventing cables and accessories from getting lost in a single, cavernous compartment, yet they don’t feel over-engineered. Each bag is sturdy and secure enough to protect your valuables.

Image may contain Accessories Bag Handbag Purse First Aid American Football American Football  and Ball

Courtesy of Leatherology

Why Leatherology Makes Some of the Best Totes for Work

Courtesy of Leatherology

Built Better Than It Looks

The Mia Horizontal Tote ($330) is the most relaxed of the three and has become my go-to bag for the weekend. Its wider silhouette is ideal for farmers market runs, shopping trips, or afternoons working from a coffee shop when I don’t need my entire desk setup. My Kindle, headphones, a sweater, and small essentials all fit comfortably with room to spare. Two interior slip pockets kept accessories within reach, while the removable leather pouch became my designated home for my card holder and lip balm. The magnetic closure allows for easy access during everyday errands, but because it lacks a dedicated laptop sleeve or zippered top, I wouldn’t use it as a work bag for my commutes.

That’s where the Transit Tote ($465) comes in. This is the bag that feels purpose-built for work trips, where a personal item often doubles as your office. It features two exterior pockets, nine interior pockets, two zippered compartments, and a padded laptop sleeve that fits up to a 16-inch laptop. I could separate chargers, travel documents, and toiletries into designated, well-organized spaces. A hidden trolley sleeve slides over rolling luggage, and the zippered top adds an extra layer of security at airports. Between the short leather handles and longer shoulder straps, it’s also comfortable to carry through terminals without constantly shifting your grip. Plus, it feels much more heavy-duty than the Mia Horizontal, whose straps I sometimes worry might give out when the bag is overpacked. There’s also a foldable bottom gusset with a removable support panel that helps the bag maintain its structured silhouette. During my testing, it fit comfortably under an airline seat, but it’s always worth confirming measurements with your specific aircraft.

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Back-to-school phone shopping on a tight budget? Here’s the one phone I’d recommend without hesitation

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Somewhere between the last day of school and the first day back, your phone conked out. Perhaps the screen shattered after a particularly nasty fall, or its battery regularly gives up by noon, or apps take so long to launch that by the time they do, you’ve forgotten why you opened them in the first place. You don’t think it’ll last another school year, but between all the school supplies and everything else, a budget phone is all your wallet can handle right now.

Fortunately for you, cheap phones have come a long way, offering better screens, bigger batteries, and more capable cameras than devices launched just a couple of years ago. Since you’re already prepping to head back to school, this is as good a time as any to lay your old phone to rest and lock in an upgrade. But unfortunately, the timing isn’t great for the smartphone industry in general, and that has had a real impact on entry-level phones.

The ongoing memory and storage shortage has driven some manufacturers to increase prices. It has also impacted availability and, in at least one case, pushed a major manufacturer out of the US market entirely. That’s left the field thinner than usual, with only two phones that still earn a clear recommendation at budget pricing. Here are those picks, plus what dropped out of contention this year.

Samsung Galaxy A17: The safest budget pick

Pros Cons
Six years of OS and security updates, unmatched at this price Exynos 1330 is showing its age
6.7-inch AMOLED display with 90Hz refresh rate 4GB RAM on the base model is limiting
5,000mAh battery easily clears a full day Ultrawide and macro cameras are essentially filler
Works on any US carrier IP54 rating only protects against splashes
$35 upgrade to 256GB storage also doubles RAM to 8GB

Samsung’s most affordable Galaxy A-series device is the one I’d confidently hand to a student who just needs a reliable phone that’ll survive the next few years without breaking the bank. Samsung backs the Galaxy A17 with six years of OS and security updates. That’s unheard of for a $200 device, and it’s the single biggest reason this is the budget phone to buy right now.

Its 6.7-inch AMOLED display is gorgeous to look at and, with its 90Hz refresh rate, it will feel smoother if you’re upgrading from an old phone with a 60Hz panel. Gorilla Glass Victus on the front means it can survive the kind of drop that would spiderweb a cheaper screen, and the plastic build, while not glamorous, doesn’t feel flimsy in hand either. The 5,000mAh battery can easily clear a full day without needing a midday charge, but you should tame your expectations when it comes to performance.

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The Exynos 1330 powering the device is a few generations old, and you may notice occasional stutters when opening apps or scrolling through pages. But that’s mostly due to the 4GB RAM on the base model. Upgrading to the 256GB storage variant for $35 extra will get you 8GB RAM, which will resolve this hitch for the most part and even improve multitasking performance.

The triple-camera setup on the back is mostly marketing, with the main 50MP sensor pulling all the weight while the other two are nothing worth writing home about. The device has an IP54 rating that won’t survive a dunk in a pool, but it’ll handle a spilled drink or a walk in the rain just fine.

Compromises like these are expected from devices in the sub-$300 price range, so they’re not entirely deal-breakers. What matters more is whether the phone you buy today still looks sharp, gets through most of the day with few hiccups, and receives updates by the time you graduate, and that’s exactly where the Galaxy A17 delivers. It works on all carriers and is the safer of the two options in this piece.

TCL NXTPAPER 70 Pro: A strong alternative, if you’re on T-Mobile

Pros Cons
8GB RAM and 256GB storage as standard $199.99 price requires signing up for T-Mobile or Metro, unlocked price is $329.99
Larger 5,200mAh battery Carrier compatibility claims are vague and require confirmation
Unique NXTPAPER 120Hz display TCL doesn’t match Samsung’s software support window
IP68 rating offers full submersion protection

The TCL NXTPAPER 70 Pro is a great pick for students who will spend several hours a day staring at a screen and want their eyes to survive the semester. It offers 8GB of RAM, 256GB of storage, a 5,200mAh battery, and an IP68 rating, giving it a significant leg up over the Galaxy A17.

Its headline feature is the NXTPAPER display itself, which switches the 6.9-inch, 120Hz screen between full color and a matte, paper-like Ink Mode at the press of a switch. The Ink Mode cuts down glare and is genuinely useful for a student working through PDFs, textbooks, or lecture slides late at night.

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The pricing has a major caveat, though. The $199.99 figure you’ll see attached to this phone requires signing up for service through T-Mobile or Metro by T-Mobile. But if you want to buy it unlocked, the price jumps to $329.99. TCL also doesn’t have Samsung’s track record on update speed or longevity, so that’s another thing to consider.

It’s also worth pointing out that while the device’s Amazon listing claims that it’s compatible with almost all US carriers, the fine print tells the real story. “Carrier compatibility may vary depending on SIM type, carrier-specific rules, SIM configuration, or plan provisions. Please check with your carrier for activation before use.”

You should take TCL’s claim of carrier compatibility with a grain of salt and confirm whether it works with your specific carrier before buying. Or better yet, stick with the Galaxy A17 if you’re not already on T-Mobile or Metro.

The phones that fell out of contention

A few months ago, more phones would have made it to this list, like the Moto G (2026), the Moto G Power (2026), the CMF Phone 2 Pro, and devices from OnePlus’ Nord lineup. But not anymore.

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The Moto G (2026) launched at $199.99 with a 5,200mAh battery that posted some of the best screen-on time of any budget phone this year. That, despite its weaker Dimensity 6300 chip, two years of software support, and HD+ display, would’ve landed it a spot on this list. But Motorola bumped its price up to $299.99 in April, and at that price, it makes no sense, especially considering the Galaxy A17 offers better software support and a sharper display for $100 less.

The Moto G Power (2026) had a stronger case despite its own aging chip and shallow two-year update promise, thanks to 8GB of RAM, a sharper display, and wireless charging support. It launched at $299.99, competitive enough to earn a spot. Then it jumped to $399.99 in the same round of hikes, making it twice the price of the A17 while offering only slightly more.

The CMF Phone 2 Pro at its introductory price of $279 would’ve been the wildcard pick, but it’s sold in the US only through a beta program with limited availability, no carrier certification, and a 14-day warranty. That’s too risky a buy for a student.

And OnePlus’ Nord lineup, despite years of solid value-for-money offerings, isn’t worth recommending for quite the obvious reason. The company recently confirmed that it’s exiting the US market, and while it has promised continued software updates and customer support, there’s no telling how long that promise will hold.

Price hikes took out two of these phones, limited availability took out a third, and a market exit took out a brand that could have offered the fourth, leaving the Galaxy A17 as the one clean pick and the NXTPAPER 70 Pro as the one with an asterisk. If you have some wiggle room in your budget and don’t want to settle for the Galaxy A17 or take a chance on the NXTPAPER 70 Pro, our picks of the best mid-range phones for this back-to-school season may have what you’re looking for.

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Pilot Radio 232 EL84 Tube Amplifier Debuts at Southwest Audio Fest for $4,790

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Vintage audio is not short of famous amplifiers. We have covered the Pilot 602, Fisher 400, an RCA EL84 console amplifier, the Muzak 975A, vintage Marantz components and the McIntosh MC2105. Some were elegant. Others looked as though they had been removed from the basement of a municipal building during a fire drill. All earned their reputations because the circuits mattered more than the marketing. 

The new Pilot Radio 232 Stereophonic Power Amplifier is interesting because it is not merely another old name purchased by people who found a logo and a container of generic electronics.

Pilot was relaunched by company founder Isidor Goldberg’s great grandson, Barak Isidor Epstein, with engineering by Damon Coffman of Coffman Labs. The $4,790 amplifier is based on Pilot’s 1959 “Curtain of Sound” design and is built in Portland and Dallas. 

EL84 Tubes and 15 Watts Per Channel

The 232 delivers 15 watts per channel from EL84 output tubes and is described by Pilot as a pure Class A design.

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The construction includes custom transformers made in the United States, vintage oil in paper capacitors and point to point hand wiring. Speaker outputs are provided for 4 and 8 ohm loads, while separate sensitivity and balance controls are included for each channel. 

Fifteen watts is not a lot, but it is enough with the right loudspeakers. The Pilot 602 we covered used the same EL84 tube family and worked best with speakers offering sensitivity around 90dB or higher. The new 232 should make sense with DeVore Fidelity, Klipsch Heritage, Audio Note, Omega, PureAudioProject and other efficient loudspeakers with relatively benign impedance curves. 

This is not the amplifier for Magnepan owners, difficult four ohm floorstanders or anyone trying to recreate Madison Square Garden in a 400 square foot room. Sorry Swifties.

pilot-radio-232-amplifier-back
Pilot Radio 232 Amplifier (rear)

Balanced Inputs and a Real Headphone Output

Pilot provides both RCA and balanced XLR inputs, with the XLR connections feeding the differential amplifier stage directly.

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The front panel also includes a four pin XLR balanced headphone output, which is highly unusual on a stereo tube power amplifier. That gives the 232 potential appeal for owners of balanced dynamic and planar magnetic headphones who want to use the same amplifier for speakers and private listening. 

Pilot has not yet published headphone output power, output impedance or recommended headphone loads, so it would be premature to assume the 232 will drive every HIFIMAN or Audeze model with complete authority. A four pin socket is useful; it is not a substitute for specifications.

A Proper Family Revival

Pilot Electric Manufacturing Company was founded in Brooklyn in 1919 by Isidor Goldberg and produced radios, shortwave receivers, televisions, cinema electronics and hi-fi components. Pilot moved exclusively into high fidelity in 1952 and introduced the original “Curtain of Sound” stereo concept in 1959. The company also worked with Sid Smith and Dick Sequerra, both of whom later became associated with Marantz. 

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The company was sold in 1962 and disappeared during the following decade before being revived by the Goldberg family in 2025.

That family continuity does not guarantee great sound, but it gives the project more credibility than a trademark revival created around products that have nothing to do with the original company.

The Matching Pilot Preamplifier

pilot-radio-preamplifier
Pilot Radio Preamplifier

Pilot currently offers one other major component: the Pilot Phono and Line Preamplifier, priced from $3,590.

It uses two 12AX7 and two 12AU7 tubes, passive RIAA equalization, two line inputs and selectable moving magnet and moving coil phono inputs. MC gain is selectable between 46dB and 52dB before the line stage, while the preamplifier can be ordered for 120V or 240V operation. 

A complete Pilot electronics system therefore starts at $8,380 before cables or replacement tubes. Pilot also sells branded PSVANE tubes, RCA interconnects and speaker cables.

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What Is Still Missing?

Pilot has published the core design information, but several specifications remain unavailable:

  • Complete tube complement
  • Frequency response
  • Input sensitivity and impedance
  • Total harmonic distortion
  • Signal to noise ratio
  • Headphone output power
  • Dimensions and weight
  • Power consumption
  • Warranty details

Those are not unreasonable requests for a $4,790 amplifier. Pilot has done the difficult part by reviving a historically important circuit and building it domestically. Finishing the specification sheet should not require another 67 years.

pilot-radio-232-amplifier
Pilot Radio 232 Amplifier

Who Is It For?

The Pilot 232 is for listeners using efficient loudspeakers who want an American built tube amplifier without DACs, streaming apps or firmware updates. It should pair well with quality tube preamplifiers and simple active line stages, while the balanced headphone output gives it broader appeal than most vintage inspired power amplifiers.

Buyers with inefficient speakers or large rooms should look for more power.

Hear It at Southwest Audio Fest 2026

Pilot Radio will demonstrate the 232 in Room 732 at Southwest Audio Fest with DeVore Fidelity loudspeakers and Prosper Cables. The matching Pilot preamplifier will also be part of the system. 

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Southwest Audio Fest 2026

  • Dates: July 23 through July 25, 2026
  • Venue: Sheraton Dallas Hotel
  • Location: Dallas, Texas
  • Thursday: 2 p.m. to 8 p.m.
  • Friday and Saturday: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
  • Pilot Radio: Room 732 

The Bottom Line

The Pilot Radio 232 is more interesting than the average vintage brand revival because the history, family connection and circuit are all real.

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Its 15 watts will limit loudspeaker choices, but efficient speakers and EL84 amplifiers have been making beautiful music together for decades. The balanced inputs and headphone output also make the 232 far more useful than a strict reproduction of the 1959 original.

At $4,790, it is not inexpensive, but neither is it wandering into the absurd end of boutique tube amplification. Pilot now needs to publish the missing specifications and prove that the new company can provide the service and support that owners of vintage Pilot equipment have been forced to find elsewhere for half a century.

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Heritage gets attention. Execution keeps the tubes glowing.

Price & Availability

The Pilot Radio 232 costs $4,790 and is available now through Pilot Radio and selected U.S. and Canadian dealers.

Orders ship from Texas with an estimated two week lead time. Ground shipping is included for U.S. customers, while Dallas Fort Worth buyers receive local delivery and setup.

For more information: pilotradio.com

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Poetry for Engineers: A Martian Rover Sends a Postcard Home

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Already, I’ve almost forgotten rain;
I know I will never know that again.

I move forward with the powers you gave me
to live up to my name, Curiosity.

This is a land without leaves, fronds, or spines.
If there are plants, they are small and supine,

dust hidden, like light here, filtered and sand
softened, at home in the thin air, thousands

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of motes so small they seem to be fluid,
more fog than firmament. Shadows, few and

far from here, I know I must go to them
to see if they hold order or mayhem

or just another common rock or two.
If a machine can miss the Earth, I do.

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Facebook Has a New Marketplace App and Verification Checks for Everyone

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Many of us only open Meta’s original social media app to browse listings on Facebook Marketplace. Now, sellers are getting a new standalone app to help manage their listings, Meta announced on Friday.

The app is called Seller, and it’s available now to download on iOS and Android. You don’t have to download the app to sell things on Facebook, but it is designed to offer you better ways to manage your listings and interact with buyers.

Facebook Marketplace Seller app home screen
This is what the Seller app looks like.Meta

You’ll have all your Marketplace history in the Seller app once you log in with your Facebook account. On the homepage, you get an overview of all your activity and reminders about tasks you need to do to complete sales. There’s a dedicated data insights tab, which would be useful for people trying to turn their reselling hobby into a real business. The messages inbox would presumably help keep your conversations with potential buyers separate from chats with your friends and family in Messenger.

Facebook’s core strengths in the TikTok era have been Marketplace and Groups. These two features kept people coming back to the app even as they relied on other apps for their social networking. But it’s not just Marketplace that’s branching out; Meta is experimenting with a Groups-only app called Forum, and the Facebook Creator Studio is getting a revamp, too.

The reason behind these new apps is the same reason any tech company does anything nowadays: artificial intelligence. 

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“Underlying our new apps is a belief that we can leverage AI to remove friction and empower the people who are making things happen on Facebook,” Tom Alison, head of Facebook, wrote in a blog post. Don’t want to write listings? Have AI do it. Can’t find an old post in your community group? Do an AI search. You get the idea.

But when you use Marketplace in the Facebook app, you’re able to easily check out a person’s profile before interacting with them – an important safety check that sellers and buyers do to avoid getting scammed. Meta’s solution to this is to introduce verification check marks everywhere on Facebook.

If you want a verification mark, you can upload a selfie of yourself. If it matches your profile picture, you’re likely good to go. All this does is indicate that a real person, not an AI bot, is behind an account. You can get scammed just as easily by a real person as a bot, so keep on the lookout for other red flags when buying and selling.

While the new Marketplace app may be good for power sellers, it’s a curious move by Meta to siphon off its most popular features into separate apps. Perhaps in an attempt to stymie the flood of people who won’t return to Facebook if Marketplace and Groups are removed, the company is introducing a new format that has videos playing as soon as you open the app – like TikTok. This may be coming to the US next year.

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3 Clever Things You Can Do With an Old Amazon Kindle

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The best Amazon Kindles are reliably good at their main job: displaying ebooks in a crisp, easy-on-the-eye format. But Kindle e-readers are actually more versatile than you might imagine.

If you’ve just upgraded to a new Kindle and are looking for something to do with your old one, or if you’re simply interested in seeing how hackable these e-readers are, we’ve got three projects for you to attempt.

These projects vary in terms of difficulty and the amoung of time and effort you’re going to have to invest, but full instructions for all of them are available online, so you can follow the steps on your own Kindle.

Turn Your Kindle Into a Spotify Controller

Part of the appeal of Spotify is that it can work across so many different devices and connect to so many other services. There are lots of ways to use Spotify, and that includes through your Kindle. All you need to do is supply your Spotify credentials, and then make sure your Kindle is on the same Wi-Fi network as the other device you’re using to play your music, podcasts, or audiobooks.

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This is made possible through Kindlify.co. Open the site in the Kindle’s built-in web browser, then tap Connect Spotify to log in. Once that’s done, you should see details of whatever you’re currently playing in Spotify—though you will need to use another device to choose something from your library. There’s more discussion about this hack on Reddit, which is where I found it.

It all works through the magic of Spotify Connect, which you may already have come across. This feature lets you play something on your laptop and then control playback from your phone, for example, or vice versa. You can also use the feature to manage playback through compatible smart speakers.

Bear in mind that you’re not actually storing any music on your Kindle or running an official Spotify app. This hack is just a way to connect to your Spotify account and control whatever’s being played through it, from your Kindle. You can skip forward and backward, and pause and resume playback, all from the e-reader.

Turn Your Kindle Into a Smart Home Display

Another way to repurpose a Kindle and its E-Ink screen is to turn it into a smart display that pulls in all kinds of data from other services. You can use the e-reader to show a variety of information related to your devices, including weather forecasts, calendar information, and your to-do lists.

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This is just about the most involved of the projects featured here, and you need to do everything from setting up a custom website to cutting out a custom-made frame for your Kindle. Developer Matt Healy, who originally put all this together, has diligently provided instructions online.

It’s the sort of project you can try if you want to learn more about hardware hacking, coding, the inner workings of Kindles, and how various apps and services talk to one another. By the time you’ve finished, you may well have some ideas about similar hacks of your own you could attempt.

The information you display is entirely up to you, but it will need to come from platforms that allow third-party connections. You can see from the scripts supplied by Matt Healy that he’s managed to pull in real time information from weather services, calendars, and even status reports for upcoming deliveries.

Turn Your Kindle Into a Literary Clock

Finally, you can also consider turning your Kindle into a literary clock. This hack keeps the e-book theme but repurposes the device into a display you can glance at any time you want to know what time it is, with each minute represented by a different quote from a book that mentions that particular time.

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As with the smart home display, this requires a significant amount of work in terms of coding and getting everything set up, but again, there are full instructions online, so you can tackle it yourself. You can fashion a stand or frame for the clock, but it’s not essential if you don’t mind the original look of the e-reader clock.

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Anthropic Releases Claude Opus 5 to Be Your New ‘Everyday’ Assistant

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Anthropic has released a new Claude model, Opus 5, bringing it close to the capabilities of Claude Fable 5 at half the price. The new model produces the strongest work performance the company has released, with even more gains in its coding capabilities. 

In a fight for AI supremacy, Anthropic joins Google and OpenAI, which earlier this month released new AI models — all of which are more efficient and better at certain tasks. While Fable 5 remains Anthropic’s most “ambitious” work, the latest model excels in enterprise with its coding capabilities and more. 

Anthropic says Opus 5’s strengths lie in knowledge work, autonomy and biology. It’s capable of working more independently at completing tasks without user input and with less back-and-forth than previous models. It can also now double-check its own work and recover from errors as it goes along.

There’s been a boost in the quality of scientific research with Opus 5 over Opus 4.8. Those improvements are seen most in organic chemistry tasks, like inferring molecular structures from spectroscopy data, according to Anthropic.

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You can now adjust effort levels for the model as well. There’s a “dial” that can be adjusted to indicate how hard AI thinks about a specific problem or task. There are also new safety and security guardrails in place, which Anthropic calls the “most secure model yet and the hardest to trick into doing harmful things.”

While the model is not specifically designed with cybersecurity in mind, its safeguards make it more useful for tasks such as secure coding and finding vulnerabilities.

New fast mode and more

Claude now has a research preview for an Opus 5 fast mode. Anthropic says this mode provides Full Opus 5 Intelligence with 2.5x faster output token generation at 2x standard Opus 4 pricing. The mode is also available via Claude Code with extra usage credits. 

Anthropic is introducing a “fallback model” for when you prompt something that trips a strict safety filter, only to block the request. For these instances, the system will automatically switch to another model in an attempt to provide an answer to the prompt. You can choose what model to fall back on in these scenarios.

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There’s also a new option for developers that will allow them to change the tools Claude can use midconversation without invalidating the prompt cache. This means each phase of an agent’s work is only exposed to the tools it needs to perform its task.

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Micron urges White House to reject Apple’s blacklist memory plan

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Apple’s plan to buy memory from a blacklisted supplier is receiving some pushback from Micron, which claims it will destabilize the U.S. tech industry.

In June, Apple petitioned the Trump administration to allow it to buy Mac RAM chips from a supplier blacklisted in the United States. Now, a U.S. memory producer has urged President Trump not to give in to Apple’s request.

According to the Wall Street Journal on Friday, Micron lobbied the White House on the matter. Micron CEO Sanjay Mehrota and others met with Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick and others, saying the move to allow sales from blacklisted Chinese companies to U.S. tech companies will be incredibly harmful.

To Micron, it believes that permitting such sales would harm the U.S. tech manufacturing industry in the same way that China decimated U.S. steel and manufacturing plants.

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Blacklist sales

The problem revolves around the ongoing memory chip crisis and reducing the cost of components. Apple wants to secure supplies of memory at more reasonable prices, but like all other manufacturers, it has to fight for a limited manufacturing capacity, which has spiked memory prices.

June’s petition explained that Apple should be allowed to buy memory from CXMT, a company on the Chinese Military Company Blacklist, or the 1260H list. The list is made up of companies the Pentagon believes have links to the People’s Liberation Army, and so could be considered a risk to U.S. national security.

Apple isn’t explicitly banned from buying from CXMT, and it reportedly has for small-scale testing. However, the Defense Department is not able to make agreements with companies on the list, nor use products or services from third parties that use components from the list.

In effect, Apple would immediately lose sales to the Defense Department, and others who also monitor the list.

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There’s the further issue of CXMT potentially being placed on the “Entity List” in the future, which would block all trade with the supplier. That would also impact Apple, as it would have to find another supplier if it had to stop using CXMT.

While it’s safe to say that Micron has a financial incentive to keep Apple buying its memory chips, it does at least offer an alternative route forward. Albeit not one that will fix things anytime soon.

Micron told the White House that the memory pressure could be alleviated by building more domestic plants faster.

This is basically the same as the general belief in the industry that the situation won’t be fixed until production capacity increases. That is a slow process, as that means getting more factories and production lines online and up to speed.

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Micron insists that it plans to spend $250 billion in the U.S. to boost capacity.

However, Micron is framing it as a means to increase investment in the United States, as well as increasing U.S.-based manufacturing. These are two topics that President Trump has openly discussed improving during both his terms in office.

Apple, meanwhile, has gone on the offensive. The report claims Apple has argued that Micron’s gross profit margins of 80% are evidence of price gouging.

Apple also reportedly said that Micron isn’t reinvesting fast enough to meaningfully increase supply. That improved capacity will also have little effect to the supply chain, as the vast majority will be allocated to AI customers.

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Micron, meanwhile, believes that Apple and others squeezed suppliers during downturns, which laid the groundwork for the current shortages to take place.

As it stands, it’s a problem that has two possible routes for President Trump to take. He could side with Apple for a more immediate short-term solution to the problem, but the U.S. manufacturing investment proposal will be a very tempting option for Trump too.

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How AI drove Shopify back to clean code

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E-commerce platform Shopify wants to make reading source code a thing again. And it has an unlikely ally for its back-to-the-roots approach: AI agents. 

The company is launching a new storefront theme for its customers, aka “merchants,” that it claims is completely understandable by anyone with even a smidgen of HTML knowledge. It is designed to be simpler for both people and machines to digest and hack against. 

Shopify hasn’t named this new theme yet, but is unveiling it in developer forums as the probable successor to Horizon, its current JSON-heavy base theme, which customers use to customize their own Shopify pages. 

The new code is mostly HTML, interpolated by the company’s own block-based Liquid templating language, which is also fairly easy on the eyes. 

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When merchants peek into the templates directory of this new theme, they will see plain-text files of easy-to-parse code, not long strings of inscrutable JSON. This theme has 93% fewer lines of code than Horizon. 

The company’s increasingly popular AI service is driving this rearchitecture redesign. 

“Every leading model already understands HTML. It is expressive, local, and token-efficient,” wrote Ben Sehl, Shopify product director for storefronts, in a missive on X. And Shopify’s Liquid template language meshes perfectly with HTML. 

From merchants to merchandisers

In his post, Sehl recalled a decade ago, when he was a merchant himself, and Shopify only offered a basic template. It was easy for Sehl, then a novice web coder, to modify with a third-party starter kit. 

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Over time, Shopify enriched the templating, allowing users to become full-fledged designers. The Online Store Editor gave them more control over how a page and its various “block” components would look like. Every button and knob could be customized.

Flexibility begets complexity, however. The user template instructions were converted to JSON. “That trade-off gave merchants far more control, but it came with a developer-experience cost: you could no longer understand a page by reading one file,” Sehl wrote. 

“The moment templates became JSON, they stopped being a great developer surface. They became an auto-saved output,” Sehl wrote. 

Good for the bot, good for the human

Recently, Shopify added an AI assistant called Shopify Sidekick, which gave users even more control over how they designed their pages. No longer would they have to remember that #0000FF means ‘Blue’ in HTML speak. They just “declare” the background color to be blue and the agent will make it so. 

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This year, 20% of Shopify merchants are using Sidekick to edit their themes, making 25 million edits this year alone. 

Consequently, Shopify faced the task of simplifying things for the AI agent itself. 

It turns out that agents want the same things as humans: code that is easy to read, explicit contracts, and constructive feedback. So the company has reorganized its theme architecture using these qualities as first principles (while maintaining existing Liquid themes in a “forever API”).

While these changes better support our new AI overlords, the underlying code also became more readable to humans as well. 

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“The deeper problem with serialized configuration isn’t that JSON is inherently bad. It’s that configuration has a constrained vocabulary,” Sehl explained.

Reveal source code

For this new base theme, Liquid gained a new syntax and parser, built with some additional discipline to execute more complex instructions on the back-end. What the user sees, however, are composable, typed blocks that fit easily alongside ordinary HTML.

In this new approach, each user-designed theme is given a special directory and files with instructions and pointers of how additional artifacts should be generated. Furthermore, an expanded doc tag contains examples and instructions on handling contracts and snippets.

Key to the new theme is a new composable block tag, which contains a set of nested parameters describing page components that the developer can feed with values, configurations, overrides, and other instructions. 

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React devs will recognize parameters as doing a similar job to React’s props, but without the need to create a virtual DOM.  Also familiar to React users will be the new partial primitive, which allows a specific region of a page to be updated without needing to re-render the entire page. 

The team also added standard actions, a collection of event triggers for the site, such as, say, updating the shopping cart. “This one primitive will let us remove thousands of lines of reactivity code from Horizon,” Sehl wrote. 

Shopify also developed 20 new rules to ensure generated themes meet the company’s policies around contracts, structure, validation, complexity, nesting, and file-size limits.  

And if the user wants to get fancy, Liquid now allows for logical capabilities such as Boolean expressions, infix operators with precedence, and literal arrays and objects. At some point in the future, the Tailwind CSS framework will even be supported.  

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All these improvements should simplify things for the merchant at home, trying to assemble a customized storefront.

For instance: In a declarative, settings-driven architecture, the developer must anticipate how many buttons they plan to use before they start the layout. With HTML, when the merchant discovers they need additional buttons, they just wrap them all in an HTML div tag.

Palatable for AI

AI experts are slowly coming around to the idea that the best diet for AIs is not dense, symbolic-heavy code — at least for non-coding tasks. Like humans, LLMs seem to do better on a diet of more easily-understandable prose (LLMs were, after all, trained on human language). 

One developer, for instance, found that SQL was easier to process compared to the Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) of 17 different tools. For prompting, Anthropic recommends the semantically-rich XML, whereas a decade ago that format was largely cast aside by the industry for the leaner, less-verbose JSON. 

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Perhaps Shopify’s efforts to appease AI may lead not to more slop but to a movement for more readable code. ®

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Wine 11.14 Released – Slashdot

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Wine 11.14 is out with initial WoW64 mode support on FreeBSD, allowing 32-bit Windows applications to run on a 64-bit system without relying on 32-bit multilib support. The release also adds Start Menu icon support in Wine Explorer, 7.1 format conversions in DirectSound, AES-GMAC support in BCrypt, and 21 bug fixes affecting apps and games including Adobe Reader, Heroes of the Storm, and Age of Empires I and II. Additional details can be found at WineHQ.org.

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